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PubMedDate not supplied

Better psychological functioning and higher social status may largely explain the apparent health benefits of wine: a study of wine and beer drinking in young Danish adults.

BACKGROUND: Findings from a recent series of Danish studies suggest that moderate wine drinkers are healthier than those who drink other alcoholic beverages or those who abstain. OBJECTIVE: To identify possible explanatory factors associated with the health benefits of wine consumption through the examination of a wide spectrum of social, cognitive, and personality characteristics related to both beverage choice and health in young Danish adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study of characteristics associated with beverage choice in a sample of 363 men and 330 women between the ages of 29 and 34 years, selected from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort on the basis of perinatal records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Socioeconomic status, education, IQ, personality, psychiatric symptoms, and health-related behaviors, including alcohol consumption, were analyzed. The outcome variables were subjected to linear and logistic regression analyses with 2 factors (beer and wine), each with 2 levels (drinking or not drinking a certain beverage type). RESULTS: Wine drinking was significantly associated with higher IQ, higher parental educational level, and higher socioeconomic status. Beer drinking was significantly associated with lower scores on the same variables. On scales concerning personality, psychiatric symptoms, and health-related behaviors, wine drinking was associated with optimal functioning and beer drinking with suboptimal functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that wine drinking is a general indicator of optimal social, cognitive, and personality development in Denmark. Similar social, cognitive, and personality factors have also been associated with better health in many populations. Consequently, the association between drinking habits and social and psychological characteristics, in large part, may explain the apparent health benefits of wine.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pediatric rehabilitation. 1. General principles and special considerations.

This self-directed learning module addresses core concepts in the assessment of any child with disability, including physical growth and development, evolution of reflexes, and cognitive and personality development. It is a section of the chapter on pediatric rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. The rehabilitation perspective is emphasized, especially as it changes to accommodate the developing child, with a focus on specific chronic disorders such as respiratory disease, congenital heart disease, and malignancy. These types of disorders serve as a model for the management of problems that require special medical, rehabilitative, and psychosocial consideration.

Child↗
PubMed2006

New approaches to molecular cancer therapeutics.

Cancer drug development is leading the way in exploiting molecular biological and genetic information to develop "personalized" medicine. The new paradigm is to develop agents that target the precise molecular pathology driving the progression of individual cancers. Drug developers have benefited from decades of academic cancer research and from investment in genomics, genetics and automation; their success is exemplified by high-profile drugs such as Herceptin (trastuzumab), Gleevec (imatinib), Tarceva (erlotinib) and Avastin (bevacizumab). However, only 5% of cancer drugs entering clinical trials reach marketing approval. Cancer remains a high unmet medical need, and many potential cancer targets remain undrugged. In this review we assess the status of the discovery and development of small-molecule cancer therapeutics. We show how chemical biology approaches offer techniques for interconnecting elements of the traditional linear progression from gene to drug, thereby providing a basis for increasing speed and success in cancer drug discovery.

Drug Design↗
PubMed2001

The year in a training practice: what has lasting value? Grounded theoretical categories and dimensions from a pilot study.

Experienced General Practitioners were asked about lasting value from GP Registrar training. Grounded theory was used to construct eight categories of training behaviours. In each category, dimensions spanned between learner-preferred behaviours and those the learners perceived as less helpful. Learners valued teaching based on evergreen approaches to problems. They welcomed exposure to a wide variety of styles and a safe, blame-free, environment, wherein to develop reflective practice. Modelling by trainers of personal development and team-skills has proved of lasting value in a changing world, particularly where change management is based on completed audit cycles. Help to see family medicine contexts of presenting problems enhanced Registrars' appetite for learning. Trainers centring education on learners, yet maintaining a sense of direction, are highly valued. General practice learners appreciate sensitive positive and negative feedback from their trainers. This work offers new possibilities for assessing and developing trainer behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Salmonella Typhimurium infections transmitted by chlorine-pretreated clover sprout seeds.

