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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Sheep rearing in Shaba (Zaire): present-day situation].

Four sheep rearing systems have been studied in Shaba (Zaire) to compare production and profit levels. Weight production per mother at nine months of age is 4.5 kg under traditional breeding conditions, versus 23 kg in the ranching system (with shepherd) and 30 kg under extensive rearing. Management of range by fire and rotation and feeding habits, principally explain variations in the production. Internal parasite control and housing conditions are next important. Extensive sheep breeding under the ranching system, succeeding to cattle on pasture, appears to be the most profitable rearing system in the region.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiology, anthropology and health education.

Epidemiology gives only a partial picture of a health problem. Without a knowledge of social, cultural, and economic conditions as well, one can fall into farcical errors in designing interventions.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

[Endoparasites in game animals and the interaction with cattle].

In a study carried out over several years the interactions of the mutual ground of cattle and game, in particular the roe-deer is discussed. For the investigations and observations 3 different regions situated in low, middle and sub-Alpine altitudes were selected. The question of winter feeding and parasite control is also discussed and the changed situation for game in nature with regard to the economic factor of hunting and game.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

Acute hepatic necrosis associated with the administration of mebendazole to dogs.

Mebendazole was administered to 7 adult Dachshunds and 2 adult Doberman Pinschers at 6-month intervals for routine parasite control. Two weeks after the 1st treatment, a 3-year-old Dachshund died of acute hepatic failure. Approximately 2 weeks following the 2nd treatment, two 5-year-old Dachshunds and one 3-year-old Dachshund had evidence of acute hepatic necrosis; 1 of these dogs died of fulminant hepatic failure. Typical clinical signs in affected dogs included anorexia, depression, vomiting, icterus, and hemorrhagic diarrhea. Two additional Dachshunds had biochemical evidence of hepatic dysfunction, ie. high serum alanine aminotransferase and serum alkaline phosphatase activities. One Dachshund and 2 Doberman Pinschers had no clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Malaria in studies in vitro. III: the protein synthesising activity of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro after drug treatment in vivo.

Aotus trivirgatus monkeys with established infections of Plasmodium falciparum were treated orally with either chloroquine or the novel compound 1-amidino-3-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl) urea. Blood samples were cultured in vitro, 18 hours after treatment, when no morphological abnormalities were apparent. The incorporation of radioactive leucine from the medium by the blood of treated monkeys was compared with that of the undosed control. Parasite maturation was also examined. Both chloroquine and the amidinourea were effective against the drug sensitive strain of P. falciparum. The combined use of an in vivo and in vitro test demonstrated that biochemical disturbance of the parasite may be demonstrable before morphological effects are seen. This system should prove useful in drug metabolism studies and in experiments using large or expensive animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Family planning in Viet Nam: a vigorous approach.

Viet Nam, a country in transition, is vigorously implementing its population and family planning policies and plans, despite the fact that increased government expenditure for family planning only amounts to some US $0.15 per capita, far short of the minimum $0.60 required. An increased range of family planning methods will be offered to the population through a "cafeteria" approach. Genital tract infections will be reduced, as well as the incidence of abortion. Research continues on injectable and implanted contraceptives, and the use of quinacrine nonsurgical female sterilization. In the long term, a mix of imported and locally-produced contraceptives is envisaged to achieve greater sustainability. Family planning will be closely linked to economic development and poverty alleviation, with mass organizations developing family planning-linked credit, savings and income generating schemes. Pilot experience has indicated value if integrated approach linking family planning, nutrition, and parasite control. The health manpower and health services systems are being overhauled, with plans to appoint family planning focal points at commune level, linked to mobile district teams and grassroots motivators. Medical equipment, contraceptives and essential drugs for family planning and reproductive health services are in short supply at an estimated 60% of commune health stations. Both the public sector and the growing private sector will need to face the challenge of providing the population with high-quality reproductive health services and family planning options suited to individual needs and preferences.

Contraception↗
PubMed1993

Population dynamics of human malaria parasites.

