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PubMed1967

Studies on persistent infections of tissue culture. VI. Reversible changes in Newcastle disease virus populations as a result of passage in L cells or chick embryos.

Populations of the Victoria strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), reisolated from persistently infected L-cell cultures and passed twice in the embryonated hen's egg (NDV(L-E-2)), were found to differ strikingly from the original, chick embryo-adapted virus (NDV(o)). After exposure of L cells to NDV(o) at high multiplicities of infection, all cells became abortively infected; they produced only small aggregates of viral antigen and few, if any, infectious virus particles, but they yielded large amounts of interferon. No cytopathic effects (CPE) were noted, and the cultures survived readily as viral carriers. In contrast, NDV(L-E-2) yielded under similar conditions large quantities of viral antigen and infectious virus particles, but no detectable interferon, and the cultures were rapidly destroyed. This change in "virulence" was at least partially reversible by further serial passages of NDV(L-E-2) in chick embryos, as was evident from a consecutive decrease in CPE with a concomitant increasingly rapid recovery of the L-cell cultures, gradually diminishing yields of infectious viral progeny, and the returning of a capacity to induce interferon synthesis. Thus, NDV(L-E-16) resembled NDV(o) in many aspects, except for a less striking reduction in its ability to replicate in L cells. Although a selection of viral variants under the given sets of conditions has not been entirely excluded, the establishment of "avirulence" appears to be largely explained by a gradual accumulation of noninfectious, interferon-inducing components in the course of serial passages in the embryonated hen's egg, and the acquisition of "virulence" by a loss of these components. The evidence is as follows. (i) By a step-wise decrease in the dose of virus and restriction of the analyses to the first infectious cycle, a multiplicity of infection was ultimately reached for all "avirulent" populations at which infected cells produced normal yields of infectious viral progeny; i.e., the interferon-inducing components were diluted to noneffective levels. The lowest multiplicity which resulted in a measurable reduction in infectious virus replication was also the last one to induce detectable interferon synthesis. (ii) All viral clones derived from "avirulent" populations behaved like NDV(L-E-2) rather than like the parent viral suspensions, except that some of them elicited small amounts of interferon in L cells. The interferon-inducing components were reduced or lost in the cloning procedures. The nature of the interferon-inducing components has not been established. These components, which were neutralized by rabbit sera against "virulent" NDV(L-E-2) populations, may represent largely inactive or incomplete virus particles; however, the infectious virus-hemagglutinin ratios of "avirulent" populations were mostly of an order similar to those of "virulent" populations. The interferon-inducing components aborted the infectious process in cells simultaneously invaded by infectious virus particles. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Differentiation of Newcastle disease virus strains by one-dimensional peptide mapping.

One-dimensional peptide mapping was used for the differentiation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains. Virions were purified in one step, and digested with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease or chymotrypsin without prior separation of their proteins. Peptides were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue. This method proved to be a simple, economic and reproducible means of differentiating NDV strains.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed2002

An in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the virulence of Newcastle disease virus and vaccines for the chicken reproductive tract.

The virulence of two vaccine strains and two field strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for the female reproductive tract of chickens was assessed using oviduct organ cultures (OOC) prepared from precociously-induced oviducts in young chicks by oestrogen treatment. Ciliostasis, haemagglutination and virus isolation from infected OOC supernatants, histopathology and immunoperoxidase test results indicated the pathogenic nature of both vaccine and virulent NDVs for the precocious oviducts. The virulent viruses, mesogenic and lentogenic vaccines caused damage in that order of magnitude and the uterus had a higher susceptibility than oviducts. One virulent and the mesogenic strain of NDV were used for in vivo trials. The pathogenicity was assessed in oestrogen-treated infected chickens using histopathology and immunoperoxidase test. The vaccine virus produced transient damage up to 6 days post-infection, while the damage with the virulent isolate persisted for at least 9 days post-infection. This technique could be a pointer to possible variations in virulence of NDV vaccine and field strains, and warrants further investigation. The potential value of OOC from young chickens for testing the possibility of NDV vaccines causing damage by themselves and offering protection against damage of the reproductive tract caused by virulent isolates is emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from teals (Anas crecca) in Iran.

Eight of 30 teals (Anas crecca) died several days following capture and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) was isolated from all eight. Brains from the dead birds were homogenized and inoculated into chicken embryos. The allantoic fluid from the embryos were inoculated into 10 domestic chickens susceptible to NDV and 10 chickens immunized against NDV. Eight of 10 (80%) susceptible chickens died, while the immunized chickens remained healthy. Anti-NDV serum showed complete homology against NDV and the eight isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Monoclonal antibody based dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) and agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) for identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV).

Two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), viz. 2B7 and 2 D10 raised against haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were used to identify several other field isolates and vaccine strains of NDV. These MAbs reacted specifically with all the NDV strains/isolates in Dot-ELISA whereas, only MAb 2D10 reacted with all the NDV strains/isolates in agar gel precipitation test. These two tests employing the MAbs were standardised for rapid diagnosis and identification of NDV.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Antigenic characterization of the nucleocapsid protein of Newcastle disease virus by means of a new panel of monoclonal antibodies.

Nine monoclonal antibodies (MAB) against nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been prepared and characterized. All the MABs were classified into three groups by means of the competitive binding assay. At least three antigenic sites were delineated on the NP. The 1st site includes two closely located epitopes; the 2nd site includes two related and two distinct epitopes; the 3rd site includes two closely related and one distinct epitopes.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1982

Revertant analysis of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Newcastle disease virus with defective glycoproteins: implication of the fusion glycoprotein in cell killing and isolation of a neuraminidase-deficient hemagglutinating virus.