Raw seed sprouts have caused numerous outbreaks of enteric infections. Presoaking seeds in a 20,000 mg/liter (ppm) calcium hypochlorite solution before sprouting is recommended to reduce bacterial contamination and infection risk. In 1999, the authors investigated an outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infections in Colorado. In a case-control study, they matched 20 cases with 58 controls by age, sex, and telephone prefix; 10 (52%) of 19 cases and no controls recalled eating raw alfalfa-style sprouts in the 5 days before the patient's illness (p < 0.00001). Traceback implicated clover sprouts grown from seeds shared by two sprouters. The time period and region over which these sprouts were sold matched the occurrences of 112 culture-confirmed illnesses. Only one of the sprouters presoaked seeds as recommended, and fewer infections were attributable to this sprouter (0.29 vs. 1.13 culture-confirmed infections/50-pound (110.1-kg) bag of seed). After recall of the implicated sprouts and seed, S. Typhimurium illnesses declined. Contaminated raw clover sprouts can cause outbreaks of enteric illness. Presoaking contaminated seeds in a 20,000 mg/liter calcium hypochlorite solution reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of infection. Until safer production methods are developed, persons eating raw sprouts continue to risk developing potentially serious gastrointestinal illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Faculty development in emergency medicine.

Faculty development is an important, multifaceted topic in academic medicine. In this article, academic emergency physicians discuss aspects of faculty development, including: 1) a department chair's method for developing individual faculty members, 2) the traditional university approach to promotion and tenure, 3) faculty development in a new department, and 4) personal development.

Emergency Medicine↗
PubMed2001

Family history, place and season of birth as risk factors for schizophrenia in Denmark: a replication and reanalysis.

BACKGROUND: Although a family history of schizophrenia is the strongest individual risk factor for schizophrenia, environmental factors related to urbanicity may contribute to a substantial proportion of the population occurrence of the disease. AIMS: This study replicates previous findings in four mutually exclusive Danish study populations, including out-patient information, ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia, and a broader adjustment for mental illness in family members. METHOD: We established a population-based cohort of 2.66 million Danish people using data from the Civil Registration System linked with the Psychiatric Case Register. RESULTS: Overall, 10 264 persons developed schizophrenia during the 50.7 million person-years of follow-up. The risk of schizophrenia was increased by urbanicity of place of birth and by family history of schizophrenia or other mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Urban-rural differences of schizophrenia risk were replicated and could not be associated with the potential sources of bias we assessed. Environmental factors underlying the effect of place of birth are major determinants of schizophrenia occurrence at the population level, although the effect of family history is the strongest at the individual level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Depressed fracture of the calvaria].

This study is based on 147 depressed fractures of the calvaria. 60% of the diagnosed and treated cases were compound depressed fractures. Of the 147 patients 12 developed intracerebral, epidural and subdural hematomas. 3 persons developed infections. Of course the decision to institute prophylactic anticonvulsive therapy we only found 7 cases of posttraumatic epilepsy. Because of our experience in treatment of the depressed fracture we divide a consequent and rapid diagnosis by X-rays in combination with modern computer-tomography.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Psychiatric illness in physicians.

Psychiatric illness and behavioural problems among physicians are reviewed in this paper. Some studies suggest that the medical profession has a high rate of alcoholism, drug abuse and marital discord. As well, physicians appear to commit suicide and to seek admission to psychiatric institutions more frequently than comparable populations. Considered as etiologic factors in psychiatric illness among physicians are the role strain inherent in the profession and the personality development of individual practitioners prior to their entering medical school. The review concludes with suggestions for an improved approach to treatment and prevention.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1986

The follow-up in patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule with and without glaucoma. 2. The development of glaucoma in persons with pseudoexfoliation.

102 persons with pseudoexfoliation without glaucoma, not attending follow-up controls, underwent re-examination. The time elapsed since last control was greater than or equal to 5 years in 39%. In those with monocular pseudoexfoliation, 30% became binocularly affected. Only 3 persons had developed glaucoma (2.9%). Probable explanations for this low figure are discussed. IOP measurements of the total group and the subgroup of persons remaining monocularly affected during the observation period, revealed similar or lowered values at re-examination compared with the last control. A retrospective analysis of a capsular glaucoma group (208 eyes), disclosed that 84% had glaucoma at their initial visit, 38% of the remaining patients developing glaucoma during 1.5 years.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The role of shame in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Shame is an important part of human experience but, by its very nature, is often neglected as an issue in treatment. Various recent conceptions of shame and its place in personality development, interpersonal relationships, and psychotherapy are presented. The contributions of affect theory are explored in their applications to the understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder, and implications for treatment are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Self-sensuality in fantasy: reflections on early development based on a case history.

