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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Tissue oxidative capacity, fuel stores and skeletal muscle fatty acid composition in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats.

The purpose of the present study was to compare tissue oxidative capacity, skeletal muscle fatty acid composition, and tissue fuel stores in low-fat fed (LFD, 12% of energy from corn oil) male Wistar rats, and in high-fat fed (45% of energy from corn oil) obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) male Wistar rats. Designation of OP and OR rats was based on body weight gain (upper tertile for OP; lower tertile for OR) after 5 weeks on the high-fat diet. Body weight gain over the 5-week dietary period was 91 +/- 9 g in LFD, 98 +/- 4 g in OR, and 158 +/- 5 g in OP (p < 0.05 vs. LFD and OR). Energy intake over the 5-week dietary period was 3099 +/- 101 kcal in LFD, 3185 +/- 51 kcal in OR, and 3728 +/- 45 kcal in OP (p < 0.05 vs. LFD and OR). Maximal citrate synthase activity (mumol.g-1.min-1) in the gastrocnemius muscle was not significantly different among groups: 12.1 +/- 2.4 in LFD, 11.4 +/- 1.9 in OR and 13.3 +/- 2.5 in OP rats. Similarly, citrate synthase activity in the heart, 59.3 +/- 7.2, and liver, 6.6 +/- 0.4, was also not significantly different among groups. Fatty acid composition of the gastrocnemius muscle was not significantly different among groups. Fasting glycogen levels in the liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and heart were 6.4 +/- 3.7, 13.2 +/- 2.3 and 6.8 +/- 1.9 mumol/g in LFD, 21.2 +/- 5.1 (p < 0.05 vs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Obesity, self-complexity, and compartmentalization: on the implications of obesity for self-concept organization.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between obesity and structural aspects of the self-concept was examined in adult women. Participants were 119 adult women [age range: 18-73, M=26.9; body mass index (BMI) range: 16.2-54.7, M=27.3] who completed measures of self-esteem, self-complexity, and the spontaneous self-concept. BMI was associated with less complex and more compartmentalized self-knowledge and more frequent mention of weight-stereotypic traits as self-descriptive. The findings are discussed in the context of research on obesity- related stigma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Influences of obesity and weight loss on thyroid hormones. A 3-3.5-year follow-up study on obese subjects with surgical bilio-pancreatic by-pass.

The effects of changing body size, energy intake and substrate oxidation on serum T4, FT4, T3, FT3 and TSH were investigated in ten morbidly obese subjects (4 men/6 women; age: 37 +/- 6 years; BMI: 53.8 +/- 6.5 kg/m2; mean +/- SD) who had undergone a surgical bilio-pancreatic by-pass in order to reduce their body weight. The starting value of serum FT3 was inversely related to the BMI (r = -0.63; p < 0.05). After 1-3 months, all the subjects were losing weight and their intake of carbohydrates was almost negligible; at this time a significant reduction of T3 (-14.6%; p < 0.0001), T4 (-19.5%; p < 0.0001), and FT3 (-10.5%; p < 0.001) was observed. Nine to 16 months after surgery, all the subjects were still losing weight, although there was no carbohydrate restriction; T3, T4, and FT3 were lower than prior to surgery but were beginning to increase. Finally, after 36-42 months the body weight of all the patients had been stable for at least the previous six months (final BMI: 32.9 +/- 4.1) and their body composition, as assessed by bio-impedance, was almost normal; only the concentrations of FT3 proved to be significantly lower than the basal value (-11.2%; p < 0.03). The change in FT3 proved to be independently influenced by the degree of fat malabsorption but not by changes in any of the physical characteristics considered. All values were always in the normal range; FT4 and TSH did not change significantly during the whole period of study. The final concentrations of TSH proved to be independently related to the postabsorptive protein oxidation (g/24h) (TSH = 2.37-0.018* protein oxidation). These results would suggest that nutritional factors have some influence on the blood levels of thyroid hormones, especially of FT3, while the removal of obesity does not seem to have any independent effect in the long-run.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effect of carbohydrate refeeding on free fatty acids after a fast in obese diabetic and obese non-diabetic females.