Highly sensitive detection and identification of the four Plasmodium species infecting man, and the characterization of P. falciparum isolates, have been achieved by PCR amplification. The results obtained from field and laboratory studies are described. The significance of these observations to the design and interpretation of epidemiological investigations is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

In the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma, mice develop unimpaired IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii while failing to control acute infection.

The relationship between IFN-gamma and IL-12 in generating innate immune responses and resistance to acute Toxoplasma gondii infection was assessed in T. gondii-exposed IFN-gamma knockout (gko) mice. Gko mice, in contrast to wild-type (wt) animals, rapidly succumbed to infection with either the avirulent ME49 strain or, surprisingly, an attenuated temperature-sensitive mutant strain, ts4. Microscopic examination of peritoneal exudates from infected gko mice demonstrated that mortality is associated with unchecked tachyzoite replication. Nevertheless, both wt and gko animals developed a peritoneal inflammatory response that in gko animals was greater due to a 5- to 10-fold increase in the number of granulocytes recruited to the site of infection. In addition, IL-12 production in gko mice was both unimpaired and functional since a significant, albeit lower than wt, IL-12-dependent NK cell response developed in these animals. Regardless, no evidence for an IFN-gamma-independent protective function for IL-12 or NK cells was apparent since in vivo treatment of gko mice with an IL-12-neutralizing mAb ablated the NK cell response, but did not decrease survival. Together, these data identify distinct functions for IL-12 and IFN-gamma in host resistance to T. gondii: IL-12 precedes and initiates synthesis of IFN-gamma, while the latter lymphokine directly controls parasite growth and diminishes the contribution of IL-4- and IL-5-producing T cell subsets.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Acaricidal efficacy of cypermethrine (a new synthetic pyrethroid) against Boophilus annulatus ticks in cattle.

Resistance of ticks to acaricides had spread dramatically in recent years, so changing of acaricides periodically is needed to avoid resistant strains. Cypermethrine is a new pyrethroid acaricide recently introduced in the skin parasites control programs in Egypt. Fourteen crossbred cows (Friesian X Egyptian native) were used to assess the acaricidal efficacy of cypermethrine against Boophilus annulatus ticks. Cows were allocated into treated and control groups, each consists of 7 animals. At day 0 before treatment, ticks of more than 4.5 mm in length attached to both treated and control animals were counted and every week thereafter. The average tick number on vaccinated and control animals were counted and the efficacy percentage of cypermethrine was then determined. The number of ticks which laid eggs were counted in treated and control animals and hatching percentage of eggs were then calculated. Spraying of animals with cypermethrine showed that complete elimination of ticks occurred early on the 7th day post-treatment. The average number of ticks was 1673 and that of controls was 1578 at day 0 before treatment. The maximum efficacy (100%) was sustained for up to 7 weeks post-treatment after which the efficacy was slightly dropped and reached 98%. The results of cypermethrine on oviposition and egg hatchability of the ticks which survived treatment were surprising. The percentage of ticks collected from treated cows that succeeded to lay eggs was 22%, the average number of eggs laid per tick was 259 and hatching rate was 8.6%.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Environmental pollution and child health in the Aral Sea region in Kazakhstan.

The deterioration of human health with increasing infant mortality rate, declining life expectancy at birth and increasing prevalence of serious infectious diseases in Russia and other former Soviet Republics is thought to be due to a combination of several factors such as inadequate nutrition, poor sanitation, collapse of the health care system and pollution from Soviet agriculture and industries. In the Aral Sea region in Kazakhstan, the environmental problems are of near catastrophic proportions. As a result of the implementation of a massive irrigation scheme to support the cotton fields in the former desert land, the water flow to the Aral Sea was reduced to less than half. Industrial pollutants such as PCB-compounds and heavy metals, but also the use of large quantities of pesticides to control parasites and weeds have accumulated not only in water, but also in soil and have been deposited over large areas by atmospheric transport to enter the food chain leading to humans. In a study of 15 children and of an additional 12 children referred from the region of the Aral Sea to the National Children's Rehabilitation Center in Almaty with symptoms and signs of 'ecological disease', we have found that the concentration of PCB compounds in the blood lipids is elevated in relation to healthy Swedish children. In addition, the blood lipid concentration of the beta-isomer of the hexachlorocyclohexanes was extremely high and of DDT-compounds was elevated up to 20 times. The concentrations of lead in red blood cells was moderately elevated and that of cadmium slightly elevated compared to the findings in Stockholm children. To study the role of these pollutants in the diseases found in children from the Aral Sea region accurate epidemiological studies have to be performed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Field observations on the control of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis in south-east England.

