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PubMed1992

Blood and injection phobia: background and cognitive, physiological, and behavioral variables.

Blood-phobic (n = 81) and injection-phobic (n = 59) patients fulfilling the DSM-III-R criteria for simple phobia were compared on a number of variables. There were no differences between the samples in age at onset, age at treatment, marital and occupational status, history of fainting in the phobic situation, and impairment. Higher proportions of blood-phobic subjects than of injection-phobic subjects reported having first-degree relatives with the same phobia (61% vs. 29%) and reported fearing that they were going to faint in the phobic situation (77% vs. 48%). In both samples, these proportions were higher in the subgroup with a history of fainting. Injection-phobic subjects rated 2 of 11 physiological items higher than did blood-phobics subjects, but the groups did not differ on behavioral variables. Overall, the similarities were more marked than the differences, and it is suggested that these two specific phobias should be regarded as one diagnostic entity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of dieting among working men and women: the healthy worker project.

Examined dieting to lose weight in a population of 2,107 men and 2,540 women employed in 32 worksites in the upper Midwest. Lifetime prevalence of this behavior was estimated to be 47% in men and 75% in women, and point prevalence was reported as 13% and 25% in men and women, respectively. Lifetime prevalence of participation in organized weight-loss programs was 6% in men and 31% in women; current prevalence was 1% in men and 6% in women. The strongest correlate of dieting behavior was relative body weight. In logistic regression analyses, dieting tended to be associated positively with education and occupational status and, in men only, was more prevalent among those with a history of hypertension. Dieters reported lower food intakes than nondieters, but the two groups did not differ consistently in reported physical activity. Overall, dieting appears to be a pervasive behavioral U.S. phenomenon that may contribute in part to population differences in the prevalence of obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Type A behavior in women: a review.

This review focuses on characteristics of the Type A behavior pattern in women in studies of demographic characteristics, physiological responses, laboratory performance, and personality. With some exceptions, these characteristics parallel those previously described for Type A men. The incidence of Type A behavior in the United States is comparable for men and women when socioeconomic factors are controlled. Type A behavior in women is positively correlated with socioeconomic status, occupation, education, and incidence of coronary heart disease. Type A women tend to show greater autonomic arousal to laboratory stressors as well as greater time urgency and speed, more goal directedness, a preference to work alone under stress conditions, and more competitiveness/aggressiveness than Type B women. Type A positively correlates with various estimates of anger, hostility, and masculine sex role orientation. Depression and anxiety in Type A's are found to vary as a function of sex role orientation and locus of control. Methodological problems in the existing studies are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Implicit learning of a nonverbal sequence in younger and older adults.

Two experiments examined age-related differences in implicit serial learning using the M. J. Nissen and P. Bullemer (1987) task. Younger adults and 2 samples of older adults who differed in educational attainment, occupational status, and verbal ability were given a 10-trial repeating sequence embedded in 100-trial blocks. On each trial, participants pressed a key that matched a designated spatial location. Implicit learning was inferred from the difference in RT between a random sequence trial block and the immediately preceding block with the repeating sequence. Results indicated that negative transfer effects were comparable for the younger and higher ability older adults, but lower ability older adults showed less evidence of implicit learning. On an explicit task, younger and higher ability older adults were more accurate than the lower ability older adults. The implications of these findings for current views on implicit learning in adulthood are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Age and individual differences influence prospective memory.

The influence of age and individual ability differences on event-based prospective memory was examined using an adapted version of G. O. Einstein and M. A. McDaniel's (1990) task. Two samples of younger and older adults who differed in educational attainment, occupational status, and verbal ability were compared. Results yield comparable prospective performance for the younger groups and higher ability older adults; lower ability older adults performed more poorly by comparison. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that working memory span and recognition accounted for small but significant proportions of variance in prospective performance. The contribution of ability level to prospective memory remained significant even after statistically controlling for self-reported health and social activity characteristics. Implications for current views on prospective memory aging are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Preferences of older adults and experts for policies and services in group living facilities.

The Policy and Program Information Form-Ideal Form (POLIF-I) was developed to assess preferences of older adults for the policies and services of group living facilities. Compared with older community residents (n = 205), congregate apartment residents (n = 229) prefer facilities that have higher behavioral standards, deemphasize supportive services and formal avenues for resident influence, and emphasize privacy. In contrast to older respondents, experts (n = 44) prefer settings with lower behavioral standards, more supportive services, more resident input, and more privacy. Sociodemographic characteristics (marital status, occupation, education, age, gender) and functional ability are weakly associated with the policy and service preferences of older respondents. The POLIF-I has several applications, including examination of the congruence between residents' preferences and the actual policies and services of group living facilities.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Coping with sexual harassment: personal, environmental, and cognitive determinants.

