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PubMed1980

Use and non-use of medication by sufferers of selected symptoms of depression.

The overuse of drugs as a means of alleviating stress and anxiety is thought to be characteristic of modern American society. This article addresses the problem by asking the question: given the number of people suffering from certain common symptoms, what percentage will seek relief through the use of medication? Multiple standardization is used to assess the effects of race, sex, age, marital status, and SES on the proportions of people reporting each symptom and the proportions of those who took medications, both before and after standardization for subgroup differences. More than 40 percent of the nearly 4000 adults surveyed reported some problems of sleeplessness and enervation, but when only those who reported persistent problems are examined, very few resorted to medications. The authors conclude that the U.S. is not a "pill-popping" society as depicted by the popular press.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population structure of two black Venezuelan populations studied through their mating structure and other related variables.

In order to obtain information about the population structure of two black Venezuelan populations with historical differences both in their origins and development, a variety of variables were utilized, especially on marital structure, including: frequency of surnames, isonymy, population genealogical consanguinity, multiple unions, and marital distances, all of which provided information and isolation, migration, endogamy, consanguinity, and patri-matrifocality. Results showed differences in the extent of isolation and endogamy, as well as differences in population structure, which can be directly related with historical conditions of each population. Results agree with those previously obtained with traditional genetic polymorphisms and with the historical information available. Thus, the usefulness of surnames for inferring about population structure is supported, as well as the usefulness of historical information for explaining genetic diversity.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparisons of retrospective and current reports of alcoholics and their spouses on drinking behavior.

This study examined the correspondence between reports of alcoholic husbands and their wives on multiple dimensions of alcohol consumption and drinking-related events. Retrospective reports as well as prospective diaries (90 day period) were obtained from both spouses on husbands' behaviors, and correspondence was assessed at group and individual levels. Although there was some variability in agreement between individual husband-wife pairs, overall results indicated that husband-wife correspondence was robust not only for global measures, but also for more specific dimensions of day-to-day consumption. Findings were discussed in terms of issues that affect the validity of alcoholics' reports.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Predicting the impact of severe illness in families.

The goals of this survey of families with a leukemic child were (1) to develop simple, objective methods of describing the overwhelming impact of this serious illness on families, and (2) to test the value of family coping responses that manifested themselves immediately after the diagnosis in predicting stress outcome as measured a few months after the death of the child. The findings indicate that most of the families with a seriously ill child were still overwhelmed by this crisis three months postmortem. The effectiveness of these families appeared, at that time, to have been substantially reduced in that their members suffered from multiple problems affecting their health and normal functioning. The evidence indicates substantial differences in the impact of the illness on the survey families, in accord with the effectiveness of their initial coping response to the diagnosis. Adaptive coping families were far superior in outcome than were maladaptive coping families in the follow-up survey. The study findings support the view that the optimal period for intervention is during the early, acute stage of the crisis, immediately following the confirmation of the diagnosis, when the family is making those decisions associated with maladaptive coping and poor stress outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Narcolepsy: a review of a common, life-long sleep disorder.

Narcolepsy is a severe debilitating chronic life-long sleep disorder that can be ameliorated but not cured. In the United States, its prevalence is at least 1 in 1000 making it more common than multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease. Its symptoms lead to severe lifestyle consequences, with profound impact on the affected persons, their interpersonal relationships, job, school experiences, and family life. Despite this, little has appeared in the nursing literature about the disorder. The most characteristic symptoms include uncontrollable excess daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (bilateral voluntary muscle weakness), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations and disturbed night-time sleep. Characteristics of normal sleep are reviewed and compared with disturbances seen in narcolepsy. The aetiology, assessment, diagnosis, pharmacologic therapy, non-pharmacologic therapy and psychosocial issues are discussed along with needed research directions.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of insomnia and its relationship to menopausal status in middle-aged Korean women.

