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PubMed1989

[Nutritional habits of the population in the North Moravian Region-- part of the comprehensive evaluation of the health status of the population].

The paper is devoted to the assessment of typical features characteristic for the dietary habits of the population of the North Moravian region, by comparing the consumption of different food groups in the region with that in the CSR and CSSR. Knowledge of dietary habits must be conceived as a part of the comprehensive investigation of the health status of the population and at the same time as the basis for health education activities in the given area. The dietary habits of the North Moravian region have some features which are negative from the aspect of health--high consumption of spirts, lard, bacon and a lower consumption of milk and cheese. A positive feature is the higher consumption of fish and a higher consumption of potatoes at the expense of wheat flour products.

Czechoslovakia↗

PubMed1987

[Gene frequency of ceruloplasmins in Swiss populations (North Swiss, Valais valley populations and Valais)].

Coeruloplasmin has been studied on 3051 individuals from Swiss populations. The C*PA frequencies of 0.0050 reported for Northern Switzerland as well as for the Upper Rhone Valley (Brig, Goms) and the Visp Valleys (Valais) are in the range of those of other European populations. In the village of Törbel and in the Lötschental (both Canton of Valais) the C*PA frequencies are somewhat lower. The individuals from the French speaking part of Valais showed only the C*PB allele. The fixation of the C*PB allele in the Walser of the Safiental (The Grisons) can be explained under the assumption of founder effect or of genetic drift. A new CP variant (C*PW) is described.

Ceruloplasmin↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus populations in foci with various levels of morbidity in the human population].

The results of comparative studies on the structure of viral populations by virulence for white mice inoculated by different routes as well as on the antigenic characteristics of virus strains in two foci of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Western Siberia differing significantly by the disease incidence rates among the human population and by the "risk of infection" indices are presented. The portion of virus strains with different virulence in the total number of strains (92) studied in both TBE foci under comparison did not differ significantly. Virus strains antigenically differing from the known prototype TBE virus variants (persulcatus and ricinus) and at the same time representing antigenically homogeneous group were found to be circulating in Western Siberia natural TBE foci.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Physiological polymorphism of grass frog populations. IV. Effect of stress on the phenotypic expression of population polymorphism judged by the level of heat resistance of muscle tissue].

A study was made on the polymorphism of the population of Rana temporaria by the heat resistance of muscle tissue. Stress resulted in the elimination of group differences in the heat resistance of muscles. Thus, the phenotypical response of individuals to stress is masking the genotypical heterogeneity of the population judged from the heat resistance of muscle tissue.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1981

[Cell population kinetics and the cell population mechanism of circadian rhythm in the proliferative activity in the esophageal epithelium of mice maintained under constant illumination].

3H-thymidine was injected to male mice maintained either on a 12 hour light-dark cycle or on a prolonged continuous light (LL-group) at the peak of DNA synthetic activity of the esophagus epithelium (1a. m). The parameters of the diurnal rhythm of cell division and mitotic cycle of the basal layer were studied. In the LL-group of animals, an expressive asynchronization of diurnal rhythm of mitotic index was found. At the same time the labelled cell population revealed a slight degree of asynchronization. The data suggest that the process of asynchronization of the overall kinetics in the tissue throughout the whole day is associated with differences in the state of separate cell populations entering mitotic cycle at the various time of the day. The mitotic cycle duration in both groups of animals is almost alike and equal to 24-27 hours, i. e. is close to that of the diurnal rhythm.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Methodological contribution to craniometrical studies of various early mediaeval populations of the upper Danube region. I. The most usual cranial indices as a basis for population comparisons (graphic and approximation methods)].

Using the means of five cranial indices of three early medieval groups from Austria and four comparative series from neighbouring regions (Southern Germany, CSSR and Hungary) distance measures and similarity relations were computed and the applied methods were compared. In addition, the attempt for a better consideration of the biological conditions was made by combining two known methods at a time (Dendrogram by means of (DD)2 distances; population-composition on the basis of adjacent secured comparative series). The results of this study reveal, that using the above cited simple methods on the only basis of the means of five cranial indices a correspondence with the attributions of the three Austrian series cited in the literature and basing on extensive investigations was obtained. Thus a very strong relation -- especially concerning the males -- resulted between the series from Pitten and the Slavic ones, and between the groups of Zwölfaxing -- more expressed in the females -- and the Avaric series. Of special interest are the results of the mixed population of Zwentendorf were the females resemble quite strikingly the Slavic, the males, however, the Bajuvaric comparative series.