Three worm control strategies, on a commercial farm in south east England, were monitored parasitologically for a grazing season. Three peaks of larval infection in June, late August and late October/early November occurred on paddocks grazed by dosed ewes and lambs on a new ley (preventive strategy). Lambs dosed and moved on to a hay aftermath in July (evasive strategy), had a mean egg count of 2090 by late August, attributable to infection with Haemonchus contortus. Three weekly drenching of lambs (suppressive strategy), suppressed faecal egg counts until September when the treatment interval was extended due to other on-farm commitments. In addition to these observations, autoinfection, with Haemonchus contortus, was seen to occur in lambs grazing summer turnips. An in vitro egg hatch assay, and critical efficacy trial, confirmed the presence of a benzimidazole resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus on this farm. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Control of gastrointestinal parasitism with nematodes in dairy goats by treating the host category at risk.

Infections of the gastrointestinal tract with parasitic nematodes remain one of the main limiting factors in grazing dairy goats. The usual mode of control of these parasitic diseases has up to now been based on the repeated use of anthelmintics. However, the prevalence rates of anthelmintic resistances, in particular to benzimidazoles, are now particularly high in the French dairy goat production. This situation makes it mandatory to reconsider the usual mode of control of these nematodes and to look for short term, alternative solutions which combine the control of gastrointestinal infections and management of anthelmintic resistances. One of the possible options is to leave a part of the flock without treatment during the grazing season in order to maintain alleles of susceptibility to anthelmintics within the worm populations. Previous epidemiological observations identifying the categories of host populations at risk are presented which provide the rationale for targeted applications of treatments. The results of assays on experimental flocks and from farm surveys examining the advantages and drawbacks of selective treatments are presented. The value of these results in combination with other alternative solutions of control are discussed in order to use minimum treatments with maximum benefits.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The possibilities and limitations of evasive grazing as a control measure for parasitic gastroenteritis in small ruminants in temperate climates.

Between 1999 and 2003 studies were done at Utrecht University on the population dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes and the potential to use evasive grazing for the control of nematode infections in small ruminants. On most pastures grazed in May and June it took at least 3 weeks before high pasture infectivity levels for Haemonchus contortus developed while it took at least 2 weeks on pastures grazed in July, August and September. Occasionally, larvae emerged earlier on pasture when high temperatures coincided with rain. Pasture infectivity levels for H. contortus subsequently increased and the highest levels were found between 5 and 9 weeks on pastures grazed in May-June and between 3 and 9 weeks on pastures grazed in July, August and September. Pasture infectivity usually had decreased again to low levels after approximately 3 months. Larvae of the other trichostrongylids emerged later on pasture. However, patterns of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia curticei were basically similar to H. contortus. Strongyloides papillosus larvae emerge within 2 weeks on pasture and survival is short. On the other hand Nematodirus larvae took a lot longer to emerge on pasture than the other trichostrongylids. The results imply that only on a small proportion of farms (mixed dairy cattle/sheep farms; some organic dairy goat farms) evasive grazing can be recommended as only control measure for parasitic gastroenteritis. However, the present data offer possibilities to combine evasive grazing with other methods in an integrated control scheme.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2006

Biological control of nematode parasites in sheep.