Although the prevalence of insomnia and the association of insomnia with menopause have been well reported, not much work has been conducted in population-based research on insomnia and menopause in Korea. The purpose of the present report was to determine overall and different prevalence of insomnia by menopausal status, and the relationship between insomnia and menopause in a population-based sample of middle-aged Korean women. A total of 96.1% of 2497 randomly selected middle-aged Korean women participated. Insomnia was defined as occurring three times a week or more in the previous month. Subjects were categorized into three groups: premenopause, perimenopause, and postmenopause. The overall prevalence of insomnia in middle-aged Korean women was 14.3%. The most common symptom of insomnia was difficulty maintaining sleep (9.7%), followed by difficulty initiating sleep (7.9%), and early morning awakening (7.5%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that menopause was independently associated with insomnia after adjusting for confounding factors such as age, income, and depression. Perimenopause was significantly associated with a dramatic increase in the risk of insomnia, but there was no significant association for postmenopause. The major finding is that insomnia is significantly associated with the menopausal transition. The prevalence of insomnia increases significantly by the transition from premenopause to perimenopause, but not to postmenopause. A further prospective study is needed to investigate the influence of menopause on insomnia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Eyelid rejuvenation: a marriage of old and new.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Lower lid anatomy and the subtleties of this region have been studied extensively in the past. The variations that are found in the lower eyelid can lead to complications if the surgeon does not have a complete understanding. Lower lid blepharoplasty techniques have progressed over the past from simple skin excisions to midface and lower eyelid repositioning. With these modifications, our understanding of the anatomy and the function of the lower eyelid improve. This review highlights the findings of lower eyelid anatomy and rejuvenating techniques reported over the past year. RECENT FINDINGS: Over this past year anatomic studies have been performed focusing on the aging eye and midface in both Asians and non-Asians. Controversial work has been presented using an injectable (phosphatidylcholine) to ablate fat in the lower eyelids. A myriad of articles have discussed various options for combined midface and lower eyelid rejuvenation. The age-old argument of transconjunctival vs skin muscle techniques has been presented. More recent debates over fat volumetric preservation continue. Finally, a highlight of this year was a retrospective study looking at a conservative approach to blepharoplasty. SUMMARY: This has been a year of confirmation of old techniques and anatomic findings and a year of increasing complexity in midface lower eyelid rejuvenation. What is clear is that no one technique is ideal for every patient. A basic understanding of lower eyelid anatomy, preoperative evaluation, and a grasp of the multiple techniques will allow us to formulate a treatment algorithm that can be safe and effective for our patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Unemployment and mortality in Denmark, 1970-80.

Relative mortality in the period 1970-80 was studied among Danish men and women who were unemployed and employed on the day of the 1970 census. The study population consisted of the total labour force in the age range 20-64 on 9 November 1970--that is, about 2 million employed and 22,000 unemployed people. Relative mortality was analysed by a multiplicative hazard regression model (as a natural extension of the standardised mortality ratio) and a multiplicative regression model with extra-Poisson variation. A significantly increased death rate (40-50%) was found among the unemployed after adjusting for occupation, housing category, geographical region, and marital state. Analysis of five main causes of death showed increased mortality from all causes, but especially from suicide or accidents. In areas where the local unemployment rate was comparatively high the relative mortality among the unemployed was lower. The increased mortality among the unemployed was interpreted as a consequence of health related selection as well as increased susceptibility associated with the psychosocial stress of unemployment.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Oculodento-osseous dysplasia: heterogeneity or variable expression?

Oculodento-osseous dysplasia (ODOD) has been recognised in three South African patients from two kindreds of Dutch descent. Their ocular, nasal, dental and digital stigmata resembled those of previously reported cases, but their cranial hyperostosis and mandibular overgrowth were of much greater degree. In addition, the two survivors had serious neurological complications consequent upon spinal cord compression at the base of the skull and calcification of the basal ganglia. Two of the patients were the product of marriages between a pair of brothers and a pair of sisters, who were themselves clinically normal. This situation is best explained by autosomal recessive inheritance. As ODOD is usually transmitted as an autosomal dominant, and in view of the unusual severity of the manifestations in our patients, it is possible that the condition is heterogeneous and that they had a distinct autosomal recessive form of the disorder. The presence of minimal stigmata in the mother and two prior generations of our third patient could be equally well interpreted as representing great variation in phenotypic expression of a single dominant gene or manifestation in a heterozygote for a recessive gene.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1986

Unresolved grief of 25 years duration exacerbated by multiple subsequent losses.