Austria↗

PubMed1994

[Contact allergy to cosmetic ingredients in an adult Danish population. The Allergy Study, the Population Studies in Glostrup].

The distribution of allergic contact sensitization to cosmetic ingredients was studied in an unselected population, living in Western Copenhagen, Denmark. Ready-to-apply patch tests were mailed to 793 adults, and 567 (71.5%) participated. The tests were read two days after application. Sensitization to one or more of the cosmetic ingredients included in the test was diagnosed in 3.2% of the males and in 4.2% of the females. Old age was associated with an insignificantly higher probability of sensitization (p = 0.06). When adjusted for sex and age, the probability of sensitization was increased by a factor 2.3 among those reporting a history of cosmetic-related skin symptoms as compared to those who did not (p = 0.08). Among males, current daily use of cosmetics was less probable among those sensitized than among those not sensitized (p = 0.02). Contact sensitization to cosmetic ingredients was relatively frequent in the general population. Sex was not an important risk factor for sensitization to cosmetic ingredients.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency of adherent colibacillus in a population with acute pyelonephritis and a population with acute cystitis].

Urothelial adhesion of Escherichia coli is one of the principal factors of colonisation and infection of the upper urinary tract. We compared 3 measurements of bacterial adhesion: 1) Mannose-Resistant Haemagglutination (MRHA), é) Adhesion to urothelial cells, 3) Latex particle agglutination, to test 85 strains of Escherichia coli in 42 cases of acute pyelonephritis and 43 cases of acute cystitis. These tests were positive in 73.8% to 85.7% of the acute pyelonephritis population and in 4% to 2.3% of the acute cystitis population (statistically significant difference). This study confirms the major role of strains carrying type PAP adhesion in the pathogenesis of acute pyelonephritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

[Retrospective estimation of the frequency of heterozygous beta-thalassemia in the Crimean Tartar population. Formulation of the problem. Estimation of the gametic contribution to a mixed population from frequencies of the ABO blood group genes].

Polymorphism of the beta-thalassemia gene frequency in non-indigenous populations of Central Asia, especially Crimean Tartars, is often explained by inter-ethnic marriages. The frequencies of these marriages, however, are not sufficient to produce the observed gene frequencies. Because of this, an estimation of the extent of Uzbek gametic contribution to the ethnic group of Crimean Tartar origin was conducted using data on the frequencies of ABO blood group genes. The maximum-likelihood estimate obtained (0.325) was used to determine the heterozygous beta-thalassemia frequency of the ancestral Crimean Tartar population.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1996

Spondyloarthropathies in circumpolar populations: II. Characterization of the populations.

For epidemiologic studies of spondyloarthropathy in circumpolar peoples of Chukotka, Russia and Alaska, we gathered demographic, physical and laboratory data to provide a background for evaluating and comparing factors that may influence susceptibility and clinical expression of disease. The study groups included the Chukchi and Siberian Eskimo of Russia and the Inupiat and Yupik Eskimo of Alaska. The 4 groups were remarkably similar in population structure, educational attainment, mean hemoglobin concentrations and frequency of the Class I histocompatibility antigen HLAB27. The Alaskan and Chukotkan groups were similar in mean height, but the Alaskans had higher body weights and significantly greater body mass indexes, probably a reflection of a shift away from traditional lifestyle and diet. Differences in the frequencies of ABO and MN blood group antigens were also apparent, with higher frequencies of blood group M in the Alaskan populations, particularly the Inupiat.

Alaska↗

PubMed1997

Fixed bin population data for the VNTR loci D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D10S28, and D14S13 in population sample from Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.

