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PubMedDate not supplied

Left anterior lobectomy and category-specific naming.

Damasio and colleagues (1996) have proposed that the left anterior temporal region supports knowledge pertaining to living objects, whereas more posterior temporal regions play a critical role in naming nonliving things. Accordingly, one might expect that left-sided anterior temporal lobectomy should have a more profound effect on the naming of living as opposed to nonliving things. As part of a multicenter collaborative project, seventy-nine patients (all left-hemisphere speech dominant) were tested pre- and post-left-temporal lobectomy on a task that required naming of living and nonliving items equated for name frequency, familiarity, and visual complexity. Consistent with the proposals of Damasio et al. (1996), left temporal lobectomy impaired naming ability, particularly for living things. When individual outcomes were considered, twice as many patients showed a relative decline in naming living as opposed to nonliving things.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Role of naming in delayed matching-to-sample.

A delayed matching-to-sample task, with pictures as sample and comparison stimuli, was given to four severely retarded youths. Although they matched accurately when the sample picture was available for comparison, they performed poorly on the delayed-matching in which the sample was removed a few seconds before the comparison stimuli appeared. When dictated names rather than pictures were presented as samples, three of the four subjects could match pictures to the names even under delay conditions which caused complete breakdown of picture-picture matching. Further tests indicated that these three subjects could name the pictures. Apparently, these three subjects were not applying existing skills (naming and remembering names during a delay) to the performances of the visual delayed-matching task. The second experiment confirmed that when the subjects were instructed to name the pictures during the matching task, they could do delayed picture-picture matching accurately. These findings suggested that some retarded persons, like some young children, may fail to bring existing language skills to the performance of a new task; instructions may bring out such skills, but the effect of the instructions may be transitory.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME has no effect on 86Rb accumulation in rat renal cortical slices.

UNLABELLED: The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME on the 86Rb uptake in rat renal cortical slices. Rats were divided into three groups: 1. CONTROL. 2. Acute: L-NAME (10 mg/kg i.v.) as a bolus 15 min before the excision of the kidneys. 3. Sub-chronic: L-NAME (10 mg/kg/day) per os for 4 days. Renal cortical slices were incubated for 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 180 seconds in Krebs-Ringer solution containing 50 kBq 86Rb/100 ml (T = 37 degrees C, PO2 approximately 159 mm Hg). 56Rb accumulation (S/M) was calculated as the ratio of the radioactivity of the cortical slices (S) and the radioactivity of the incubating medium (M). The S/M ratio can be described as a function of time by the following equations. CONTROL: y = 0.265 ln(x) - 0.220, r(xy) = 0.886; acute L-NAME: y = 0.224 ln(x) - 0.171, r(xy) = 0.921; sub-chronic L-NAME: y = 0.331 ln(x) - 0.496, r(xy) = 0.942. (y = S/M, x = t). p < 0.001 in all of the groups, but there is no difference between the groups. In conclusion, L-NAME administered in vivo failed to influence the in vitro 86Rb accumulation in rat renal cortical slices.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Comparative study of the efficacy of topical corticosteroid: five locally made and one brand name creams.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 5 locally made clobetasol propionate creams compared with a brand name product. The study was divided into 3 parts 1) pharmacological study, 2) vasoconstriction test, and 3) double blind clinical trial. The results showed that the pharmacological properties of the locally made products were not different from the brand name product. Product C and D could diffuse through cellulose acetate membrane 3 fold more than the brand name product. Product D and E caused less vasoconstriction than the brand name product. This double blind study showed that all locally made products could improve psoriasis to the same extent as the brand name product, but there was more recurrence of psoriasis while using all the locally made products. It was concluded that locally made products were as effective as the brand name product in the treatment of psoriasis evaluated over a 2 week peroid, but more recurrence was observed with locally made products.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2003

[Katarrus, chrapota, slinogorz--names and treatment of laryngeal diseases on the basis of 15th and 16th century relics of Polish language].