A case report is presented in which there was a pathological grief reaction of 25 years duration that was not identified during many psychiatric hospitalizations. The case illustrates some of the situational and personality factors that can contribute to the failure to resolve grief, theoretically for an indefinite period of time. It also illustrates what a confusing clinical picture can be presented in a pathological grief reaction unless the impact of significant losses has been thoroughly evaluated. Finally, the manner in which this patient attempts to resolve his grief is discussed. Further research is needed to define the manifestations of bereavement as a clinical entity, to identify factors predisposing individuals to a pathological outcome, and to specify the various ways by which people come to accept a loss.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Older adults' perceptions of their health and functioning in relation to sleep disturbance, falling, and urinary incontinence.FICSIT Group.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate variation in older adults' perceived health and functioning that is associated with self-reported sleep disturbance, falling, and urinary incontinence, controlling for self-reported depression, ambulation difficulty, number of chronic conditions, and subjects' sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN: Multicenter prospective study (FICSIT). SETTING: Persons age 70 and older living in the community evaluated at baseline. PARTICIPANTS: 239 women, 113 men; mean age = 77. MEASUREMENTS: Sleep disturbance score based on EPESE questions, recent falls history (Y/N), incontinent episodes (Y/N), CES-D score, SIP Ambulation score, and 4 MOS SF-36 scale scores. RESULTS: Women were significantly more likely than men to report multiple conditions (sleep disturbance, falling, incontinence) and to report lower levels of functioning as measured by 3 of 4 SF-36 scales. In regression analyses, sleep disturbance and urinary incontinence were significant predictors of perceived limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems. Depression and ambulation measures significantly predicted scores on all 4 SF-36 scales. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that it is important to address depressive symptomatology and ambulation difficulty--which in turn are related to sleep disturbance, falling, and urinary incontinence--in efforts to enhance older adults' perceived health and functioning.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1997

Remarriage of women and men after divorce: the role of socioeconomic prospects.

"This analysis of remarriage among the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study's cohort of high school graduates investigates the relationship between socioeconomic prospects and remarriage after divorce. This article expands on previous efforts by including multiple measures of socioeconomic prospects and considering their importance over an extended time frame. In addition, a comparative approach is taken in this analysis, with the importance of socioeconomic prospects considered for the remarriage of both women and men. Several competing hypotheses are tested, with results indicating that, for women, the appropriate model of remarriage varies with age of separation from the first husband. With few exceptions, socioeconomic prospects are not found to be related to the remarriage of men. The implications of these findings for patterns of poverty among divorced women are considered." This paper was originally presented at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence of genital mycoplasmas in women at the time of diagnostic laparoscopy.

The cervicovaginal and endometrial isolation rates of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis and relevant demographic data were obtained at the time of laparoscopy in 193 women from infertile marriage. For comparative purposes, fertile women undergoing laparoscopy for tubal ligation (n = 56) or other purposes (n = 64) were also cultured. Blacks were more likely than caucasians to be infected with either organism in all population types (p less than or equal to .05); however, no differences were noted in cervicovaginal carriage rates for blacks in different patient populations. M. hominis was isolated more frequently from tubal reanastomosis patients and less often from infertile patients, p less than or equal to .001. No differences were noted among the infertile subpopulations. Although the isolation rate of U. urealyticum from the different patient populations was similar, one subpopulation within the infertile population (male factor) was identified in which the prevalence of ureaplasmal infection of the female's lower genital tract was over twice as high (p less than or equal to .005) as in other infertile women. Yet there were no statistically significant differences in the demographic data of this subpopulation as compared to the population of infertile women as a whole. No other clinical subpopulation with single or multiple diagnoses not including male factor had an increased prevalence of infection. Eighty percent of infected, infertile couples had no clinical evidence of male factor infertility, indicating that only certain individuals are affected. This possibly explains why previous studies involving small numbers of patients without regard to clinical subpopulations have failed to show significant differences between infected and uninfected couples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Personality characteristics of father/perpetrators and nonoffending mothers in incest families: individual and dyadic analyses.

