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PubMed1989

[Dietary preferences of domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) grazing on natural Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian ranges. III. Epidermal characteristics of the principal plant species consumed on the pastures: compilation of a reference atlas with a view toward study of dietary preferences].

Microscopic analysis of vegetal fragments contained in the faeces and in the alimentary bolus is a method for studying the animals' diet on pastures. This work is conducted within the scope of a ruminant diet enquiry over Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian pastures in Senegal. The author describes the epidermal characteristics of the main grazed plants (28 species) so as to constitute a reference atlas. An example of the identification key is exposed for 19 dicotyledons from their epidermal characteristics. This key will have to be completed and will help to recognize the plant debris contained in the faeces and in the alimentary bolus.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

[The history of nosology in dermatology].

The Hippocratic texts give evidence of the first structured interest in skin diseases. Nosological preoccupations, then at their beginning, put the stress on the connections between general pathology and diseases affecting the skin, and by creating a vocabulary. The Hippocratic texts give evidence of the first structured interest in skin diseases. Nosological preoccupations, then at their beginning, put the stress on the connections between general pathology and diseases affecting the skin, and by creating a vocabulary drawn from the vegetal world initiated a long-lasting relationship between dermatology and botany. The centuries which followed witnessed a wealth of descriptions which, thanks in particular to the works of Celsus, Galen and the Arab authors, led to the formation of true medical encyclopaedias, although the diagnosis of skin diseases could not be approached. The outline of a rational dermatological thinking did not appear until the 17th century with Haffenreffer, Riolan and Willis, all influenced by Malpighi, Harvey and Sydenham. Then came the 18th century with Astruc, Turner and Lorry. But it was in fact J. Plenck who devised the first nosology that could be used in clinical practice by creating the elementary lesion principle, later revised and refined by Willan and Bateman. In contradistinction with this artificial nosology, the French school of Alibert endeavoured to set up a natural nosology unfortunately spoiled by a certain lack of pragmatism. In the second half of the 19th century three main schools of thought emerged: Hebra's, who raised the nosological approach to an anatomical level, Hardy, Bazin's, who gave predominance to diathesis, and Wilson's, who attempted a synthesis of the first two schools. At the dawn of the 20th century the dogmatism of morphological systematization seemed to wane and be superseded by an aetiological approach, then reappeared in Degos' treatise published in 1953. The latest nosologies acknowledge the importance of clinical data but give first rank to the physiopathology of diseases, sometimes replacing the anatomical systematization by a relative biological systematization which evolves with technological advances.

Dermatology↗
PubMed1986

Problem-oriented drug monographs developed for physicians in Northern Ireland.

Monographs prepared by a drug information pharmacist at a government hospital in Northern Ireland were evaluated by hospital and community physicians. The monographs related drug information to both the primary medical problem (e.g., angina) and secondary problems of individual patients (e.g., renal or hepatic dysfunction). The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various agents in a drug group were compared. The initial monograph about beta blockers was evaluated by 13 pharmacists in government hospitals. The monograph was then revised and two additional monographs were written on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia and the use of organic nitrates in cardiovascular disease. The three monographs were distributed to 122 hospital physicians and 67 community physicians for evaluation of the information and the manner in which it was presented. Questionnaires were returned by 46% of the hospital physicians and 39% of the community physicians. Almost 50% of the responding prescribers said the monographs gave them new information. The lack of cost information in the monographs was cited as a problem by 25% of respondents. The most frequently suggested topics for additional monographs were antibiotics, analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, bronchodilators, and antidepressants. Physicians considered the monographs a useful source of education about selection of appropriate drug therapy.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1977

[The evaluation of principles for the prevention and control of animal epidemics during the second half of the 18th century according to a contemporary monograph, from a current viewpoint].

Reference is made to the third edition of a handbook published 1800 in which experience in preventing and controlling animal diseases is given in the form of standards together with conclusions, the latter being related primarily to the incidence of cattle plague in the second half of the 18th century. The points made in the handbook are related to the history of veterinary medicine, with particular emphasis being laid on today's national veterinary services and the legal provisions which are now in effect for the prevention and control of high risk. Since production relations and productive forces were on a different level then, both the consequences of high-risk animal diseases and action for protection often had deterimental impact upon agricultural production and led to the ruin of many poorer farmers and dependent peasants. The substance of the prevention and control principles was not only adequate, but to some extent is valid even today, notwithstanding the much higher scientific basis on which many problems are tackled in our days. A set of strict rules had been established, and offenders had to expert severe punishment. Yet, in the class society of that time penalty rules differed for 'masters' and 'inferiors'. The handbook is of enlightening importance as a basisfor deliberate application of codes and standards.

Animals↗