The paper outlines the beginnings of the process of naming laryngological diseases in the Polish language, and is based on 15th and 16th century relics of the Polish language. The authors relied in their analysis on the registers, as well as practical health guides such as herbarium books and strictly scientific medical manuals. Most of old Polish names of illnesses include original names based on the observation of the symptoms of illnesses and their clinical aspects. A great number of synonyms, both native and derived from foreign words, deserve special attention, indicating that attempts must have been made to find appropriate terms, which would best express the characteristics of a given illness. The presence of names derived from Latin and Greek should be attributed to the attempts at unifying medical terminology. Over the centuries, as the language and medical science have developed, names of illnesses have undergone a number of changes. It should be noted that numerous names derived from old Polish are still applied as medical terms.

History, 15th Century↗

PubMed2000

Aging and word-finding: a comparison of spontaneous and constrained naming tests.

This study compared the word-finding abilities of 26 young adults (ages 18-22 years), 26 young-old adults (ages 58-74 years), and 26 old-old adults (ages 75-93 years) on a confrontational naming test (Boston Naming Test) and a more spontaneous discourse test. The groups were matched in terms of gender (7 male, 19 female) and estimated IQ (M = 114). When participants were asked to narrate what they perceived in pictures (discourse test), the older adult groups committed significantly more word-retrieval errors than the younger adults. In contrast, results from the picture-naming test surprisingly revealed higher naming accuracy by the older adult groups. Subsequent examination of the picture-naming items revealed that four items appeared to be influenced by generational familiarity with the item. These results suggest that selection of cohort-free items for picture-naming tests is important when comparing across age-groups, and that tests of discourse may be better measures for assessing everyday word-finding difficulties in healthy older adults.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

The neural basis of naming impairments in Alzheimer's disease revealed through positron emission tomography.

The naming impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been attributed to a variety of cognitive processing deficits, including impairments in semantic memory, visual perception, and lexical access. To further understand the underlying biological basis of the naming failures in AD, the present investigation examined the relationship of various classes of naming errors to regional brain measures of cerebral glucose metabolism as measured with 18 F-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET). Errors committed on a visual naming test were categorized according to a cognitive processing schema and then examined in relationship to metabolism within specific brain regions. The results revealed an association of semantic errors with glucose metabolism in the frontal and temporal regions. Language access errors, such as circumlocutions, and word blocking nonresponses were associated with decreased metabolism in areas within the left hemisphere. Visuoperceptive errors were related to right inferior parietal metabolic function. The findings suggest that specific brain areas mediate the perceptual, semantic, and lexical processing demands of visual naming and that visual naming problems in dementia are related to dysfunction in specific neural circuits.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

The effect of ageing on confrontational naming ability.

The change in confrontational naming ability accompanying normal ageing has been widely studied. However, inconsistent findings have been reported. Our study reexamined this issue by adopting both accuracy and response latency as indices for reflecting the effect of normal ageing on confrontational naming. Sixty normal and healthy, Cantonese-speaking Chinese volunteered for this study. Thirty of them belonged to the Young Age Group (YOUNG; M=19.77 years, S.D.=1.5 years) and 30 to the Old Age Group (OLD; M=71.47 years, S.D.=6.51 years). The instrument used was the Chinese Naming Test (CNT) for measuring confrontational naming. The findings indicated that younger people performed much better than older people on the test in terms of accuracy as well as response latency. The observed different performance between the young and old participants could not be explained by their different levels of education. No gender difference in performance on the test was observed. Our findings supported our initial hypothesis that normal ageing does have a negative impact on confrontational naming. The decline in naming ability with ageing may be multifactorial.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Effect of surface characteristics and style of production on naming and verification of pictorial stimuli.

