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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Generation of chicken Z-chromosome painting probes by microdissection for screening large-insert genomic libraries.

A strategy for rapid generation of chicken sex chromosome-Z painting probes has been developed using microdissection. Whole chromosome painting probes (WCPs) were prepared from 10-15 copies of mitotic metaphase chicken Z chromosomes. The microisolated chromosomes were subjected to PEG/proteinase K treatment in a collection drop to release DNA, which was then amplified using a degenerate oligonucleotide-primed shuttle PCR (DOP-Shuttle-PCR) strategy. Size distributions of the PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and smears of DNA were revealed that ranged in size from 200-800 bp, without any evidence of preferential amplification. Both specificity and complexity of the probes have been analyzed by Southern blot and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Non-specific hybridization was efficiently blocked by using chicken competitor DNA. Analysis of the WCPs produced shows that collectively they provide uniform hybridization signals along the entire length of the chicken Z chromosome. To demonstrate one possible application of these complex probes, we screened a large-insert bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) chicken genomic library to select Z chromosome-specific clones. To address specificity of the selected clones and to physically map them to the Z chromosome, FISH analysis was used. Of the 3 clones initially tested, one clone (C3) carrying a 250-kb insert mapped to the distal portion of the short arm of the chicken Z chromosome. Therefore, this technique has provided appropriate probes for screening large-insert genomic libraries. Further application of these probes includes the analysis of chromosome rearrangements, studies of cases of heteroploidy involving the Z chromosome, positional cloning of Z-linked genes and studies on mechanisms of sex-chromosome evolution in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Releasers of imprinting: instinctive preferences for liver models and those with painted sign-stimuli.

White Leghorn chicks hatched and raised in isolation were tested for their preference to situations where age-mates or silhouettes of age-mates were paired against hens, other adult animals, or silhouettes of hens with various sign-stimuli painted on. Silhouettes with painted sign-stimuli elicit quite different developmental patterns of preference, with the hens of the more complex silhouettes being prepotent. The hen silhouette models increase in prepotency when they are moving, with one exception. A Mallard drake emerged as powerful releasing object, suggesting that its large, yellow beak may be a supernormal stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Tissue-specific expression of inducible and constitutive Hsp70 isoforms in the western painted turtle.

Expression of Hsp73 and Hsp72 in four tissues of the naturally anoxia-tolerant western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) was investigated in response to a 24 h forced dive and following 1 h recovery. Of the tissues examined, brain and liver displayed approximately threefold and sevenfold higher basal Hsp73 expression than heart and skeletal muscle. Basal Hsp72 expression was relatively low in all tissues examined. After the 24 h forced dive and 1 h recovery, Hsp73 expression did not differ significantly from basal expression with the exception of liver, where expression decreased significantly after 1 h recovery. Hsp72 expression was unchanged in liver following a 24 h dive; however, it increased twofold in brain and threefold in heart and skeletal muscle. Dive-induced Hsp72 expression was found to correlate inversely with basal Hsp73 expression. Following 1 h recovery, Hsp72 expression was significantly elevated in all tissues above levels in dived animals. These data indicate a tissue-specific pattern of Hsp73 and Hsp72 expression in the western painted turtle during both unstressed and stressed conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of swimming on metabolic recovery from anoxia in the painted turtle.

Anoxic submergence in the Western painted turtle results in a severe metabolic acidosis characterized by high plasma lactate and depressed arterial pH, a response similar to that seen in other vertebrates following exhaustive exercise. We tested the hypothesis that 1 or 2 h of aerobic swimming following anoxic submergence would enhance the rate of lactate disappearance from the blood just as sustained aerobic exercise does in mammals and fishes following strenuous exercise. Following 2 h of anoxic submergence at 25 degrees C and 1 h of recovery, the pattern of plasma lactate disappearance in turtles previously trained to swim in a flume and swum aerobically (2-3x resting V(O(2))) for 1 or 2 h did not differ significantly from that in trained and untrained non-swimming turtles. Turtles were fully recovered by 7-10 h post-anoxia. The response patterns also did not differ between treatments for arterial P(O(2)), P(CO(2)), pH, and plasma glucose and HCO(3)(-). Blood pH and plasma HCO(3)(-) recovered by 1 and 4 h, respectively. Despite the large lactate load, painted turtles are able to sustain periods of continuous swimming for at least 2 h without compromising metabolic recovery. Although this activity did not consistently enhance recovery, the rate of lactate disappearance was positively correlated with oxygen consumption rate in actively and passively recovering turtles. We suggest that active recovery was not a more important enhancer of recovery either because swimming may have had an inhibitory effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis or that there is variation in fuel utilization during the swimming period.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

To freeze or not to freeze: adaptations for overwintering by hatchlings of the North American painted turtle.