Biological and molecular properties of a temperature-sensitive mutant (C1) of Newcastle disease virus and its revertants were analyzed. C1 exhibited three temperature-sensitive alterations (plaque formation, virion assembly, and cytopathogenicity) and several defects which were also present at the permissive temperature. C1 virions contained low amounts of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycopeptides and consequently were deficient in hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities. These virions also contained defective fusion glycoproteins which rendered them poorly hemolytic and slow to penetrate cultured chicken embryo cells. The biological activities of the membrane glycoproteins were recovered sequentially in a series of plaque-forming revertants. The coreversion of hemolysis, membrane-penetrating activities, and cytopathogenicity in the first-step revertant (S1) suggested that fusion glycoproteins were major contributors to cellular destruction. This revertant also provided evidence of a role for fusion glycoproteins in virion assembly. From S1 we isolated a large-plaque-forming revertant (L1) that assembled wild-type amounts of biologically active hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins into virions. Although it was normal for hemagglutination, L1 had less than 3% of the neuraminidase activity of the wild type, demonstrating that these two activities can be uncoupled genetically. The neuraminidase deficiency of L1 did not impair its virulence in ovo or its reproduction in cultured cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Newcastle disease virus V protein is a determinant of host range restriction.

It has been demonstrated that the V protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) functions as an alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) antagonist (M. S. Park, M. L. Shaw, J. Muñoz-Jordan, J. F. Cros, T. Nakaya, N. Bouvier, P. Palese, A. García-Sastre, and C. F. Basler, J. Virol. 77:1501-1511, 2003). We now show that the NDV V protein plays an important role in host range restriction. In order to study V functions in vivo, recombinant NDV (rNDV) mutants, defective in the expression of the V protein, were generated. These rNDV mutants grow poorly in both embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) compared to the wild-type (wt) rNDV. However, insertion of the NS1 gene of influenza virus A/PR8/34 into the NDV V(-) genome [rNDV V(-)/NS1] restores impaired growth to wt levels in embryonated chicken eggs and CEFs. These data indicate that for viruses infecting avian cells, the NDV V protein and the influenza NS1 protein are functionally interchangeable, even though there are no sequence similarities between the two proteins. Interestingly, in human cells, the titer of wt rNDV is 10 times lower than that of rNDV V(-)/NS1. Correspondingly, the level of IFN secreted by human cells infected with wt rNDV is much higher than that secreted by cells infected with the NS1-expressing rNDV. This suggests that the IFN antagonist activity of the NDV V protein is species specific. Finally, the NDV V protein plays an important role in preventing apoptosis in a species-specific manner. The rNDV defective in V induces apoptotic cell death more rapidly in CEFs than does wt rNDV. Taken together, these data suggest that the host range of NDV is limited by the ability of its V protein to efficiently prevent innate host defenses, such as the IFN response and apoptosis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Suppression of the humoral immune response to inactivated Newcastle disease virus by Mycoplasma meleagridis in the Turkey.

Groups of Mycoplasma meleagridis-free and -infected turkeys were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at 5 and 8 weeks of age. The two groups did not differ significantly in antibody response to NDV as measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition test when a live vaccine (TCND) was used, but the two groups differed significantly when an inactivated vaccine was used; titers were higher in the mycoplasma-free group in both primary and secondary responses. The difference between responses of the mycoplasma-free and -infected groups to inactivated and live NDV was explained by a current hypothesis about the ontogeny of B-cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius and by its interference by M. meleagridis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of the immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus strains V4, B1 and La Sota in chickens. 1. Tests in susceptible chickens.

The immunogenicity of the Australian Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain V4 was compared with that of the International reference preparation of Hitchner B1 and a commercial La Sota strain. Immunity was assessed serologically using the log mean HI titres 21 days after immunisation, the percentage of birds in each group which developed titres greater than 2(3) and their resistance to graded challenge doses of the virulent Herts 33/56 strain of NDV. These tests showed that the V4 strain was significantly less immunogenic (P less than 0.01) than the B1 or La Sota strains when administered intraocularly (eye drop) or by aerosol methods. When given in the drinking water V4 induced a better immunity (P less than 0.01) than the B1 strain in one of 2 experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on infection of adult mice with the Thogoto-like Ar-126 arbovirus.

Inoculation of mice with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) alters the course of infection with the Thogoto-like arbovirus Tho-Ar-126. The Tho-Ar-126 content of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes was approximately 10 times greater in mice treated with NDV 24 h before infection; the mortality was somewhat increased, but liver damage (as indicated by serum transaminase levels) did not seem to be potentiated. Lymphocytopenia was observed in NDV-inoculated mice, and in the spleen and lymph nodes the proportion of lymphocytes susceptible to lysis by anti-theta (a marker for thymus-derived lymphocytes) was markedly decreased in these animals. This suggests that NDV potentiates infection by Tho-Ar-126 through its action on thymus-derived lymphocytes.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of a battery of monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of Newcastle disease virus and pigeon paramyxovirus-1 strains.

Twenty monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) prepared against the velogenic GB-Texas strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the type 1 pigeon paramyxovirus (PPMV-1) were characterized and examined as potential immunodiagnostic reagents. All MCAs generated were found to bind specifically, but with varying reactivity, to various NDV strains in direct binding assays. In addition, MCA 15C4 neutralized and inhibited hemagglutination (HA) of all lentogenic, mesogenic, and velogenic NDV strains tested but not the PPMV-1 strain. Antibody 10D11 also inhibited HA activity, but inhibition was more selective and limited to the mesogenic and domestic or indigenous velogenic strains of NDV. MCA 79 reacted in all serologic assays with an antigenic site common to all serotype 1 avian paramyxoviruses. Passive immunization studies involving three different neutralizing MCAs (35, 79, and 15C4) showed that enhanced, but not complete, protection against virulent NDV challenge was provided when the three MCAs were administered in combination.

Animals↗