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PubMed1999

AHCPR-funded rural managed care centers: report from the field.

In 1994, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research awarded cooperative agreements to five University-based groups to promote the establishment of managed care institutions and development of rural health networks. This paper summarizes the experiences of these rural managed care centers in the first three years of this initiative. Key ingredients for achieving the project's goals that are identified by the project directors are reported as "foundations" that must be in place from the outset, or "building blocks" that can be developed along the way. The development of information systems and efforts to foster leadership in the medical community are areas in which grant funding of this type can be most effective.

Community Networks↗
PubMed2004

Exposure of hepatitis B vaccine to freezing temperatures during transport to rural health centers in Mongolia.

BACKGROUND: A previous evaluation of the Mongolian hepatitis B virus (HBV) infant vaccination program showed that only 70% of rural subjects developed protective antibody levels compared to 94% of urban subjects. The difference is likely due to damaged vaccine being administered to rural infants. HBV vaccine is heat-stable, but freezing destroys immunogenicity. The current study was designed to ascertain if HBV is subject to freezing temperatures during transport to rural health centers. METHODS: During several time periods from 2001 to 2003, HBV vaccine transported from the national vaccine store to provincial stores and from two provincial stores to rural health centers was monitored for freezing using 3M Freeze Watch indicators. RESULTS: Of 181 provincial-to-rural transports, 19% (95% CI 13-25%) resulted in freezing. One of 59 or 1.6% (95% CI 0-5.6%) of national-to-provincial store transports indicated freezing. In the second half of each substudy, freezing events diminished. Duration of transport was associated with freezing. CONCLUSION: Identification of freezing temperatures during provincial-to-rural vaccine transport provides evidence that HBV vaccine is being damaged. This is the likely cause of the poor vaccine response in the Mongolian countryside. The authors speculate that packing vaccines for transport with ice taken directly from storage deep freezes at -20 degrees C is the cause of the freezing.

Freezing↗
PubMed1989

Strategies for promoting a viable rural health care system.

Strategies for promoting a viable rural health care system in the context of the rapidly changing rural health care environment are presented. Also included is a series of guiding principles that support rural health care. They focus on the need for cooperation rather than competition among rural communities and health providers; the need for leadership and empowerment in rural communities; the dependence of rural health on generalists; the need to transform the reimbursement system to reward rural health services; the importance of quality of care for rural providers; the challenge of providing health and social services to the aged; and the instability caused by uncertain government attention to rural concerns. Examples of current activities that exemplify the effective use of these principles with respect to rural hospitals are discussed. These include the proposed demonstration of a new health care institution called the Medical Assistance Facility, the development of rural hospital consortia, the establishment of a rural health care transition grants program, and the activities of the New York State Legislative Commission on Rural Resources.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1997

A typological approach to the study of rural HIV service delivery networks.

Despite the rapid growth of AIDS cases in nonmetropolitan areas, little is known about the characteristics and needs of HIV-positive rural residents or how rural areas are responding to the epidemic. This paper proposes a typology for distinguishing among rural environments and examining variations in HIV service networks. The typology identifies three dimensions that have a major effect on the development of rural HIV service networks: degree of rurality, the prevalence of AIDS, and the epidemiological and demographic characteristics of the infected populations. Data from four case studies are used to illustrate how variations in rural environments can affect the organization and delivery of HIV/AIDS care. The typology contributes to public policy discussions by identifying key attributes of rural environments that influence program planning and implementation and the transferability of service delivery models.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Geriatric education across 94 million acres: adapting conference programming in a rural state.

Montana, a predominantly rural state, with a unique blend of geography and history, low population density, and cultural diversity represents the challenges for program development and implementation across remote areas. The paper discusses two statewide multidisciplinary geriatric education programs for health professionals offered by the recently established Montana Geriatric Education Center (MTGEC); use of telecommunications technology; collaborations with Geriatric Education Centers (GECs) and the Montana Healthcare Telemedicine Alliance (MHTA); and training outcomes, insights, and implications for continuing education of health professionals who practice in hard-to-reach regions. In addition, data from a statewide needs assessment are presented specific to preferred format. The MTGEC training model that combined traditional classroom and videoconference increased attendance by twofold and may be adapted in other regions to train providers in remote areas of the U.S.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Strengthening primary health care: building the capacity of rural communities to access health funding.