The metabolic effects of refeeding with oral or intravenous carbohydrate were studied in obese women after ten or 14 days of fasting. Seven patients were refed with protein-free fruit juice for a total of 250 g of carbohydrate (1,000 kcal) over ten hours. The juice was sipped continuously throughout this time, causing a drop in free fatty acids (FFA) from 1.07 +/- 0.08 to 0.61 +/- 0.05 mmol/L (P less than .01) over the first four hours. Over the next four hours, despite continuous ingestion of the carbohydrate and elevated plasma glucose (132 +/- 9 mg/dL) and insulin (2.81 +/- 0.86 ng/mL) (1 ng/mL = 25 microU/mL), FFA rose to 0.99 mmol/L (P less than .01). Similar results were obtained in five patients refed with similar amounts of oral glucose and four patients who received an equivalent amount of glucose intravenously (IV). Refeeding with carbohydrate of obese diabetic and non-diabetic women after a two-week fast caused an abrupt decrease in FFA that was followed after four hours by an increase in FFA and glycerol, despite continued ingestion of carbohydrate glucose and insulin.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1986

Abnormalities of pancreatic exocrine function in obesity: studies in the obese mouse.

Insulin is known to play a specific role in the biosynthesis of pancreatic amylase. In the insulin resistant adult C57 BL/6J--ob/ob mouse there is a reduction of pancreatic amylase content. The differences of enzyme content could not be explained by differences of food intake between obese and lean mice, but are more likely to be the consequence of insulin resistance at the level of the exocrine pancreas. By contrast, greater pancreatic content of amylase and lipase seen in young obese mice (less than 2-months old) was associated with the greater food intake of these mice with respect to lean controls.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Reduced brain CRH and GR mRNA expression precedes obesity in juvenile rats bred for diet-induced obesity.

To assess the role of endogenous peptides involved in stress responsivity in the development of diet-induced obesity (DIO), selectively bred DIO and diet-resistant (DR) male were weaned onto a low fat (4.5%) chow diet at 3 weeks of age and then fed either chow or a 31% fat by energy content (high energy (HE)) diet for 9 days beginning at 4 weeks of age. Regardless of diet, DIO rats gained more weight than DR rats but did not show the selective DIO weight gain trait characteristic of older DIO rats fed HE diet. At this early age, both DR and DIO rats on HE diet ate more and had higher leptin levels but gained less body weight and had lower feed efficiency (body weight gain (g)/food intake (kcal)) than their chow-fed controls. HE diet also prevented the decline in 24h urine corticosterone levels from the third to fifth week observed in chow-fed rats. Terminally, DIO rats had lower hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and amygdalar central nucleus corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA than DR rats, regardless of their diets. Taken together with prior studies in these rats, there appears to be a critical period between 3 and 5 weeks of age when DIO and DR rats are not phenotypically different and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function is rapidly changing. The reduced expression of brain GR and CRH expression at the end of this period might contribute to the propensity of DIO rats to become obese selectively on HE diet after 5 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mosapride improves food intake, while not worsening glycemic control and obesity, in ob/ob obese mice with decreased gastric emptying.

Many patients with diabetes mellitus complain of early satiety and postprandial gastric fullness and discomfort. Mosapride citrate, a 5-HT4 receptor agonist, enhances gastric emptying and alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of mosapride citrate on feeding behavior in ob/ob obese mice with decreased gastric emptying. Mosapride citrate (1 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 7 days. Food and water intake and body weight were measured daily. Blood glucose, serum insulin, and fructosamine concentrations were measured after 7 days of treatment. Orally administered mosapride citrate significantly increased food intake in ob/ob obese mice, with a tendency to decrease fasting blood glucose and fructosamine concentrations compared with controls. There were no significant changes in body weight after 7 days of treatment with oral mosapride citrate. These observations suggest that mosapride citrate may be useful in the treatment of appetite loss and improve the quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Psychosocial aspects of obesity and obesity surgery.