Theories of object recognition that are based purely on part decomposition do not take into account the role of textural, shading, and color information, nor do they differentiate between stylistic factors in the preparation of line-drawn pictorial stimuli. To investigate these factors, naming and verification experiments were performed using line drawings, monochrome photographs, and color photographs of common objects. For line drawings, it was shown that line width, exposure, and contrast affected naming latency, which increased for lines of narrow width and extremes of exposure. Naming latencies were compared for objects drawn by a professional artist, with varying degrees of surface detail, and objects produced by a computer-aided design (CAD) system, with no surface detail. The mean naming latencies for the artist set were faster than for the CAD set, though not significantly, with a significant degree of object correlation being observed. However, in certain cases there were significant differences between objects. These were investigated in a further experiment in which subsets with common properties of present or absent surface detail were selected from the artist-drawn stimuli. It was found that the presence of surface features resulted in lower response latencies even for those objects that intuitively could be recognized by parts alone. The time to name photographic and line-drawn stimuli was compared, and a progressive decrease in naming latency from line to monochrome to color stimuli was observed. In a verification task, no significant advantage for color or monochrome photographs over line drawings was found, either when comparing stimuli of equivalent or of different mode. However, there was a tendency for the comparison of different modes to take longer than the comparison of same modes. The results are discussed in terms of theories of human visual processing and cognitive and computational models of object recognition.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

How two-year-old children interpret proper and common names for unfamiliar objects.

The linguistic form class of a word and the kind of object the word refers to both provide information for discovering whether a new noun refers to an object as a category member (e.g., a dog) or as an individual (e.g., Lassie). This study investigated children's use of both syntactic (i.e., form class) and semantic (i.e., type of referent) information, clarifying and extending work summarized by Macnamara. Although widely accepted, past results were inconclusive because (1) children were taught new words for objects they could already name, and (2) the earlier procedure lacked appropriate distractor items. This work eliminated these problems by using unfamiliar objects and a revised testing procedure. 32 2-year-olds were each taught 1 new noun. Linguistic form class (presence or absence of an article) and type of referent (animal-like or blocklike toy) were varied between groups. Children's interpretations of the new nouns were assessed by asking the subjects to select the named toy from an array of 4 toys (e.g., "Point to Zav"). With animal-like toys, Macnamara's claim that children interpret common nouns as category names, and proper nouns as individual names, was supported. With blocklike toys, children in our study interpreted a common noun as a category name, but there was a tendency for children in the proper noun condition to choose a particular stuffed animal as the new noun's referent rather than the named blocklike toy. These results show that 2-year-old children use both linguistic form class and their knowledge about real-world objects to interpret new words.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1995

When proper names are not forgotten: recall of eponymous medical disorders.

Names are more difficult to recall than other facts about people such as occupations even when the words are nominally the same, e.g., Baker and baker. Subjects studied face photographs labeled with a surname and a medical diagnosis. Eponymous disorders were selected so that a given name could be used either as surname or diagnosis, e.g., Ms. Hodgkins or Hodgkin's disease. Nursing students (n = 24) tested in a within-subjects design recalled more eponymous diseases than surnames. There were few instances of confusing names and diseases, but names were often recalled to the wrong face. Education students (n = 18) recalled fewer diseases than did the nurses, and there was no difference in their recall of names and diseases. Nursing students tested in a between-groups design (n = 22 each) showed no impairment in name recall. The results suggest limitations in the role of meaningfulness in recall.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Urinary NO3- excretion as an indicator of nitric oxide formation in vivo during oral administration of L-arginine or L-name in rats.

1. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO), a major modulator of vascular tone, is synthesized from the terminal guanidino nitrogen of L-arginine. This reaction is inhibited by analogues of L-arginine, such as N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Many of the biological effects of NO are mediated by the second messenger cGMP. NO is rapidly oxidized to NO3-, which, like cGMP, is eliminated via excretion into the urine. In a placebo controlled study, we investigated whether oral bolus administration of L-arginine and L-NAME affects the urinary excretion rates of NO3- and cGMP in Munich Wistar Frommter (MWF) rats. 2. Twenty MWF rats were kept in metabolic cages and received L-arginine (3 g/kg bodyweight), L-NAME (50 mg/kg), or placebo (0.9% saline) in randomized order. Urine samples were sequentially collected for 10 h and analysed for creatinine, NO3- and cGMP. 3. L-Arginine inducted a slight, but prolonged increase in urine flow, whereas L-NAME induced an early, transient increase in urine flow which was followed by a decrease. Creatinine clearance decreased by 65% after L-NAME, but was not affected by L-arginine or placebo. 4. Urinary NO3- and cGMP excretion rates transiently increased after L-arginine (NO3-: + 29%; cGMP: +16%) for 4-5 h, whereas L-NAME induced an immediate, pronounced and lasting inhibition of urinary NO3- and cGMP excretion (NO3-: -76%; cGMP: -46%). Urinary NO3- and cGMP excretions were significantly correlated (r = 0.755; P < 0.001). 5. Urinary excretion rates of NO3- and cGMP, expressed as mu mol/h, were correlated to urine flow (mL/h; r = 0.617 and 0.649, respectively; both P < 0.05), whereas after correction by urinary creatinine (mu mol/mmol creatinine) no correlation with urine flow was observed, indicating that these excretion rates were independent of renal excretory function. Thus we conclude that changes in the urinary excretion rates of NO3- and cGMP represent changes in NO production rates in vivo when expressed in relation to urinary creatinine. Urinary NO3- and cGMP excretion is modulated by acute NO synthase inhibition or substrate provision.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The L-name-resistant component of acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the rat superior mesenteric arterial bed is innervation-dependent.

Using L-NAME and the potassium channel blocker apamin we have investigated the component of acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation lost when the mesenteric arterial bed is denervated. We have confirmed that vascular denervation produces a reduction of up to 35% in the ability of ACh to cause relaxation in the presence of the alpha agonists methoxamine and cirazoline. A single 30 minute exposure to L-NAME reduced the relaxation to ACh by up to 44% in control vascular preparations and by 85% in denervated preparations. In control preparations, prolonged exposure to L-NAME reduced the relaxation to ACh by up to 66% and by 77% in the presence of apamin. In denervated preparations prolonged exposure to L-NAME reduced the relaxation to ACh by 96%. The almost complete loss of acetylcholine-induced relaxation following prolonged exposure to L-NAME (96.6% in methoxamine and 93.9% in cirazoline) in denervated preparations suggests that innervation is involved in the expression of the L-NAME-resistant relaxation to acetylcholine in the superior mesenteric arterial bed of the rat.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1997

The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) does not produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to ethanol.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, indicating that a component of ethanol's behavioral activity is produced via blockade of NMDA receptor/channel function. Recently, it has been reported that ethanol inhibits NMDA-stimulated nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in cortical neurons, thereby decreasing the formation of nitric oxide (NO) in the brain. These findings suggest that some of the behavioral effects of ethanol may be mediated by inactivation of NOS. The present study examined the role of NO formation in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. To address this hypothesis, an NOS inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and an NMDA competitive antagonist, (D)-4-(3-phosphonoprop-2-enyl) piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (CPPene), were administered to two groups of rats trained to discriminate 1.5 g/kg of ethanol (n = 6) or 2.0 g/kg (n = 7) of ethanol from water. After training, dose ranges of CPPene (3 to 17 mg/kg, ip) and L-NAME (100 to 780 mg/kg, ip) were tested for ethanol-like effects. L-NAME was also tested under a range of pretreatment times (20, 60, 90, and 120 min). An additional group of rats trained to discriminate 2.0 g/kg (n = 7) of ethanol from water was also tested with CPPene (10 mg/kg, ip) and L-NAME (100 and 300 mg/kg, ip) to verify data gathered from the original 2.0 g/kg of ethanol group tested with L-NAME after a 20-minute pretreatment. Although overall, 17 of 20 animals trained to discriminate ethanol from water exhibited complete substitution of CPPene for ethanol, L-NAME, without affecting response rates, did not consistently substitute for either 1.5 g/kg or 2.0 g/kg of ethanol. These results indicate that inhibition of NO formation is less effective than direct NMDA receptor antagonism in producing ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

A profile of nurses who requested the removal of their names from the SAINC's registers during 1996. South African Interim Nursing Council.