Clinical reports suggest that mothers and fathers in incestuous families exhibit characteristic personality traits. Typically the father/perpetrator is described as powerful and domineering, the mother weak and submissive. The present study examined individual personality characteristics of 65 nonoffending mothers and 94 father/perpetrators, and used canonical correlations and multiple regression analyses to examine patterns of personality traits occurring in 63 pairs of fathers and mothers in which there was acknowledged child sexual abuse by the fathers. At the individual level, a minority of both mothers and offenders differed from norms on traits reflecting social inadequacy, but no personality deviations were prototypical in either group. At the dyadic level, no evidence for a pervasive "dominant-submissive" pairing was found. Results indicated that father/perpetrator traits tended to be similar to traits of nonoffending mothers. Forensic, clinical, and research implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Mother-child interactions: a comparison of a clinic-referred developmentally delayed group and two non-delayed groups.

The purpose of the present study was to compare a clinic-referred sample of developmentally delayed children to two groups of children who were not delayed: a clinic-referred sample and a nonclinic sample. Multiple outcome measures, including home observations of mother-child interactions, parental perceptions of child adjustment, and parental measures of depression and marital adjustment, were utilized. The results indicated that the delayed sample differed from the two nondelayed samples primarily in terms of emitting more maternal behavior, particularly the number of commands issued. A lower rate of compliance to total maternal commands also occurred for the delayed group. Finally, the clinic-referred delayed sample differed from the nonclinic non-delayed sample by perceiving their children as less well-adjusted. Implications of the results are discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed2002

Infant mortality statistics from the 2000 period linked birth/infant death data set.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents the 2000 period infant mortality statistics from the linked birth/infant death data set (linked file) by a variety of maternal and infant characteristics. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data are presented and interpreted. RESULTS: Infant mortality rates ranged from 3.5 per 1,000 live births for Chinese mothers to 13.5 for black mothers. Among Hispanics, rates ranged from 4.5 for Cuban mothers to 8.2 for Puerto Rican mothers. Infant mortality rates were higher for those infants whose mothers had no prenatal care, were teenagers, had 9-11 years of education, were unmarried, or smoked during pregnancy. Infant mortality was also higher for male infants, multiple births, and infants born preterm or at low birthweight. The three leading causes of infant death--Congenital malformations, low birthweight, and Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)--taken together accounted for 45 percent of all infant deaths in the United States in 2000. Cause-specific mortality rates varied considerably by race and Hispanic origin. For infants of black mothers, the infant mortality rate for low birthweight was nearly four times that for white mothers. For infants of black and American Indian mothers, the SIDS rates were 2.4 and 2.3 times that for non-Hispanic white mothers.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1984

Physicians treating their own spouses: relationship of physicians to their own family's health care.

Fifty-one family physicians and a comparable group of 65 lawyers were surveyed to determine how each group treated the medical problems of their spouses. There was no significant difference between physician and lawyer controls in the treatment of headaches, sore throats, vomiting, depression, pregnancy, and warts. In fact, the controls treated back pain and stomachaches more often. The physicians treated earaches and deep lacerations more often. The physicians more frequently took a symptom history and examined their spouse. Both groups treated their spouses' headaches, sore throats, and stomachaches at a high rate. This study supports the impression from a literature review and case studies that unique multiple interacting factors determine whether a physician will treat his or her spouse. These factors are feeling of responsibility to answer a request for treatment, cost, convenience, confidentiality, lack of confidence, emotional involvement or detachment, ego needs, and legal considerations. It is concluded that (1) physicians do not generally treat their spouses more often, but they do evaluate their spouses' symptoms more often than do nonphysicians, and (2) the decision to treat by the physician may compromise good care for his or her spouse. It is recommended that physicians and their spouses have an alternative, nonrelated physician to care for their health.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Maternal correlates of toddler insecure and dependent behavior.

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between characteristics of mothers and their toddler's insecure and dependent behavior. The authors studied 254 2-year-old toddlers and their mothers via a structured questionnaire administered to the mothers in their homes. The extent to which insecure and dependent behavior is related to the domains of maternal child rearing, maternal personality traits, parental marital relations, and maternal drug use was assessed. Using Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the authors found that the maternal child-rearing and maternal personality domains have a direct effect on the toddlers' insecure and dependent behavior. The maternal child-rearing domain also served as a mediator for the domains of the maternal personality attributes, parents' marital relations, and maternal drug use. There also was evidence suggesting an indirect effect of maternal personality attributes on the toddlers' insecure and dependent behavior, which is mediated by the domain of maternal child-rearing practices. Implications for the prevention of insecure and dependent behavior in toddlers are discussed.

Child of Impaired Parents↗