Many physiologists believe that hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) provide a remarkable, and possibly unique, example of 'natural freeze-tolerance' in an amniotic vertebrate. However, the concept of natural freeze-tolerance in neonatal painted turtles is based on results from laboratory studies that were not placed in an appropriate ecological context, so the concept is suspect. Indeed, the weight of current evidence indicates that hatchlings overwintering in the field typically withstand exposure to ice and cold by avoiding freezing altogether and that they do so without benefit of an antifreeze to depress the equilibrium freezing point for bodily fluids. As autumn turns to winter, turtles remove active nucleating agents from bodily fluids (including bladder and gut), and their integument becomes a highly efficient barrier to the penetration of ice into body compartments from frozen soil. In the absence of a nucleating agent or a crystal of ice to 'catalyze' the transformation of water from liquid to solid, the bodily fluids remain in a supercooled, liquid state. The supercooled animals nonetheless face physiological challenges, most notably an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism as the circulatory system first is inhibited and then caused to shut down by declining temperature. Alterations in acid/base status resulting from the accumulation of lactic acid may limit survival by supercooled turtles, and sublethal accumulations of lactate may affect behavior of turtles after the ground thaws in the spring. The interactions among temperature, circulatory function, metabolism (both aerobic and anaerobic), acid/base balance and behavior are fertile areas for future research on hatchlings of this model species.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Seasonal change in the capacity for supercooling by neonatal painted turtles.

Hatchlings of the North American painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) typically spend their first winter of life inside the shallow, subterranean nest where they completed incubation the preceding summer. This facet of their natural history commonly causes neonates in northerly populations to be exposed in mid-winter to ice and cold, which many animals survive by remaining unfrozen and supercooled. We measured the limit of supercooling in samples of turtles taken shortly after hatching and in other samples after 2 months of acclimation (or acclimatization) to a reduced temperature in the laboratory or field. Animals initially had only a limited capacity for supercooling, but they acquired an ability to undergo deeper supercooling during the course of acclimation. The gut of most turtles was packed with particles of soil and eggshell shortly after hatching, but not after acclimation. Thus, the relatively high limit of supercooling for turtles in the days immediately after hatching may have resulted from the ingestion of soil (and associated nucleating agents) by the animals as they were freeing themselves from their eggshell, whereas the relatively low limit of supercooling attained by acclimated turtles may have resulted from their purging their gut of its contents. Parallels may, therefore, exist between the natural-history strategy expressed by hatchling painted turtles and that expressed by numerous terrestrial arthropods that withstand the cold of winter by sustaining a state of supercooling.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2001

Effects of paint thinner exposure on serum LH, FSH and testosterone levels and hypothalamic catecholamine contents in the male rat.

We have investigated the effects of thinner inhalation on serum LH, FSH and testosterone levels together with changes in hypothalamic catecholaminergic system in the male rat. A control group inhaled normal air ventilation. The remaining animals were divided into two groups and exposed to paint thinner in a glassy cage for 15 or 30 d. Toluene concentration (the largest constituent in thinner, 66%) was set at 3000 ppm in the inhalation air. At the end, all animals were decapitated and blood samples obtained. Serum LH and FSH levels were measured by RIA and testosterone by enzyme immunoassay. Following removal of brains on dry ice, medial preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, median eminence and arcuate nucleus were isolated by micropunch technique. Noradrenaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and dopamine concentrations of these hypothalamic areas were determined by HPLC-ECD. Fifteen-day thinner inhalation significantly suppressed serum LH and testosterone levels in parallel (p<0.001) compared to control group values (LH: 0.77+/-0.07; testosterone: 2.67+/-0.39). Thirty-day exposure markedly decreased LH levels (p<0.001), but surprisingly had no significant effect on testosterone. Serum FSH levels were not significantly altered in either group. Thinner inhalation for 15 or 30 d did not cause any significant change in noradrenaline, DHPG or dopamine concentrations in the hypothalamic regions examined (except in the arcuate nucleus). These results suggest that paint thinner has an anti-gonadotropic effect and may cause long-term endocrine disturbances in the male. It is thought that the hypothalamic catecholaminergic system is not involved in thinner inhibition of LH and testosterone secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Multilayer coatings on glass for painting protection and optimized color rendering.

Optical coatings offer a solution to the problem of damage to paintings, caused by ultraviolet and infrared radiation, by cutting radiation wavelengths outside the visible range. Simultaneously, these coatings can enhance an observer's viewing of the paintings by reducing the reflections from ordinary glass panes. All these functions should be performed by the same coating. The design of such a coating, as well as the evaluation of existing products, requires the definition of an appropriate merit function in which coating absorption, high transparency, and color rendering are combined.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Hemoglobins of reptiles. The primary structure of the major and minor hemoglobin component of adult Western Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii).