There is a growing consensus that bariatric surgery is the treatment of choice for extremely obese individuals who have failed to reduce their weight satisfactorily using behavioral or pharmacologic interventions. The gastric bypass in particular is associated with excellent long-term weight loss. Although most extremely obese individuals will have essentially normal psychological functioning, a significant minority suffer from depression, binge eating, trauma, or other emotional complications that may require treatment before or after bariatric surgery. A structured behavioral assessment, conducted by a mental-health professional and a registered dietitian, can readily identify those who are most likely to require adjunct counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Relation between appetite ratings before and after a standard meal and estimates of daily energy intake in obese and reduced obese individuals.

The aim of the present study was to relate appetite ratings before and after a standard breakfast to estimates of daily energy intake, before and after weight loss obese men and women. Nineteen obese subjects (9 men and 10 women) took part in a 15-week drug-based weight-loss program coupled to energy intake restriction. Body weight and body composition were significantly decreased in men and women. Both before and after the weight loss program, desire to eat, hunger, fullness and prospective food consumption (PFC) were measured after an overnight fast and at 10-min intervals in the hour following the ingestion of a standardized breakfast. Energy intakes were also measured and reported before and after weight loss. Fasting desire to eat and postprandial area under the curve (AUC) for hunger were significantly increased (p<0.05) after the intervention. No association was observed between measured or reported energy intakes and appetite ratings before weight loss in either men or women. Reported energy intake was not associated with appetite sensations after weight loss either. In contrast, measured energy intake was significantly associated with postprandial AUC for fullness (r=-0.90, p<0.01) and PFC (r=0.80, p<0.01) in men at the end of the program. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, only postprandial AUC for PFC contributed independently to the variance of measured energy intake after weight loss (r(2)=0.60, p=0.01). This study did not show consistent associations between averaged appetite ratings after a meal and daily energy intake, either before or after weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Intramuscular ceruletide does not affect food intake in obese and non-obese human subjects.

Intramuscular ceruletide or placebo was given in a randomized double-blind crossover design to 12 non-obese and 12 obese individuals, 30 min before a palatable lunch meal. No significant effects were found on the amount of food intake or the hunger ratings in any group. Although rapid CCK or ceruletide infusions have been found in some studies to reduce food intake in man and animals, slow infusions have increased food intake. Under the present study conditions, the moderate rate of release of ceruletide from intramuscular depots did not affect the food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Weight loss and improvement of obesity-related illness following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedure for morbidly obese patients in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a newly developed minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity. This study was conducted to evaluate body weight loss, surgical complications, and comorbidities after LAGB surgery. METHODS: Ninety-one morbidly obese patients (mean age, 31.2 years; mean preoperative weight, 120.8 kg) underwent LAGB in a private Taiwan hospital setting within a comprehensive multidisciplinary bariatric program. Patients were followed up to 36 months. Comorbidities were assessed in 55 patients who completed more than 12 months of follow-up by comparing each comorbid condition before surgery and during follow-up. RESULTS: All procedures were performed laparoscopically with no conversion. Mean operation time was 88.7 +/- 32.9 minutes. There were no intraoperative or major postoperative complications. Minor complication of stoma stenos is occurred in three (3.3%) patients. At 36 months after surgery, mean body mass index had decreased from 42.7 to 33.9 kg/m2, and mean percentage of excess weight loss was 44.8%. Late complications were as follows: intractable vomiting requiring band removal in one (1.1%) patient, tubing problems requiring revision surgery in four (4.3%), and stoma obstruction in two (2.1%). There was no mortality. Resolution or improvement of comorbidities was significant for hyperglycemia and diabetes-related index, dyslipidemia, abnormal liver function, hyperuricemia, sleep apnea, and arthralgia, but not for hypertension. CONCLUSION: LAGB provides good weight loss and significant reduction in comorbidities with few minor complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predicting obesity in early adulthood from childhood and parental obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of tracking of adiposity from childhood to early adulthood, and the risk of overweight in early adulthood associated with overweight in childhood and parental weight status in a cohort of children born in the mid-1970s. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. SUBJECTS: Approximately 155 healthy boys and girls born in Adelaide, South Australia, 1975-1976 and their parents. MEASUREMENTS: Height and weight of subjects at 2 y, annually from 4 to 8 y, biennially from 11 to 15 y and at 20 y, and of parents when subjects were aged 8 y. Body mass index (BMI) of subjects converted to standard deviation scores and prevalence of overweight and obesity determined using worldwide definitions. Parents classified as overweight if BMI> or =25 kg/m(2). Tracking estimated as Pearson's correlation coefficient. Risk ratio used to describe the association between weight status at each age and parental weight status and weight status at 20 y and weight status at each earlier age, both unadjusted and adjusted for parental weight status. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight/obesity increased with age and was higher than that reported in international reference populations. Tracking of BMI was established from 6 y onwards to 20 y at r-values >0.6, suggesting that BMI from 6 y is a good indicator of later BMI. Tracking was stronger for shorter intervals and for those subjects with both parents overweight compared with those with only one or neither parent overweight. Weight status at an earlier age was a more important predictor of weight status at 20 y than parental weight status, and risk of overweight at 20 y increased further with increasing weight status of parents. CONCLUSION: Strategies for prevention of overweight and targeted interventions for prevention of the progression of overweight to obesity are urgently required in school-aged children in order to stem the epidemic of overweight in the adult population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Lipotoxic heart disease in obese rats: implications for human obesity.