Fixed bin frequencies for the VNTR loci D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D10S28, and D14S13 were determined in a Rio de Janeiro sample population. The data were generated by RFLP analysis of HaeIII-digested genomic DNA and chemiluminescent detection. The six VNTR loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and there is no evidence for association of alleles between the VNTR loci. The frequency data can be used in forensic analyses and paternity tests to estimate the frequency of a DNA profile in the general Brazilian population.

Brazil↗

PubMed1992

Differences in fracture pattern between an urban and a rural population: a comparative population-based study in southern Sweden.

Differences in the incidence of hip fractures have been reported between urban and rural areas. In this population-based study the characteristics of fracture patterns between the city of Malmö and the nearby rural district of Sjöbo were compared. A total of 782 individuals in Malmö and 486 in Sjöbo were invited to participate. Fracture history for all invited was registered. The odds ratio for fracture was higher in Malmö, particularly for women over 70. More than half of the urban women aged 70 had a history of a fracture. A fourfold increase in fracture prevalence between the ages of 60 and 70 was observed in women in Malmö, whereas the prevalence doubled in Sjöbo. The differences in fracture patterns between these two urban and rural communities may be explained by different lifestyles.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Changing patterns of antihypertensive drug use in a German population between 1984 and 1987. Results of a population based cohort study in the Federal Republic of Germany.

In the MONICA Augsburg project, a cohort of 3324 men and women randomly selected from the population (aged 30 to 64 y) was surveyed in 1984/85 and in 1987/88. Their antihypertensive medication as well as their demographic characteristics, blood pressure values, and awareness of hypertension were assessed at each visit in an identical manner. In 1984/85 the prevalence of antihypertensive drug use in the cohort was 7.8% (n = 260). In 1987/88, 204 of the hypertensives were still being treated (continuously treated hypertensives) and there were 167 newly treated hypertensives, thus increasing the prevalence of antihypertensive drug use to 11.2%. Of the 204 continuously treated hypertensives, 45.6% had changed their antihypertensive medication over the three-year follow-up period. Combinations with diuretics (except those containing calcium antagonists or ACE-inhibitors) had largely been discontinued, and the prevalence of calcium antagonist mono- and combination therapy had markedly increased from 84/85 to 87/88. Men were treated more frequently with recently introduced antihypertensive agents than women. Newly treated hypertensives (n = 167) showed antihypertensive treatment patterns reflecting the changes observed in continuously treated hypertensives. Triple drug combinations, mostly in fixed ratios, were being taken by approximately 25% of all hypertensives at each visit. Prospective analysis revealed an underlying discontinuation rate of 49%. It is concluded that the epidemiology of antihypertensive therapy in individuals and in the community is subject to rapid changes and various influences. Cohort studies of treated antihypertensive individuals offer a more comprehensive understanding of its determinants.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Effective population size for a sex-linked locus in populations under selection.

The problem of selection in the prediction of effective population size for a sex-linked locus was addressed in terms of the cumulative effect of selection on change in frequency of a sex-linked neutral gene. To express the cumulative effect of selection, a transition matrix approach was used. It was found that the terms accounting for the cumulative change in gene frequency show different expressions, depending on the gametic pathways. This dependency is due to the fact that the heterogametic sex transmits a sex-linked gene only to offspring of the homogametic sex, whereas the homogametic sex transmits to offspring of both sexes. Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to check the obtained prediction equation. The result showed that there is a good agreement between observed and predicted effective sizes.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Population genetic structure of the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii: a gonochoristic and amphimictic species with highly inbred but weakly differentiated populations.

The sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is a soil-dwelling phytoparasitic nematode that feeds on beet roots. It is an important pest in most sugar beet growing areas, and better knowledge of its genetic variability is an important step to preserve the durability of resistant sugar beet varieties. The population genetic structure of this species in northern France was studied using five microsatellite markers. A hierarchical sampling design was used to investigate spatial structuring at the scale of the region, the field and the plant. Multilocus genotypes were obtained for single individual second-stage larvae, using only one individual per cyst in order to avoid the analysis of closely allied individuals (larvae from the same cyst share at least the same mother). A consistent trend of heterozygote deficit at all loci was observed at all spatial scales. Heterozygote deficit at the level of individual plants argues against its generation through a Wahlund effect. Inbreeding could be due to very limited active dispersal of larvae in the soil, favouring mating between siblings, such as larvae emerging from the same cyst. Such behaviour could have important consequences for the evolution of virulence in increasing the production of homozygous virulent individuals. Moreover, an analysis of molecular variance (amova) reveals that only 1.6% of the genetic variability is observed among regions, 3.7% among fields of the same region and 94.6% within fields. The very low level of genetic differentiation among fields is also indicated by low values of FST (</= 0.105) even for fields 150 km apart. We suggest that long-distance gene flows occur due to passive transport of cysts by human activities, water or wind. As such mechanisms of gene flow would involve cysts and not larvae, the strong signals of inbreeding observed at the local scale should not be disrupted. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first investigation of the genetic structure of a phytoparasitic nematode based on neutral codominant genetic markers scored in single individuals.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum.

Nonrandom associations of alleles or haplotypes with geographical location can arise from restricted gene flow, historical events (fragmentation, range expansion, colonization), or any mixture of these factors. In this paper, we show how a nested cladistic analysis of geographical distances can be used to test the null hypothesis of no geographical association of haplotypes, test the hypothesis that significant associations are due to restricted gene flow, and identify patterns of significant association that are due to historical events. In this last case, criteria are given to discriminate among contiguous range expansion, long-distance colonization, and population fragmentation. The ability to make these discriminations depends critically upon an adequate geographical sampling design. These points are illustrated with a worked example: mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. For this example, prior information exists about restricted gene flow and likely historical events, and the nested cladistic analyses were completely concordant with this prior information. This concordance establishes the plausibility of this nested cladistic approach, but much future work will be necessary to demonstrate robustness and to explore the power and accuracy of this procedure.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed2006

Mortality rates due to diabetes in a selected urban south Indian population--the Chennai Urban Population Study [CUPS--16].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in urban south India. METHODS: The Chennai Urban Population Study is an ongoing epidemiological study in Chennai [formerly Madras, in south India]. All individuals > or = 20 years of age living in two residential colonies in Chennai were invited to participate in the study. Of the total 1399 eligible subjects, 1262 individuals responded [90.2%] at baseline, and of these, 1140 individuals [90.3%] could be followed annually from 1997 to 2003-04. Mortality rates and causes of death were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: The median follow up period was six years. The overall mortality rate was higher in diabetic compared to non-diabetic subjects [18.9 vs.5.3 per 1000 person-years, p=0.004]. Mortality due to cardiovascular [diabetic subjects, 52.9%; non-diabetic subjects, 24.2%,p=0.042] and renal causes[diabetic subjects, 23.5%; non-diabetic subjects, 6.1%,p=0.072] was higher among diabetic subjects whereas mortality due to gastrointestinal 112.1%], respiratory [9.1%], lifestyle related [6.1%] and unnatural causes [18.2%] were observed only among non-diabetic subjects. Hazards ratio [HR] for all cause mortality for diabetes was 3.6, [95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.02-6.53, p<0.001] and this remained significant even after adjusting for age [HR:1.9, 95% CI:1.04-3.45, p=0.038]. Light grade physical activity was associated with higher mortality rate [p=0.008], but the significance disappeared when adjusted for age. Smoking was also associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In urban India, mortality rates are two fold higher in people with diabetes compared to nondiabetic subjects. Cardiovascular and renal diseases are the commonest causes of death among diabetic subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

[Medico-genetic study of the population of the Kostroma region. III. Inbreeding coefficient and its dynamics in rural populations and small towns].

Analysis of the inbreeding coefficient, its structure and dynamics in rural and urbanized populations of the Kostroma province was performed. The coefficient of inbreeding was estimated for the "old" and "new" villages via migration and isonymy, the values being 0.001185; 0.000786 and 0.001341; 0.000682, respectively. It follows from these data that there is a good agreement between the values of the inbreeding coefficient estimated by two different methods and that this coefficient is diminished doubly in "new" villages. The coefficient of inbreeding in small towns was estimated via isonymy. It is 0.000704 in ancient and 0,000229 in modern towns. The decrease in the inbreeding coefficient was more pronounced in towns, as compared to villages.

Consanguinity↗