Red blood cells of adult Western Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) contain two hemoglobin components: HbA (alpha A2 beta 2) and HbD (alpha D2 beta 2). We present the complete amino-acid sequences of the alpha A-chains from the major component and of the beta-chains common to both components. Structural features are discussed with respect to the animals extreme tolerance of severe hypoxic conditions during hibernation which is accompanied by a high oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin. The strong ATP dependence of Western Painted Turtle hemoglobin oxygen affinity is contrasted by the loss of one ATP-binding site, beta 143(H21)-Arg----Leu. The primary structure of the beta-chains excludes an allosteric control mechanism by hydrogencarbonate as it was found in crocodiles. Except in turtles a hemoglobin pattern with HbA and HbD sharing the same beta-subunits has been found only in birds. In comparison to other vertebrate hemoglobins there is a surprising similarity of the sequences to those of bird hemoglobins. alpha A- as well as alpha D-chains show larger homologies to chains of the same type in different species than alpha A- and alpha D-chains to each other in the same species. This indicates a duplication of the alpha-gene preceding the divergence of turtles and birds.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Allele frequency and likely impact of the glycogen branching enzyme deficiency gene in Quarter Horse and Paint Horse populations.

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED), a fatal condition recently identified in fetuses and neonatal foals of the Quarter Horse and Paint Horse lineages, is caused by a nonsense mutation in codon 34 of the GBE1 gene, which prevents the synthesis of a functional GBE protein and severely disrupts glycogen metabolism. The aims of this project were to determine the mutant GBE1 allele frequency in random samples from the major relevant horse breeds, as well as the frequency with which GBED is associated with abortion and early neonatal death using the tissue archives from veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The mutant GBE1 allele frequency in registered Quarter Horse, Paint Horse, and Thoroughbred populations was 0.041, 0.036, and 0.000, respectively. Approximately 2.5% of fetal and early neonatal deaths in Quarter Horse-related breeds submitted to 2 different US diagnostic laboratories were homozygous for the mutant GBE1 allele, with the majority of these being abortions. Retrospective histopathology of the homozygotes detected periodic acid Schiff's (PAS)-positive inclusions in the cardiac or skeletal muscle, which is characteristic of GBED, in 8 out of the 9 cases. Pedigree and genotype analyses supported the hypothesis that GBED is inherited as a simple recessive trait from a single founder. The frequency with which GBED is associated with abortion and neonatal mortality in Quarter Horse-related breeds makes the DNA-based test valuable in determining specific diagnoses and designing matings that avoid conception of a GBED foal.

1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme↗
PubMed2004

Single-channel recordings of gramicidin at agarose-supported bilayer lipid membranes formed by the tip-dip and painting methods.

Agarose-supported BLMs were prepared by the tip-dip and painting methods, and single-channel recordings of gramicidin were examined for the development of an ion-channel sensor. The supported BLMs formed by the tip-dip method had an electric resistance of >1.0 x 10(11) omega and a longer lifetime as compared with unsupported ones, which enabled single-channel recordings of gramicidin. The supported BLMs formed by the painting method also enabled single-channel recordings, but the lifetime was shorter than that of unsupported planar BLMs formed by the monolayer folding method.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed1985

Verbal responses of male college students to human figure paintings varying in collative properties, perceived sexuality, and perceived aggression.

20 male undergraduates rated 60 human figure paintings on verbal scales to index collative variability (e.g., simple-complex), perceived sexuality, and perceived aggression in the stimuli. Regression equations were used to predict epistemic (interest) and diversive (pleasingness) responses to the paintings. Collative variability predicted diversive but not epistemic appreciation. Perceived aggression was the strongest predictor for both types of aesthetic reaction. Perceived sexuality was most strongly related to diversive appreciation. Both linear and nonlinear functions emerged and these were discussed in terms of consistency with Berlyne's 1971 theory of aesthetics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cytogenetic analysis of non Hodgkin's lymphomas by ratio-painting and comparative genomic hybridization reveals unsuspected chromosomal abnormalities.

Cytogenetic analysis of cancer cells has proven to be a powerful tool in understanding malignant evolution and in providing clinically useful markers. In recent years the advent of new fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) methods such as ratio-painting and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have enabled much more accurate karyotypes of malignant cells to be detected. In this study, we have examined the chromosomes present in malignant cells from a series of 6 low grade follicular centre and 2 high grade diffuse large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) using conventional G-banding. In all cases chromosome abnormalities were observed, including the presence of marker chromosomes in six cases. The NHL cells were then subjected to the FISH method of ratio-painting. This provided a more accurate understanding of the origins of derivative chromosomes and identified the origins of all of the marker chromosomes. It also revealed hitherto unsuspected abnormalities. For example, in one case four abnormal chromosomes were demonstrated to contain material from chromosome 8, which had not been previously suspected from G-banding. Regions of amplification and deletion on the chromosomes were also investigated by CGH, which identified further unsuspected chromosomal abnormalities. For example, in case L124, trisomy of chromosome 7 was confirmed by CGH, but an unsuspected amplification of 3(p12) was also revealed. These approaches demonstrate the power of FISH technology in providing a more precise analysis of malignant cell chromosomes, and in doing so have produced comprehensive karyotypes of the NHL under study.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1984

Acupuncture points & use of moxibustion, found in the popular literature & paintings of 17th century Japan.