A multidimensional coping typology and a process model of coping were used to examine coping strategies in response to sexual harassment, the personal and environmental determinants of these strategies, and the cognitive processes underlying strategy choice. Survey responses of 15,404 military members who reported unwanted sex-related attention were analyzed. Strong support was found for the usefulness of both the typology and the model. Choice of specific coping strategies used in response to sexual harassment varied significantly depending on occupational status, gender, climate, harassment severity, and power differential. Cognitive appraisal mediated the determinant-coping relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposures to nitrogen dioxide in EXPOLIS-Helsinki: microenvironment, behavioral and sociodemographic factors.

Personal exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) were monitored for 176 randomly selected inhabitants (25-55 years old) of Helsinki Metropolitan area as a part of the EXPOLIS (Air Pollution Exposure Distributions Within Adult Urban Populations in Europe) study between October 1996 and December 1997. NO(2) measurements were 48-h averages collected by Palmes passive sampler tubes. Differences in personal exposures to NO(2) were analyzed between sub-populations stratified by microenvironment, behavioral, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Factors significantly associated with differences in exposures to NO(2) were home and work location, housing characteristics, traffic volume near home, season and keeping windows open at home. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and use of gas stove were also associated with increased personal exposures, although only few participants had a gas stove in Helsinki, and other gas appliances are non-existent. Single adults had higher average exposures to NO(2) than married or cohabiting participants, suggesting differences in living conditions between these two groups. Increased education was associated with decreased exposures to NO(2) and employed men were more exposed than unemployed men. Increased exposures to NO(2) were not associated with age or occupational status in Helsinki. Thus, behavioral and sociodemographic factors may have significant impact on personal exposures to NO(2) and should be considered in addition to environmental determinants in any monitoring program.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Predictors of phonologic inadequacy in young children prone to otitis media.

Children who have experienced recurrent or persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) at an early age often evidence deficient phonological skills in preschool that require remediation. If it were possible to identify these children before age 3, speech stimulation procedures and/or medical preventive measures might be considered. Forty children between the ages of 18 and 35 months who were scheduled for tympanostomy and tube placement were assessed audiologically and phonologically, data from their medical histories were tabulated, and parental educational and occupational status were determined. The subjects were reexamined at intervals of 3-4 months until their phonological performance reached a level indicating that broad phoneme-class or syllable-position remediation would not be necessary, or they had passed their third birthday. Discriminant analysis and multiple regression procedures indicated that certain measures or conditions, in combination, are good predictors of later phonologic inadequacy. Low age-weighted scores on production of velars, liquids, and postvocalic singleton obstruents, along with elevated thresholds at 500 Hz and a history of early onset and late remission from OME, were the most important variables characterizing children who did not catch up phonologically by age 3. Importantly, data from no one area alone could identify these children as reliably as combined data from the three areas.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

An investigation into the relationship between anxiety and stuttering.

The relationship between self-reported anxiety and stuttering was explored. Although previous research has mostly shown that persons who stutter are no more anxious than persons who do not stutter, many of these studies had inadequate power to detect significant differences. In this study, a large number of stutters were assessed on state and trait anxiety before, and on trait anxiety after, intensive behavioral treatment. Their levels of anxiety were compared to those of nonstuttering controls matched for gender, age, and occupational status. Results showed that persons who stutter had significantly higher levels of fear (state anxiety) in a demanding speech situation. They were also shown to have higher levels of chronic anxiety (trait anxiety) than matched controls. However, trait anxiety measured after treatment was within normal levels. Although not allowing the conclusion that anxiety causes stuttering, these results do have important implications for the management of the disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Factors associated with quality of life in Menière's disease.