Present health funding models can place onerous pressures on rural health services. Staff may lack the time, resources, access to data, and the expertise needed to complete complex and lengthy funding submissions. This present study describes an innovative capacity-building approach to working with Victorian rural communities seeking to access health care funding through the Regional Health Services Program. This approach used several strategies: engaging stakeholders in targeted rural communities, developing an information kit and running a workshop on preparing submissions to the Regional Health Services Program, facilitating community consultations, and providing ongoing support with submissions. Six rural communities were supported in this way. Four have been funded to date, with a combined annual recurrent budget for new primary health care services of over $2.5 million. Each community has developed a service delivery model that meets the particular needs of their local area. This capacity-building approach is both effective and replicable to other health funding opportunities.

Budgets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relations of body habitus, fitness level, and cardiovascular risk factors including lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in a rural and urban Costa Rican population.

Increased general and abdominal obesity has been independently associated with diabetes, increased risk of stroke, and coronary artery disease (CAD). It is more prevalent in developed countries and in urban areas of nonindustrialized nations than in less developed and rural areas. To evaluate the associations between general and abdominal obesity (as determined by total body fat, waist to hip ratio, umbilical to triceps ratio, and umbilical to subscapular ratio) with glucose, plasma lipoproteins, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and B concentrations, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size (LDL 1-7), we randomly selected 222 men and 243 women from rural and urban areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the waist to hip ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher triglyceride levels (p less than 0.01) and with lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p less than 0.05) in men and women and with higher glucose levels (p less than 0.05) and smaller LDL particle size (p less than 0.01) in women. Abdominal obesity, as assessed by the umbilical to subscapular ratio, was independently and significantly associated with higher total cholesterol (p less than 0.005) and apo B (p less than 0.01) levels. Umbilical to triceps ratio was positively associated with blood pressure in men. Urban men had increased general and abdominal obesity (p less than 0.0001), number of cigarettes smoked per day (p less than 0.0001), and diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05) and had a decreased fitness level (p less than 0.0001) as well as higher (p less than 0.05) plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol concentrations and lower (p less than 0.05) apo A-I and HDL cholesterol levels compared with rural men. The differences between rural and urban women were not as striking. Urban women had increased general and abdominal obesity, glucose, and apo B levels (p less than 0.05) and a decreased fitness level (p less than 0.0001). Our data indicate that general and abdominal obesity, increased cigarette smoking, diastolic blood pressure, and decreased fitness level are more prevalent in an urban than in a rural area in Costa Rica, particularly in men. The higher prevalence of such risk factors in the urban area is associated with a more atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Development and evaluation of the Rural Trauma and Emergency Care Roadshow.

AIMS: To validate the Rural Trauma and Emergency Care (RTEC) Roadshow, an educational programme comprised of 14 skills-based, educational modules in trauma care designed for rural general practitioners and taught as a travelling roadshow in isolated rural areas. METHOD: The first 31 rural general practitioners to participate in the course completed an extensive participant satisfaction rating form. They also underwent pre-and post-testing of knowledge using a written true/false test, of skills using an OSCE examination and of stress related to being on call using a self-assessment, Likert scale. RESULTS: Participant satisfaction was high with a mean rating of 4.7 (maximum of 5) for overall course quality and relevance of content. There was a significant increase in skills (from 46 to 73% mean OSCE scores), in knowledge (from 58 to 69% mean true-false test scores) and in confidence in handling major trauma (from 3.9 to 5.3 on a ten point scale) as a result of the course. CONCLUSION: The RTEC course is effective in increasing the skills and knowledge of general practitioners in trauma care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Changing traditional medicine in rural Swaziland: the effects of the global system.

Global systems theory provides a useful paradigm for understanding the evolution of traditional institutions in the modern world. More inclusive than the purely economic world systems theory, it is applied for the purpose of analyzing how the practice of traditional medicine in Swaziland has been transformed in response to political, economic, and cultural factors originating at national, regional, and global levels. Traditional practices at the local level have further been influenced by the interplay between global forces and local perceptions and needs. In particular, the impact of the cash economy and the emphasis on rural area development have implications for the manner in which healers are recruited and for the way their practices are conducted. Since many healers have moved beyond traditional categories and are currently forging new roles within the society, their activities no longer conform to models held by global actors in the field of health. The case studies provided in the article illustrate why healers may be disinterested in biomedical programs which attempt to foster cooperation between systems.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