Acupuncture and moxibustion have long been an integral part of Far Eastern oriental medicine. Moxibustion and acupuncture cannot be discussed without each other since both use the same acupuncture point locations and nomenclatures. In the late 17th century, the famous travel diary of Basho, a Japanese master of haiku poetry, made reference to personal use of moxibustion on one of the well-known acupuncture points, stomach 36. Recently, the author found 2 paintings of a 17th century Kyoto geisha house and its surroundings in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, painted in realistic color by Moronobu, the originator of the Ukiyoe style and a contemporary of Basho. Part of the scene depicts some professional porters at work; on their legs are white scars at some of the well-known acupuncture points, including stomach 36 and spleen 6. The scars appear to be the result of moxibustion. This may indicate the common use of moxibustion on well-known acupuncture points of the lower extremities in late 17th century Japan for professional porters and for people making extensive journeys. Further support of the relatively widespread use of acupuncture and moxibustion is even found in the popular, non-medical literature of late 17th century Japan. In one of the short stories about the life of average people, written by the novelist Saikaku, the details of a young woman giving moxibustion on the back of a young man is realistically described with illustrations. Reports written by some of the foreign physicians who visited Japan during this period were published, describing these methods with illustrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2001

[Malar rash in a painting by Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin (1699-1779)]

In the present report we describe a typical malar rash, as painted by Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin (1699-1779), French painter, one of the greatest of the 18th century, on the face of a child in "Le Bénédicité" (Hermitage, St. Petersburg). Three versions of this theme were more completed by Chardin, in various times of his life, but the malar eruption can be seen solely on the painting at the Hermitage. In the attempt to clarify, on a diagnostic ground, such a cutaneous abnormality, the relationships between systemic lupus erythematosus and parvovirus B19 infection, i.e. the causative agent of fifth disease, are briefly discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

[Assessment of hearing impairment in workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents in the paint and lacquer industry].

Clinical and experimental studies indicate a possible harmful effect of chemicals, especially organic solvents, on the hearing system. In combined exposure to noise and solvents, very common in industry, it is most likely that a synergetic action of these factors enhances the traumatising effect of exposure to noise. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and the risk of hearing impairment in 117 paint and lacquer factory workers exposed to a mixture of organic solvents. An analysis of organic solvent mixtures reveals that xylene and ethyl acetate are their major components whose concentrations depend on individual workposts. The control group consisted of 76 workers exposed to noise exceeding, Threshold Limit Value and 125 healthy subjects exposed neither to noise nor to solvents in their occupational setting. Pure tone audiometry revealed the highest hearing thresholds in workers exposed to solvents, lower thresholds in those exposed to noise, and the lowest ones in the non-exposed individuals. Hearing loss was found in 30% of workers exposed to organic solvents, in 20% of noise-exposed subjects, and in only 6% of non-exposed subjects. The comparison of relative risk values also indicated significantly enhanced probability of hearing impairment in workers of the paint and lacquer factory (9.6; 3.2-25.6), which is even more strongly pronounced than in the group of subjects exposed to noise (4.2; 1.2-13.2). An analysis of hearing impairment risk in particular frequencies suggests that organic solvents may damage the inner ear in much greater extent than noise. The results of the study show that exposure to organic solvents may create a significant risk of hearing impairment. Therefore, further steps should be taken to include the exposed population into effective preventive programmes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of the 2600H high-pressure paint-sprayer for killing insects].

Physical and mechanical parameters of the paint-sprayer 2600H were studied under laboratory conditions. Studies of the feasibility of using this device for desinsection were performed under real conditions in moderate--and hot-climate areas. High efficiency of POC and pyrethroids spraying for home mosquito and fly control was demonstrated. High pressure paint-sprayer treatment ensured a longer residual effect than "Automax". The use of the sprayer for desinsection may save time and labour.

Insect Control↗
PubMed1983

Fortnightly fluoride rinsing combined with topical paintings with a fluoride solution containing Fe- and Al-ions.

In clinical trials conducted for three and five years respectively the combined effect of fortnightly sodium fluoride rinsing and topical painting every fourth month with a ferric aluminum fluoride solution was found to be significantly more caries preventing than the combined effect of fortnightly sodium fluoride rinsing and topical painting every fourth month with a neutral 0.2% sodium fluoride solution.

Aluminum↗