The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with better or worse quality of life in a sample of people with Menière's disease drawn from a UK self-help group (the Menière's Society) and to assess the forms of support on which the respondents could draw. A postal survey was sent to 1000 randomly selected group members, containing validated questionnaires assessing: (1) quality of life (the Short Form 36 (SF-36)); (2) factors that might predict quality of life; and (3) usage of resources provided to members by the Menière's Society. A total of 509 members completed the main survey, and 370 the second part of the survey. Factors associated with a less good quality of life included more severe vertigo, pressure in the ear, hearing loss and tinnitus, being younger, being female, living alone, having a lower occupational status and believing that the attitude of the consultant is unhelpful. Levels of vertigo severity in this sample were similar to those found in hospital samples, but it is possible that these respondents may differ in other respects from patients who do not join a self-help group.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of symptoms, sensitization to rats, and airborne exposure to major rat allergen (Rat n 1) and to endotoxin in rat-exposed workers: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relation between airborne exposure to major rat allergen and to endotoxins in exclusively rat-exposed workers and the prevalence of rat-related symptoms and sensitization. METHODS: A total of 113 workers answered a standardized questionnaire on their atopy status, occupational exposure to rats, and possible work-related symptoms. Specific IgE against rat urinary proteins (RUP) was measured for 73 subjects. Individual airborne exposure to Rat n 1 and endotoxin were determined with static (n = 256) samplings. Rat n 1 was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and endotoxin by the Limulus method. RESULTS: Forty-four of 113 subjects (38.9%) reported at least one rat-related symptom: asthma (4.4%), rhinitis (34%) and conjunctivitis (16%). Twelve per cent were sensitized to RUP (specific IgE > 0.35 KU/L). But only 30.8% of all symptomatic subjects were sensitized to rat allergens. Airborne Rat n 1 levels were not related to symptoms in workers. Symptomatic patients not sensitized to rats were exposed to higher endotoxin levels, but airborne exposure to endotoxins did not significantly protect against or increase sensitization to RUP or rat-related symptoms. CONCLUSION: Most symptomatic workers were not sensitized to rat allergen; but no significant relation between rat-related symptoms and endotoxin levels was found. This suggests that more studies are needed to determine causes other than rat allergens or endotoxins that may be responsible for symptoms in rat-exposed workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sleep, age, and shiftwork experience.

The effects of age and shiftwork experience (never, past, present) on sleep were studied in a sample of 3236 wage earners and retired workers by means of a questionnaire. The sample was composed of 32-, 42-, 52-, and 62-year-old subjects, and included both sexes and various occupational statuses. Age resulted in a continuously increasing frequency of sleep disturbances and hypnotic use, except for difficulty getting back to sleep and early awakening, which peaked at 52 years and then decreased at 62 years, thus suggesting a 'retirement effect'. Current and past shiftworkers reported more problems with falling asleep and early awakening than subjects who had never worked on shifts. This is a likely explanation of why the effect of age was massive in the latter group and much less pronounced in the former groups. There were no clear effects of the length or recency of shiftwork experience. This finding does not support the hypothesized permanent effect of shiftwork experience on subsequent sleep. Females had higher complaint rates at every age. There was little interaction between age and sex, but women were affected more by shiftwork as they got older, particularly as to hypnotic consumption. Some of the results support the hypothesis that a selection process excludes workers who are no longer able to cope with the demands of shiftwork.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Socioeconomic status and risk of HIV infection in an urban population in Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), risk factors for HIV infection and HIV status in an urban population with high prevalence of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Cross-sectional population survey of adults from the city of Kisumu, Kenya, in 1996. Around 1000 men and 1000 women aged 15-49 years were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and most gave a venous blood sample for HIV testing. SES was represented by a composite variable of educational status, occupation and household utilities. Multiple regression was used to examine whether SES was associated with HIV infection or with risk factors for HIV infection. RESULTS: Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence was 19.8% in males and 30.2% in females. Higher SES was associated with a more mobile lifestyle, later sexual debut and marriage among both sexes, and with circumcision among men aged 25-49 and condom use among women aged 25-49. Higher levels of alcohol consumption were associated with an increased risk of HIV infection and were more common amongst those of higher SES. HSV-2 infection was strongly associated with an increased risk of HIV infection and was more common among those of lower SES. HIV was associated with a lower SES among females aged 15-24 whereas in males aged 15-24 and females aged 25-49 there was some indication that it was associated with higher SES. Among males aged 25-49 there was no association between HIV infection and SES. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of infection was high among groups of all SES. Risk profiles suggested men and women of lower SES maybe at greater risk of newly acquired HIV infection. New infections may now be occurring fastest among young women of the lowest SES.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Clinical and personality correlates of a new measure of depression: a general practice study.