On the basis of a detailed account of the analysis of a severely disturbed female patient with suicidal tendencies and pronounced mood swings, in whom sensory impressions were particularly important, the author investigates the phenomena of hypersensuality and self-sensuality. These are shown to be closely bound up with the patient's primitive erotisation of both the transference and her life outside the analysis, their function being one of self-feeding designed to blot out the awareness of separation and separateness. Depending on a given subject's personality development and the position from which mental events are experienced, the author notes that this self-sensuality may be external, acted out or largely confined to fantasy. The case history leads to some theoretical reflections, supported by the results of infant observation conducted by the author and his assistants, on the possible connection between erotised patterns of relating in such patients and the existence of autistic nuclei. In the final part of the paper, the author considers whether the two familiar Kleinian positions need to be supplemented by a third, 'autistic', position, discusses the relevant consequences and implications, and emphasises that the assumption of the existence of such a position carries the risk of its reification. He ends with a poetic example that sums up the isolation of the patients concerned.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Personality structure and process, variance between and within: integration by means of a developmental framework.

Hooker and McAdams (2003) offer a six-foci model of personality organized around the concepts of structure and process. The structure and process distinction is essentially one of emphasizing within- or between-person variance, yet both types of variance are valuable, especially in personality development. Cattell (1966) understood the distinction and incorporated it into his concept of the data box. Hooker and McAdams's model shares aspects of Cattell's scheme but is more explicitly developmental. We argue that the concept of the developmental trajectory fits neatly into both the Cattell and Hooker-McAdams models and affords a data analytic framework for understanding both within- and between-person variance, allowing greater integration of process and structure approaches.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[History of sexual abuse. Consequences for psychotherapy].

The definition of sexual abuse and the frequency of its occurrence in the history of psychiatric patients as known by psychiatric literature are discussed. Then, a survey is reported on 10 medical psychotherapists about their male and female patients under in-patient individual and group therapy. Among 57 patients there were 11 of 32 females and 4 of 25 men with a history of sexual abuse, most of them over months or years. Consequences on personality development and vulnerability are outlined. A differential concept how to form the therapeutic relationship and how to handle with experience of sexual abuse is described.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

[Tabooisation of a family suicide - possible consequences for relatives].

We introduce the history of a 27 year old woman who lost her mother by suicide at the age of one year. Grown up in the fathers family she came to know the mothers suicide with 14 years. In the same time she had the first contact with the two half-brothers from the mother's side. In this "new" family they discussed open about the suicide, what she perceived as a relief and important for her personal development. The consequences of the rarely studied tabooisation of the family suicide could have impact for the intercourse with the relatives of suicide victims in the clinical work.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Dora's conversion syndrome: a contribution to the prehistory of the holocaust.

The culture and society in which patient and analyst live and work may silently impinge upon the analytic situation. The Dora case exemplifies the influence of pervasive sociocultural anti-Semitism on the patient's personality development and psychological problems. Identifications with aggressor and victim were significant clinical and social issues. In its cultural and historical dimensions, the Dora case reflects some pathogenic roots of the Holocaust.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Psychological sequelae of child abuse].

During the past decade personality development of abused children has been studied by several investigators. A comparative overview of the results allows to name a number of symptoms which appear to be characteristic. The symptomatology expresses an ongoing conflict between resistance and resignation by restlessness, aggressivity and withdrawal on the one hand, and by low self esteem, pseudo-adult behavior and perfectionism on the other. The psychological consequences are the result not only of parental personality and aggression but also of social conditions and of factors which are inherent to the child. Treatment needs to include all three pathogenetic areas.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

The making and breaking of affectional bonds. I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. An expanded version of the Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture, delivered before the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 19 November 1976.

An account is given of attachment theory as a way of conceptualizing the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others and of explaining the many forms of emotional distress and personality disturbance, including anxiety, anger, depression and emotional detachment, to which unwilling separation and loss give rise. Though it incorporates much psychoanalytic thinking, many of its principles derive from ethology, cognitive psychology and control theory. It conforms to the ordinary criteria of a scientific discipline. Certain common patterns of personality development, both healthy and pathological, are described in these terms, and also some of the common patterns of parenting that contribute to them.

Adult↗