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PubMed2005

Studies on the reuse of waste printed circuit board as an additive for cement mortar.

The recent development in electronic industries has generated a drastic increase in production of printed circuit boards (PCB). Accordingly, the amount of waste PCB from electronic productions and waste electronics and its environmental impact such as soil and groundwater contamination have become a great concern. This study aims to propose a method for reuse of waste PCB as an additive for cement mortar. Although the expansibility of waste PCB powder finer than 0.08 mm in water was observed to be greater than 2.0%, the maximum expansion rates in water for 0.08 to approximately 0.15 and 0.15 to approximately 0.30 mm sized PCB powders were less than 2.0%, which satisfied the necessary condition as an alternative additive for cement mortar in place of sand. The difference in the compressive strength of standard mortar and waste PCB added mortar was observed to be less than 10% and their difference was expected to be smaller after prolonged aging. The durability of waste PCB added cement mortar was also examined through dry/wet conditioning cyclic tests and acidic/alkaline conditioning tests. From the tests, both weight and compressive strength of cement mortar were observed to be recovered with aging. The leaching test for heavy metals from waste PCB added mortar showed that no heavy metal ions such as copper, lead, or cadmium were detected in the leachate, which resulted from fixation effect of the cement hydrates.

Cementation↗
PubMed1987

Immunocytolocalization of extensin in developing soybean seed coats by immunogold-silver staining and by tissue printing on nitrocellulose paper.

In soybean seed coats the accumulation of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein extensin is regulated in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. The time course of appearance of extensin during seed development was studied by Western blot analysis and by immunogold-silver localization. Using these techniques extensin was first detected at 16-18 d after anthesis, increasing during development to high levels at 24 d after anthesis. Immunogold-silver localization of extensin in the seed coat showed marked deposition of the glycoprotein in the walls of palisade epidermal cells and hourglass cells. The immunolocalization of extensin in developing soybean seeds was also made by a new technique--tissue printing on nitrocellulose paper. It was found that extensin is primarily localized in the seed coat, hilum, and vascular elements of the seed.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1999

FingerPRINTScan: intelligent searching of the PRINTS motif database.

MOTIVATION: By identifying an unknown gene or protein as a member of a known family, we can infer a wealth of previously compiled information pertinent to that family and its members. RESULTS: This paper introduces a method that classifies sequences using familial definitions from the PRINTS database, allowing progress to be made with the identification of distant evolutionary relationships. The approach makes use of the contextual information inherent in a multiple-motif method, and has the power to identify hitherto unidentified relationships in mass genome data. We exemplify our method by a comparison of database searches with uncharacterized sequences from the Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome projects. This analysis tool combines a simple, user-friendly interface with the capacity to provide an 'intelligent', biologically relevant result.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1979

Rapid print-readout technique for sequencing of RNA's containing modified nucleotides.

A rapid, simple, and highly sensitive method for sequence analysis of RNA was developed, which consists of the following steps: (i) controlled hydrolysis of the RNA by brief heating in water; (ii) (32P)-labeling of 5'-hydroxyl groups of the fragments produced in (i); (iii) resolution of labeled fragments by size on polyacrylamide gels giving the familiar "ladder"; (iv) contact transfer ("print") of the ladder from the gel to a PEI-cellulose thin layer; (v) in situ treatment of the ladder with RNase T2 resulting in the release of 5'-(32P)-labeled nucleoside-3',5' diphosphates; (vi) contact transfer and thin-layer separation of (32P)-labeled nucleotides on PEI-cellulose in ammonium sulfate and ammonium formate solvents; (vii) autoradiography. The chromatographic behavior of the 4 major and 18 modified nucleotides was determined. The positions of major and modified nucleotides in the sequence can be read directly from the separation patterns displayed on X-ray film. As this is the only sequencing method presently available that allows one to display and identify directly the positions in the RNA chain of major and modified nucleotides, no additional procedures are required to analyze the latter.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

PRINTS and its automatic supplement, prePRINTS.

The PRINTS database houses a collection of protein fingerprints. These may be used to assign uncharacterised sequences to known families and hence to infer tentative functions. The September 2002 release (version 36.0) includes 1800 fingerprints, encoding approximately 11 000 motifs, covering a range of globular and membrane proteins, modular polypeptides and so on. In addition to its continued steady growth, we report here the development of an automatic supplement, prePRINTS, designed to increase the coverage of the resource and reduce some of the manual burdens inherent in its maintenance. The databases are accessible for interrogation and searching at http://www.bioinf.man.ac.uk/dbbrowser/PRINTS/.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2003

Spurious spatial periodicity of co-expression in microarray data due to printing design.