To determine the mechanism of the cardiac dilatation and reduced contractility of obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats, myocardial triacylglycerol (TG) was assayed chemically and morphologically. TG was high because of underexpression of fatty acid oxidative enzymes and their transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha. Levels of ceramide, a mediator of apoptosis, were 2-3 times those of controls and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels were 4 times greater than normal. Myocardial DNA laddering, an index of apoptosis, reached 20 times the normal level. Troglitazone therapy lowered myocardial TG and ceramide and completely prevented DNA laddering and loss of cardiac function. In this paper, we conclude that cardiac dysfunction in obesity is caused by lipoapoptosis and is prevented by reducing cardiac lipids.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Effect of body surface area calculations on body fat estimates in non-obese and obese subjects.

The purpose of the present study was to compare body surface area (BSA) estimates using two equations (Dubois and Dubois versus Livingston) and their respective effects on per cent body fat (%BF) obtained with two molecular approaches of body composition analysis, two-compartment (2C) and five-compartment (5C) models. Body composition data using the 2C model were studied in healthy adults, 432 women (body mass index (BMI): 28.3 +/- 4.4 kg m(-2)) and 147 men (BMI: 26.8 +/- 3.9 kg m(-2)), while another sample of 126 women (BMI: 30.4 +/- 3.7 kg m(-2)) was evaluated using the 5C model. Measures of body volume (BV) assessed by air displacement plethysmography, bone mineral content by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and total-body water by deuterium dilution were used to estimate %BF with the 5C model. Comparison of means and linear regression analysis was performed. Using BSA(Dubois), either in 2C and 5C models, BV and %BF estimates were significantly underestimated compared to results obtained using BSA(Livingston) (p < 0.05). BMI was strongly associated with %BF differences using BSA(Dubois) and BSA(Livingston) in both 2C (men: r = 0.90; women: r = 0.88) and 5C models (r = 0.88). Though %BF(Dubois) and %BF(Livingston) were strongly associated (r(2) = 1.000), some variability was observed on %BF differences using BSA(Dubois) and BSA(Livingston). These findings suggest that BSA calculation is critical in BF estimation, supporting the use of a more accurate equation for non-obese and obese subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Accuracy of self-reports of food intake in obese and normal-weight individuals: effects of parental obesity on reports of children's dietary intake.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the accuracy of dietary-intake information of normal-weight vs overweight parents in their reports of their children's food intake. Subjects were 36 families with either normal-weight (n = 20) or overweight (n = 16) children aged 4-9 y. Unobtrusive observers recorded the types and amounts of food eaten by the children at one meal. The next day families were visited in their homes and were asked to provide dietary-intake information from the previous day on their child. Results indicated that parental reports of the dietary intake of their children correlated significantly with the observers' measures of food intake. Neither the father's, the mother's, nor the family's obesity status had an effect on the accuracy of recalled information. The results indicated that the lack of differences consistently observed in dietary intake between obese and normal-weight children could not be explained by differential accuracy of recalled dietary information.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Defining obesity in childhood: current practice2.