Annually a number of nurses request to have their names removed from the registers and rolls of the South African Nursing Council (SANC-currently called the South African Interim Nursing Council or SAINC). Having their names removed from the SAINC's registers/rolls implies that they cannot practise their nursing profession. A total of 1,139 persons requested the removal of their names from SAINC's registers and roles at the beginning of 1996 (statistics supplied by SAINC). Name and address stickers were obtained for all persons who requested the removal of their names from SAINC's registers/rolls. A total of 71 persons supplied permanent addresses in foreign countries and were excluded from the study. The research population consisted of 1,068 persons, from which 20%, or 214 persons, was selected using a table of random numbers to comprise the research sample. Questionnaires, based on literature studies, and on previous studies undertaken by the researcher, were posted to 214 persons. The first part of the questionnaire requested autobiographic information, including the respondents' ages, marital status, qualifications and involvement in further studies. Other sections of the questionnaire endeavoured to obtain information about the reasons why the respondents requested the removal of their names from SAINC's registers and thus by implication why they left nursing; under what conditions they would consider re-entering the nursing profession; and whether they considered doing a re-entry course. Although this research could be regarded as being an exploratory descriptive survey, the research results do provide information which nurse researchers, educators and managers can use.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of a nitric oxide inhibitor (L-NAME) on peritoneal transport during dialysis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis [N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)] on peritoneal transport during peritoneal dialysis (PD) and peritonitis in rats. METHODS: The authors studied peritoneal transport of small and large solutes, and net ultrafiltration (UF) in rats during PD with Dianeal 3.86 (Baxter, McGaw Park, IL, U.S.A.). They evaluated the effect of L-NAME used as an additive to dialysis fluid in concentrations 0.5-5 mg/mL on peritoneal transport of small and large molecules and on transperitoneal UF. In addition, they studied the effect of L-NAME (5 mg/mL) during acute peritonitis induced by lipopolysaccharides (5 microg/mL) given intraperitoneally. RESULTS: The addition of L-NAME to dialysis fluid increased the selectivity of the peritoneum and net UF during dialysis. Lipopolysaccharides used as an additive to the dialysis fluid, together with L-NAME, did not induce changes in transperitoneal transport of small and large solutes and did not cause a significant decline in net UF. L-NAME given intraperitoneally reduced both local and systemic production of nitric oxide, which might explain its effects on peritoneal transport. CONCLUSIONS: Nitric oxide is an important mediator of changes in peritoneal transport and its effect is especially significant during peritonitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Renal alterations in L-NAME hypertension: influence of losartan and bosentan].

The influence of losartan and the endothelin A and B receptor antagonist, bosentan was assessed on the alterations in renal hemodynamic and function as well as urinary albumin excretion (taken as an index of renal lesions) associated with L-NAME hypertension. L-NAME was given for 4 weeks (20 mg/100 mL in the drinking (fluid) followed by a 2-week period of concomitant treatment with L-NAME and losartan or bosentan (30 and 30 mg/kg, gavage). A group of rats received L-NAME without additional treatment and a group of rats were not given L-NAME and served as normotensive controls. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was measured before L-NAME, and before and every 5 days of losartan or bosentan treatment period. Urinary excretion of albumin (UAlb) was determined before and at the end of treatment period. Under anesthesia, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were estimated by the clearance method and the filtration fraction was calculated [FF = 100* (GFR/RPF)].

Albuminuria↗

PubMed2003

On recognizing proper names: the orthographic cue hypothesis.

Five experiments investigated the recognition of proper names and common nouns using the lexical decision paradigm. In Experiments 1-3 the case of the initial letter of written stimuli was systematically varied. An advantage was consistently found for proper names written with the first letter in capital. Crucially, response times to proper names with the first letter in lowercase and to common nouns irrespective of the case of the first letter did not differ from each other. No difference between proper names and common nouns emerged in Experiment 4 where the stimuli were presented auditorily, and in Experiment 5 where a visual lexical decision task was performed with illegal non-words. The pattern of results shows that the proper name advantage is orthographic in nature and rules out an account in terms of semantic, morphological or other lexical variables. A model is proposed in which information about the case of the first letter is specified in the abstract multidimensional orthographic representation mediating written word recognition.

Adult↗