In a world in which sheep producers are facing increasing problems due to the rapid spread of anthelmintic resistance, the battle against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes is a difficult one. One of the potential new tools for integrated control strategies is biological control by means of the nematode-destroying microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans. This fungus forms sticky traps that catch developing larval stages of parasitic nematodes in the fecal environment. When resting spores (chlamydospores) of this fungus are fed daily to grazing animals for a period of time, the pasture infectivity and thus, the worm burden of grazing animals are lowered, especially in young lambs. Research has been conducted throughout the world covering many different climates and management systems. An Australian parasite model showed that if the fungus performs efficiently (> or =90% reduction in worm burden) for 2 or 3 mo, it should contribute significantly to a reduction in the number of dead lambs otherwise occurring when managed only by anthelmintic treatment and grazing management. Feeding or field trials have clearly demonstrated that dosing with a few hundred thousand spores per kilogram of live BW not only reduced the number of infective larvae but also increased the BW of the lambs compared with controls not given fungus. Initial Australian work with feeding spores by means of a block formulation or a slow-release device has shown some promise, but further work is needed to fully develop these delivery systems. In tropical Malaysia, small paddock trials and field studies resulted in significant improvements, in terms of lower worm burdens and increased live BW, when feeding half a million spores daily to grazing lambs. Additional benefits have been observed when the fungus is employed in combination with a fast rotational grazing system. Research has also demonstrated that spores can be delivered in slightly moist feed block material, but only if such blocks are consumed rapidly, because of their very short shelf life. In the northern, temperate Danish climate it has been demonstrated that daily feeding of half a million spores per kilogram of live BW can lead to significant production benefits, with increased live BW gain in fungus-exposed animals. Biological control of parasitic nematodes in sheep seems to hold promise for the future, but to be able to assist producers, the optimal delivery system needs to be refined and further developed. In addition, more work will be needed to define the best use of this technology in different geographic regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The effect of delivery mechanisms on the uptake of bed net re-impregnation in Kilifi District, Kenya.

The results of recently completed trials in Africa of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITBN) offer new possibilities for malaria control. These experimental trials aimed for high ITBN coverage combined with high re-treatment rates. Whilst necessary to understand protective efficacy, the approaches used to deliver the intervention provide few indications of what coverage of net re-treatment would be under operational conditions. Varied delivery and financing strategies have been proposed for the sustainable delivery of ITBNs and re-treatment programmes. Following the completion of a randomized, controlled trial on the Kenyan coast, a series of suitable delivery strategies were used to continue net re-treatment in the area. The trial adopted a bi-annual, house-to-house re-treatment schedule free of charge using research project staff and resulted in over 95% coverage of nets issued to children. During the year following the trial, sentinel dipping stations were situated throughout the community and household members informed of their position and opening times. This free re-treatment service achieved between 61-67% coverage of nets used by children for three years. In 1997 a social marketing approach, that introduced cost-retrieval, was used to deliver the net re-treatment services. The immediate result of this transition was that significantly fewer of the mothers who had used the previous re-treatment services adopted this revised approach and coverage declined to 7%. The future of new delivery services and their financing are discussed in the context of their likely impact upon previously defined protective efficacy and cost-effectiveness estimates.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nematophagous fungi as a biological control agent for nematode parasites of small ruminants in Malaysia: a special emphasis on Duddingtonia flagrans.

Approximately 2,800 fresh dung samples from animals, mainly ruminant livestock, were screened for the presence of nematophagous fungi in Malaysia. Arthrobotrys spp. was noted on numerous occasions, but only one isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans was made. For the purposes of producing sufficient quantities of this fungus for feeding trials in sheep, various, commonly available, cheap plant materials were tested as possible growth substrates. This showed that cereal grains (wheat, millet and rice) were the best media for fungal growth. Pen feeding trials were carried out using sheep, both naturally and experimentally infected with nematode parasites (predominantely Haemonchus contortus), to test the efficiency of D. flagrans when administered either in a grain supplement, or incorporated into a feed block. These showed that the fungus survived gut passage in sheep and that dose rates of approximately 1 x 10(6) D. flagrans spores / animal / day, reduced the percentage of infective larvae developing in faecal cultures by more than 90%. These results indicate that using D. flagrans as a biological control agent of nematode parasites, is a promising alternative to nematode parasite control of small ruminants in Malaysia, where anthelmintic resistance is now a major problem.

Animal Feed↗