A survey of information from 26 countries was performed to examine the methods, cutoff points, and reference materials used to define obesity in childhood and adolescence. The body mass index (in kg/m2) was used frequently, as well as several other methods. Reference materials used were often based on national surveys, although reference data from other countries were sometimes used. The data presented was often insufficient to judge the representativeness of the reference material. Cutoff points varied considerably. Available data allow neither a meaningful international estimation of the prevalence of obesity nor international comparisons. Although associated with considerable problems, this situation can be improved with an international consensus which, by necessity, will be riddled with uncertainties and compromises.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Body mass index and obesity-related metabolic disorders in Taiwanese and US whites and blacks: implications for definitions of overweight and obesity for Asians.

BACKGROUND: Recommendations based on scanty data have been made to lower the body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) cutoff for obesity in Asians. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to compare relations between BMI and metabolic comorbidity among Asians and US whites and blacks. METHODS: We compared the prevalence rate, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and impact fraction of comorbidities at each BMI level and the BMI-comorbidity relations across ethnic groups by using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993-1996). RESULTS: For most BMI values, the prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperuricemia were higher for Taiwanese than for US whites. In addition, increments of BMI corresponded to higher odds ratios in Taiwanese than in US whites for hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.01) and hypertension (P = 0.075). BMI-comorbidity relations were stronger in Taiwanese than in US blacks for all comorbidities studied. BMIs of 22.5, 26, and 27.5 were the cutoffs with the highest sum of positive and negative predictive value for Taiwanese, US white, and US black men, respectively. The same order was observed for women. For BMIs >27, >85% of Taiwanese, 66% of whites, and 55% of blacks had at least one of the studied comorbidities. However, a cutoff close to the median of the studied population was often found by maximizing sensitivity and specificity. Reducing BMI from >25 to <25 in persons in the United States could eliminate 13% of the obesity comorbidity studied. The corresponding cutoff in Taiwan is slightly <24. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a possible need to set lower BMI cutoffs for Asians, but where to draw the line is a complex issue.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of anti-obesity drugs promoting energy expenditure, yohimbine and ephedrine, on gastric emptying in obese patients.

The effect of ephedrine, a non-selective adrenoreceptor agonist, and yohimbine, a selective alpha 2-adrenolytic drug, on gastric emptying of a radiolabelled solid meal was examined in groups of 8 (all women) and 15 (4 men and 11 women) obese patients, respectively. Patients were given orally, double-blind in random order, placebo or 50 mg ephedrine in the first group, and placebo or 15 mg yohimbine in the second group, 1.5 h prior to the gastric emptying measurement performed with the use of a gamma camera. Yohimbine did not significantly affect gastric emptying--the fraction of the meal retained within the stomach at the end of the examination (that is after 90 min), F90, amounted to 71.0 +/- 3.8% (placebo) and 66.8 +/- 4.1% (yohimbine); the gastric emptying index, Ix, was 0.737 +/- 0.106 min-1 x 10(-2) (placebo) and 0.885 +/- 0.128 min-1 x 10(-2) (yohimbine). A significant delay in gastric emptying was observed after administration of ephedrine: F90 increased from 70.3 +/- 5.1% after placebo to 80.9 +/- 3.0% after ephedrine, P less than 0.02, and Ix decreased from 0.747 +/- 0.142 min-1 x 10(-2) to 0.461 +/- 0.080 min-1 x 10(-2) after ephedrine, P less than 0.02. We conclude that the inhibitory influence of ephedrine on gastric emptying, and thus possibly on satiety, makes it a candidate for trial as pharmacological support of a low-energy diet treatment of obesity.

Adult↗