Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Menthol”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Microbiological aspects of the chemical control of plaque and gingivitis.

Antimicrobial agents, delivered either by mouthrinse or toothpaste, can be used to maintain plaque at levels compatible with oral health by (a) reducing existing plaque, (b) preventing the formation of new plaque, (c) selectively inhibiting those particular bacteria that are associated with disease, and (d) inhibiting the expression of virulence determinants. Although many antimicrobial agents would appear to be suitable for plaque control, few have been found to possess clinical efficacy. This is because of inherent problems in the mode of action of agents in the mouth, and with difficulties with their formulation into dental products. Currently formulated antimicrobial agents include metal salts (e.g., zinc, stannous, copper), phenols (triclosan), plant extracts (sanguinarine), enzymes (e.g., glucanase, amyloglucosidase/glucose oxidase), "essential oils" (e.g., thymol, menthol), and bisbiguanides (chlorhexidine). Although many of these agents exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in the laboratory, they may display valuable selective properties on plaque. The effect of an agent will be concentration-dependent. Initially, the inhibitor may be briefly at levels above its MIC, but thereafter, it will be desorbed off oral surfaces and operate at sub-lethal concentrations. At these latter levels, agents can be effective by inhibiting metabolism (e.g., acid production, protease activity), and slowing bacterial growth. Agents with complementary modes of action are being combined to increase their antibacterial effectiveness. The long-term use of dental products containing antimicrobial agents should not (a) disrupt the natural balance of the oral microflora, (b) lead to colonization by exogenous organisms, or (c) lead to the development of microbial resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for acute soft tissue injuries.

The empirical evidence supporting the use of topical NSAIDs in acute soft tissue injuries is weak. However, patient ratings of improvement consistently favor NSAID treatment over placebo. Although it is very difficult to differentiate the placebo effect from the natural course of improvement in these patients, the overall impression given by these studies is that of superior efficacy of topical NSAIDs over placebo. The study by Akermark and Forsskahl suggests that indomethacin applied topically is as effective as therapeutic doses of oral indomethacin. Further studies need to be conducted to generalize this conclusion to other NSAIDs. Studies comparing the relative efficacy of topical NSAIDs with counterirritants available over-the-counter (e.g., menthol, camphor, methylsalicylate) also would be useful.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Studies of the isoprenoid-mediated inhibition of mevalonate synthesis applied to cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention.

Pools of farnesyl diphosphate and other phosphorylated products of the mevalonate pathway are essential to the post-translational processing and physiological function of small G proteins, nuclear lamins, and growth factor receptors. Inhibitors of enzyme activities providing those pools, namely, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase and mevalonic acid-pyrophosphate decarboxylase, and of activities requiring substrates from the pools, the prenyl protein transferases, have potential for development as novel chemotherapeutic agents. Their potentials as suggested by the clinical responses recorded in Phase I and II investigations of inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase (the statins), of mevalonic acid-pyrophosphate decarboxylase (sodium phenylacetate and sodium phenylbutyrate), and of farnesyl protein transferase (R115777, SCH66336, BMS-214662, Tipifarnib, L-778,123, and, prematurely, perillyl alcohol) are dimmed by dose-limiting toxicities. These nondiscriminant growth-suppressive agents induce G1 arrest and initiate apoptosis and differentiation, effects attributed to modulation of cell signaling pathways either by modulating gene expression, suppressing the post-translational processing of signaling proteins and growth factor receptors, or altering diacylglycerol signaling. Diverse isoprenoids and the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, modulate cell growth, induce cell cycle arrest, initiate apoptosis, and suppress cellular signaling activities. Perillyl alcohol, the isoprenoid of greatest clinical interest, initially was considered to inhibit farnesyl protein transferase; follow-up studies revealed that perillyl alcohol suppresses the synthesis of small G proteins and HMG CoA reductase. In sterologenic tissues, sterol feedback control, mediated by sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) 1a and 2, exerts the primary regulation on HMG CoA reductase activity at the transcriptional level. Secondary regulation, a nonsterol isoprenoid-mediated fine-tuning of reductase activity, occurs at the levels of reductase translation and degradation. HMG CoA reductase activity in tumors is elevated and resistant to sterol feedback regulation, possibly as a consequence of aberrant SREBP activities. Nonetheless, tumor reductase remains sensitive to isoprenoid-mediated post-transcriptional downregulation. Farnesol, an acyclic sesquiterpene, and farnesyl homologs, gamma-tocotrienol and various farnesyl derivatives, inhibit reductase synthesis and accelerate reductase degradation. Cyclic monoterpenes, d-limonene, menthol and perillyl alcohol and beta-ionone, a carotenoid fragment, lower reductase mass; perillyl alcohol and d-limonene lower reductase mass by modulating translational efficiency. The elevated reductase expression and greater demand for nonsterol products to maintain growth amplify the susceptibility of tumor reductase to isoprenoids, therein rendering tumor cells more responsive than normal cells to isoprenoid-mediated growth suppression. Blends of lovastatin, a potent nondiscriminant inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, and gamma-tocotrienol, a potent isoprenoid shown to post-transcription-ally attenuate reductase activity with specificity for tumors, synergistically affect the growth of human DU145 and LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells and pending extensive preclinical evaluation, potentially offer a novel chemotherapeutic strategy free of the dose-limiting toxicity associated with high-dose lovastatin and other nondiscriminant mevalonate pathway inhibitors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Chemosensory properties of murine nasal and cutaneous trigeminal neurons identified by viral tracing.