OBJECTIVE: There is a need for a brief, efficient depression screening measure for general practice settings, particularly for identifying those who are at high risk of depression. We therefore test the usefulness of a measure developed in a sample of medically ill hospitalized patients. METHOD: More than 600 patients attending six Sydney general practices completed the Depression in the Medically Ill (DMI-10) measure, in conjunction with sociodemographic, depression history and personality profile measures. The impacts of sociodemographic, personality and lifetime depression variables on DMI-10 scores (and identified 'cases') were examined as a measure of its usefulness. RESULTS: Gender did not influence depression scores, while there were slight associations between DMI-10 scores and age, marital and occupational status. Higher scores were returned by those with more severe, lengthier and perceived stressful medical illnesses. Using a predetermined cut-off score, 36% rated as putative 'cases', a prevalence almost identical to our general hospital study. 'Cases' were distinctly more likely to have had previous depressive episodes, to have sought help for such episodes and to have received antidepressant medication. They also scored higher on measures of anxious (anxious worrying and irritability) and self-critical ('depressive personality') personality styles. CONCLUSIONS: The DMI-10 appears useful as a brief and acceptable screen for depression in a general practice setting, both identifying those who are likely to be currently depressed and those with a background of previous depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Bouffée délirante and ICD-10 acute and transient psychoses: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: ICD-10 acute and transient psychotic disorder (ATPD; F23) has one of its historical roots in the French concept of bouffée délirante. This study explores the empirical relationship of the two concepts. METHOD: During a 5-year period, all inpatients with ATPD were identified; the diagnosis of bouffée délirante was also determined. We systematically evaluated demographic and clinical features and carried out follow-up investigations at an average of 2.2 years after the index episode using standardized instruments. RESULTS: Forty-two (4.1%) of 1036 patients treated for psychotic disorders or major affective episode fulfilled the ICD-10 criteria of ATPD. Of these, only 28.6% also fulfilled the criteria of bouffée délirante. Patients with bouffée délirante were significantly younger than the remaining ATPD patients. Outcome parameters were generally more favourable for patients diagnosed with bouffée délirante than for ATPD patients without a concurrent diagnosis of bouffée délirante, but the difference was statistically significant only for occupational status. CONCLUSIONS: There are indications that a diagnosis of bouffée délirante carries a somewhat better prognosis than ATPD in general. However, the low frequency of operationally diagnosed bouffée délirante suggests that the criteria might be too narrow.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

The impact of a modified ileal neobladder on the lifestyle and voiding patterns in Asian patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the modified ileal neobladder reconstruction on lifestyle, voiding habits and functional outcome in Asian patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven Asian patients (25 men and two women, mean age 59 years, range 41-76) underwent modified ileal neobladder reconstruction after radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder. The mean (range) follow-up was 21 (3-75) months. All patients were evaluated retrospectively using case notes, reviews, interviews and voiding charts; 18 patients underwent urodynamic studies. RESULT: Twenty-five patients (93%) achieved diurnal and 23 (85%) nocturnal continence within 6 months. Of the 19 patients who were in employment before surgery, 15 continued to be economically active afterward; 26 patients (96%) reported no change in their daily living activities. Of 16 men who reported being potent pre-operatively only four retained some residual erectile function. Twenty-three patients were interviewed about their voiding habits and satisfaction with the outcome of surgery. Fourteen patients had no sensation of reservoir fullness and of the 21 men, 13 had to squat or sit to void effectively. The mean (range) voiding frequency was 5 (4-8) during the day and 2 (0-4) during sleep. Twenty-two patients were satisfied with the overall outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The modified ileal bladder provides a high urinary continence rate with minimal changes in daily living activities and occupational status. The functional outcome was very satisfactory and accepted well, despite some changes in reservoir sensation, voiding posture and erectile function. The method is a viable option for reconstruction after cystectomy in Asian patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A demographic profile of patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostate hyperplasia and presenting in acute urinary retention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in a prospective study, the demographic profile of patients with benign prostate enlargement who presented in acute urinary retention (AUR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised all patients admitted for transurethral resection of the prostate and categorised into two groups, i.e. those presenting in AUR or electively. The factors evaluated included the length of hospitalization, the patients' occupation, their duration of symptoms and reasons for not seeking treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean age and occupational status of the two groups but those in AUR had more complications and a longer hospital stay after surgery; 60% of these men had had their urinary symptoms for > 1 year. When asked why they did not seek treatment earlier, 35% reported fear of surgery, while 41% thought that their symptoms were a normal part of ageing. CONCLUSION: There is a need to raise the level of public awareness of benign prostatic enlargement because those who present with AUR incur excess morbidity and longer hospitalization that could otherwise be avoided through earlier treatment and elective surgery.

Acute Disease↗