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PubMed1996

A government agency's responsibility to the consumer.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Agricultural Biotechnology developed a proactive stance for informing consumers about biotechnology in 1987. Using a variety of information vehicles, the Office of Agricultural Biotechnology has developed a dialogue with various groups having different and sometimes very strident opinions about the use of genetic engineering in plants and animals. At the same time, the government agency has fulfilled its mandate to neither promote nor discourage the use of biotechnology methods in research, but rather to present the data and thus allow consumers to make an informed decision.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption.

Marginal zinc deficiency and suboptimal zinc status have been recognized in many groups of the population in both less developed and industrialized countries. Although the cause in some cases may be inadequate dietary intake of zinc, inhibitors of zinc absorption are most likely the most common causative factor. Phytate, which is present in staple foods like cereals, corn and rice, has a strong negative effect on zinc absorption from composite meals. Inositol hexaphosphates and pentaphosphates are the phytate forms that exert these negative effects, whereas the lower phosphates have no or little effect on zinc absorption. The removal or reduction of phytate by enzyme (phytase) treatment, precipitation methods, germination, fermentation or plant breeding/genetic engineering markedly improves zinc absorption. Iron can have a negative effect on zinc absorption, if given together in a supplement, whereas no effect is observed when the same amounts are present in a meal as fortificants. Cadmium, which is increasing in the environment, also inhibits zinc absorption. The amount of protein in a meal has a positive effect on zinc absorption, but individual proteins may act differently; e.g., casein has a modest inhibitory effect of zinc absorption compared with other protein sources. Amino acids, such as histidine and methionine, and other low-molecular-weight ions, such as EDTA and organic acids (e.g., citrate), are known to have a positive effect on zinc absorption and have been used for zinc supplements. Knowledge about dietary factors that inhibit zinc absorption and about ways to overcome or remove these factors is essential when designing strategies to improve the zinc nutrition of vulnerable groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Identification of dominant mutations that confer increased aluminium tolerance through mutagenesis of the Al-sensitive Arabidopsis mutant, als3-1.

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is a global agricultural problem that occurs in acid soil environments and severely limits root growth and crop productivity. The isolation and characterization of a gene, ALS3, which is absolutely required by Arabidopsis seedlings for growth in an Al-toxic environment was reported previously. Since the als3-1 loss-of-function mutant has extreme root growth inhibition even in the presence of very low levels of Al, it was an excellent candidate for using a mutagenesis approach to identify suppressor mutations that would increase either Al resistance or tolerance in Arabidopsis roots. EMS-mutagenized als3-1 seedlings were screened for mutants that could sustain root growth in an Al-containing environment that is highly toxic to als3-1 but not Col-0 wt. This approach resulted in identification of 12 strong suppressor mutants that reversed the als3-1 phenotype and grew as well or better than Col-0 wt in the presence of high levels of Al. Subsequent analysis of three representative suppressor mutants revealed that the phenotype of each probably arises from dominant gain-of-function mutations at the same locus. Detailed analysis of one of these, alt1-1 (Al tolerant), suggests that this mutation positively impacts Al resistance in a manner dependent on pH adjustment rather than enhanced Al exclusion. Identification of these suppressor mutations, should not only further elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying Al toxicity and tolerance but also will develop a collection of mutations that may be useful for engineering crop plants that can grow and thrive in Al-toxic environments.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1998

The spectrum of respiratory disease associated with exposure to metal working fluids.

Occupational respiratory diseases have been reported following exposure to metal working fluids. We report a spectrum of respiratory illnesses occurring in an outbreak in 30 workers of an automobile parts engine manufacturing plant. Workers presented with respiratory complaints and, after clinical and laboratory evaluations, were classified as those having hypersensitivity pneumonitis, occupational asthma, or industrial bronchitis, or those without occupational lung disease. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis affected seven workers, with six exhibiting serum precipitins to Acinetobacter Iwoffii. Occupational asthma and industrial bronchitis affected 12 and six workers, respectively. Oil-mist exposures were below current recommendations. Gram-negative bacteria, but no fungi, Thermophiles, or Legionella, were identified. Although specific agents responsible for each individual case could not be identified, probably both specific sensitizing agents and non-specific irritants from metal working fluids, additives, or contaminants contributed to this spectrum of occupational respiratory illness.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Beyond perception: the experience of risk and stigma in community contexts.

Concerns about stigmatization are an important influence on the development of risk management and communication policies for a wide range of technologies and products such as those associated with hazardous waste storage, nuclear power, and genetic engineering of plants or foods. Although much attention has been placed on the adverse economic effects of stigma, we believe that the social, psychological, and cultural impacts are often at least as significant and merit greater attention from policymakers and researchers. Evidence for these impacts of stigma is found in recent studies of resource-based communities, whose residents may be shunned by local and nonlocal publics and whose products may suffer a loss of markets, which in turn creates social and economic hardship for community residents. We examine these aspects of stigma and link descriptions of the problem and prescriptions of recommended policies to five underlying characteristics of stigma, focusing on the possible insights and contributions from trade-off analysis and narrative approaches.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Engineering the efficient Exo-Cas12i2 for MITE manipulation in rice.

Exo-Cas12i2 v1, a fusion of the 5' exonucleases T5E and PapE, facilitates editing of TA-rich regions and mediates deletions of large genomic fragments. Exo-Cas12i2 v1-driven MITE manipulation enables precise regulation of genes involved in gibberellin-mediated cell elongation and root ethylene responses to generate favorable agronomic traits.

Oryza↗
PubMed2003

Plant Biology. Hormones and the green revolution.

The success of the green revolution largely resulted from the creation of dwarf cultivars of wheat and rice, which had much higher yields than conventional crops. Characterization of these dwarf cultivars showed that the mutant genes were involved in either the synthesis or signaling of gibberellin, a plant growth hormone. In his Perspective, Salamini highlights new work (Multani et al.) that identifies the cause of dwarfism in agronomically important varieties of maize and sorghum. In these cases, dwarfism is caused by defective transport of another growth hormone called auxin.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B↗
PubMed2000

Agrobiotechnology. Asia gets a taste of genetic food fights.

Despite the need to feed growing populations in Asia, controversy over genetically modified foods is putting a damper on efforts to develop and test new crops. The signs of opposition are scattered and vary from country to country. But they are enough to be worrisome to the region's leaders.

Asia↗
PubMed2000

Plant research. Can genetically modified crops go 'greener'?

A flood of new information from projects such as the sequencing of the genome of the mustard plant Arabidopsis has pinpointed genes involved in key processes such as speeding up flowering, changing a plant's basic architecture, or improving pest resistance. One example appears on page 344 of this issue; researchers report the cloning of an Arabidopsis gene called FRIGIDA and show that natural mutations leading to loss of FRIGIDA function are associated with early flowering, a helpful adaptation in some cold climates. Such work could allow researchers to enhance the traits they want by introducing one or a few genes from another plant, or by modifying the regulation of genes in their original settings.

Arabidopsis↗