Global transcriptome data is increasingly combined with sophisticated mathematical analyses to extract information about the functional state of a cell. Yet the extent to which the results reflect experimental bias at the expense of true biological information remains largely unknown. Here we show that the spatial arrangement of probes on microarrays and the particulars of the printing procedure significantly affect the log-ratio data of mRNA expression levels measured during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. We present a numerical method that filters out these technology-derived contributions from the existing transcriptome data, leading to improved functional predictions. The example presented here underlines the need to routinely search and compensate for inherent experimental bias when analyzing systematically collected, internally consistent biological data sets.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1999

Communicating cancer risk in print journalism.

The current barrage of information about real and potential cancer risks has created undue fears and misplaced concerns about cancer hazards faced by Americans. Most members of the general public are far more worried about minuscule, hypothetical risks presented by environmental contaminants than about the far greater well-established hazards that they inflict on themselves, for example, through smoking, dietary imbalance, and inactivity. It is the job of the print media to help set the record straight and to help place in perspective the myriad cancer risks that are aired almost weekly in 30-second radio and television broadcasts.

Communication↗
PubMed2001

Pictures to print: a software scaffold to written literacy.

BACKGROUND: Successful school placements require effective written literacy skills. When a student has traumatic brain injury (TBI), written literacy instruction may need to be individualized and intense to facilitate optimal reintegration into the school program. Software products can provide a method that assists in creating the needed individualized, intense experiences. Written literacy-learning experiences span a continuum from preconventional messages expressed through pictures, to conventional printed expressions designed to convey meaning, to the literate writing needed to create stories and reports. DESIGN: This article is designed to familiarize rehabilitation and research professionals in TBI with the range of written literacy software and to stimulate clinical applications and research related to their use with students who have sustained a TBI.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing printed materials for patient education.

While most nurses recognize the educational needs of their patients, time has become a major deterrent to optimal teaching. This is especially true in critical care, where patients are being transferred earlier or directly discharged. Written information which is available to the patient at home can help to bridge this gap. Because "ready made" materials are limited and often costly, this article will discuss the steps of creating printed materials tailored to your patients' needs.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Readability of computer display print enlarged for low vision.

A letter counting task was presented on a Macintosh computer screen using two different versions of 24 point Times Roman print. One version, called "grainy," had 12 matrix units per font height and the other, called "smooth," had 24. A mixed group of low vision subjects and a normally sighted group had speed and accuracy measured as they performed the test task from two different viewing distances. For both population groups, the remote test distances were arranged individually so that the letters subtended an angular size scarcely larger than threshold. The close distances were fairly representative of practical working distances. It was shown that, for both groups of subjects, smooth letters allowed faster performance for the closer working distances only. Smoothing the letters helped accuracy of performance at the far distances, and at the close distances, smoothing improved the accuracy for the low vision group but not for the normals. The implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Mortality in a cohort of toluene exposed employees (rotogravure printing plant workers).

Since the beginning of the 1960s, toluene has been used as a solvent in all German rotogravure printing plants in a high degree of purity. These particular exposure conditions allow the investigation of the potential carcinogenicity of long-term toluene exposure. A historical cohort study was performed that included 6830 German men from 11 plants who were exposed to toluene from 1960 to 1992 in three work areas with different exposure levels. Overall, 466 deaths were observed, which provided a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 91.3 for overall mortality. A significantly decreased SMR for total mortality was seen in one of the three work areas (SMR = 67). Mortality from cancer did not differ substantially from the expected level, but in one of the work areas, mortality from cancers of the bone (Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Disease [ICD]-9 170; SMR = 813) and connective tissue (ICD-9 171; SMR = 631) was significantly elevated. In the entire cohort, mortality from lung cancer was increased by about 35% above total mortality, and by about 95% in one work area with low toluene exposure (not statistically confirmed). The SMR for death from alcohol dependence was statistically significantly increased (ICD-9 303; SMR = 314).

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Effects of environmental and organizational factors on the health of shiftworkers of a printing company.

This study explored the effects of environmental and organizational stressors on the health of shiftworkers in a printing company (n = 124). A questionnaire was used to gather data on work history, organizational factors, psychosocial characteristics, medical history, present health, occupational and non-occupational exposures, and lifestyle factors. The perception of environmental and organizational conditions was associated (P < 0.05) with chronic back pain (odds ratio [OR], 1.29), varicose veins (OR, 1.35), allergic rhinitis (OR, 1.27), depression (OR, 1.45), and gastritis (OR, 1.15). Anxiety scores were associated with allergic rhinitis (OR, 1.14) and skin allergy (OR, 1.09). Shiftwork was a significantly risk factor for conjunctivitis (OR, 3.68), depression (OR, 0.23), cardiac arrhythmia (OR, 7.13), and gastritis (OR, 4.38). Other associations included tenure and chronic back pain (OR, 4.89), toluene exposure and skin allergy (OR, 3.76), worksite and conjunctivitis (OR, 7.0), and worksite and dermatitis (OR, 1.24 to 4.95). The number of hours of exercise per week was associated with varicose veins (OR, 4.33), and alcohol intake was associated with cardiac arrhythmia (OR, 6.74).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward human organ printing: Charleston Bioprinting Symposium.

The First Annual Charleston Bioprinting Symposium was organized by the Bioprinting Research Center of the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and convened July 21, 2006, in Charleston, South Carolina. In broad terms, bioprinting is the application of rapid prototyping technology to the biomedical field. More specifically, it is defined as the layer by layer deposition of biologically relevant material. The 2006 Symposium included four sessions: Computer-aided design and Bioprinting, Bioprinting Technologies; Hydrogel for Bioprinting and, finally, a special session devoted to ongoing research projects at the MUSC Bioprinting Research Center. The Symposium highlight was the presentation of the multidisciplinary Charleston Bioengineered Kidney Project. This symposium demonstrated that bioprinting or robotic biofabrication is one of the most exciting and fast-emerging branches in the tissue engineering field. Robotic biofabrication will eventually lead to industrial production of living human organs suitable for clinical transplantation. The symposium demonstrated that although there are still many technological challenges, organ printing is a rapidly evolving feasible technology.

Artificial Organs↗
PubMed1993

Development of printed teaching materials for neuroscience patients.

Neuroscience nurses are challenged by the current climate of cost containment and the nursing shortage to continue to provide quality patient education. One strategy for meeting this challenge is to follow the process outlined in this overview for the development and use of printed materials.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Immunolocalization of Antifreeze Proteins in Winter Rye Leaves, Crowns, and Roots by Tissue Printing.

During cold acclimation, antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that are similar to pathogenesis-related proteins accumulate in the apoplast of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Musketeer) leaves. AFPs have the ability to modify the growth of ice. To elucidate the role of AFPs in the freezing process, they were assayed and immunolocalized in winter rye leaves, crowns, and roots. Each of the total soluble protein extracts from cold-acclimated rye leaves, crowns, and roots exhibited antifreeze activity, whereas no antifreeze activity was observed in extracts from nonacclimated rye plants. Antibodies raised against three apoplastic rye AFPs, corresponding to a glucanase-like protein (GLP, 32 kD), a chitinase-like protein (CLP, 35 kD), and a thaumatin-like protein (TLP, 25 kD), were used in tissue printing to show that the AFPs are localized in the epidermis and in cells surrounding intercellular spaces in cold-acclimated plants. Although GLPs, CLPs, and TLPs were present in nonacclimated plants, they were found in different locations and did not exhibit antifreeze activity, which suggests that different isoforms of pathogenesis-related proteins are produced at low temperature. The location of rye AFPs may prevent secondary nucleation of cells by epiphytic ice or by ice propagating through the xylem. The distributions of pathogenesis-induced and cold-accumulated GLPs, CLPs, and TLPs are similar and may reflect the common pathways by which both pathogens and ice enter and propagate through plant tissues.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

A study of printed spiral coils for neuroprosthetic transcranial telemetry applications.

We have explored the use of printed spiral coils (PSC's) for neuroprosthetic transcranial telemetry applications. We fabricated two-dimensional PSC's on a thin (25 microns) polyimide substrate using copper (35 microns) as a conducting material. All the coils had a fixed inner diameter of 1.0 cm. We fabricated two sets of coils. One set of coils consisted of 2- to 5-turn circular and square spiral coils and had different trace widths (W), different spacings (S) between adjacent traces, and different outer diameters. The other set of coils consisted of 5-turn circular spiral coils and had fixed inner and outer diameters but different W to S ratios. We measured loss resistances (Rs and Rp) and quality factors (Q) of these coils at different resonating frequencies in the range of 5-40 MHz. Over this frequency range, we observed that for fixed inner and outer diameters, the coil with the largest W achieved the lowest Rs and the highest Rp and Q. These electrical properties and the fact that these coils can conform to the complex convoluted cortical surface suggest that a PSC [15] can provide a viable alternative to a conventional wire-wound coil for neuroprosthetic transcranial telemetry applications.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2001

Aligned microcontact printing of biomolecules on microelectronic device surfaces.

Microcontact printing (muCP) of extracellular matrix proteins is a fascinating approach to control cell positioning and outgrowth, which is essential in the development of applications ranging from cellular biosensors to tissue engineering. Microelectronic devices can be used to detect the activity from a large number of recording sites over the long term. However, signals from cells can only be recorded at small sensitive spots. In this paper, we present an innovative setup to perform aligned muCP of extracellular matrix proteins on microelectronic devices in order to guide the growth of electrogenic cells specifically to these sensitive spots. Our system is based on the combination of a fine-placer with redesigned micro stamps having a rigid glass cylinder as backbone for attachment in the alignment tool. Alignment is performed moving the device with an optical table under microscopic control of the superimposed images from stamp and device surface. After successful alignment, the stamp is brought into contact with the device surface by means of a high-precision lever. With our setup, we were able to pattern up to 40 devices per hour. A lateral alignment accuracy of < 2microm has been achieved. Aligned neuronal growth on patterned devices was demonstrated with dissociated hippocampal neurons.

Animals↗