BACKGROUND: Somatosensation of the mammalian head is mainly mediated by the trigeminal nerve that provides innervation of diverse tissues like the face skin, the conjunctiva of the eyes, blood vessels and the mucouse membranes of the oral and nasal cavities. Trigeminal perception encompasses thermosensation, touch, and pain. Trigeminal chemosensation from the nasal epithelia mainly evokes stinging, burning, or pungent sensations. In vitro characterization of trigeminal primary sensory neurons derives largely from analysis of complete neuronal populations prepared from sensory ganglia. Thus, functional properties of primary trigeminal afferents depending on the area of innervation remain largely unclear. RESULTS: We established a PrV based tracing technique to identify nasal and cutaneous trigeminal neurons in vitro. This approach allowed analysis and comparison of identified primary afferents by means of electrophysiological and imaging measurement techniques. Neurons were challenged with several agonists that were reported to exhibit specificity for known receptors, including TRP channels and purinergic receptors. In addition, TTX sensitivity of sodium currents and IB4 binding was investigated. Compared with cutaneous neurons, a larger fraction of nasal trigeminal neurons showed sensitivity for menthol and capsaicin. These findings pointed to TRPM8 and TRPV1 receptor protein expression largely in nasal neurons whereas for cutaneous neurons these receptors are present only in a smaller fraction. The majority of nasal neurons lacked P2X3 receptor-mediated currents but showed P2X2-mediated responses when stimulated with ATP. Interestingly, cutaneous neurons revealed largely TTX resistant sodium currents. A significantly higher fraction of nasal and cutaneous afferents showed IB4 binding when compared to randomly chosen trigeminal neurons. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the usability of PrV mediated tracing of primary afferents was demonstrated. Using this technique it could be shown that compared with neurons innervating the skin nasal trigeminal neurons reveal pronounced chemosensitivity for TRPM8 and TRPV1 channel agonists and only partially meet properties typical for nociceptors. In contrast to P2X3 receptors, TRPM8 and TRPV1 receptors seem to be of pronounced physiological relevance for intranasal trigeminal sensation.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2005

How cold is it? TRPM8 and TRPA1 in the molecular logic of cold sensation.

Recognition of temperature is a critical element of sensory perception and allows us to evaluate both our external and internal environments. In vertebrates, the somatosensory system can discriminate discrete changes in ambient temperature, which activate nerve endings of primary afferent fibers. These thermosensitive nerves can be further segregated into those that detect either innocuous or noxious (painful) temperatures; the latter neurons being nociceptors. We now know that thermosensitive afferents express ion channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family that respond at distinct temperature thresholds, thus establishing the molecular basis for thermosensation. Much is known of those channels mediating the perception of noxious heat; however, those proposed to be involved in cool to noxious cold sensation, TRPM8 and TRPA1, have only recently been described. The former channel is a receptor for menthol, and links the sensations provided by this and other cooling compounds to temperature perception. While TRPM8 almost certainly performs a critical role in cold signaling, its part in nociception is still at issue. The latter channel, TRPA1, is activated by the pungent ingredients in mustard and cinnamon, but has also been postulated to mediate our perception of noxious cold temperatures. However, a number of conflicting reports have suggested that the role of this channel in cold sensation needs to be confirmed. Thus, the molecular logic for the perception of cold-evoked pain remains enigmatic. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of these cold thermoreceptors, as well as address the current controversy regarding TRPA1 and cold signaling.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of several hydrophilic polymers on the permeation of morphine and salicylic acid through excised hairless rat skin.

Several hydrophilic polymers changed the cumulative amount of morphine (MOR) permeated through excised hairless rat skin from 1% MOR hydrochloride solution containing ethanol and l-menthol at concentrations of 40% and 5%, respectively, as permeation enhancers. Anionic polymers (carboxyvinylpolymer and methylvinylether-maleic anhydride copolymer) in the test solutions decreased the skin permeation of MOR, whereas cationic polymers (polyethyleneimine and chitosan) increased it, compared with that without polymers. Little change, however, was observed by the addition of nonionic polymers (hydroxypropylcellulose and polyethyleneoxide). On the other hand, the cationic and anionic polymers in the test solutions decreased and increased, respectively, the skin permeation of salicylic acid (SA) from the same enhancing system containing sodium salicylate. These opposite results were probably caused by the change in escaping tendency of the drugs from the vehicles, which was due to the drug-polymer interaction. (The escaping tendency has a great effect on the drug partition from the polymer solution to the skin barrier). The effect of hydrophilic polymers on the partition was then evaluated by Donnan membrane theory. The partition of MOR was increased and decreased by the presence of polymers having identical and opposite charge to MOR. The low partition of the drugs to skin may also be caused by low diffusion of the drugs in the polymer solutions. The drug release from the hydrophilic polymer solutions was then measured, and the release rate was found to have decreased in the presence of polymers having opposite charge to MOR and SA. It is suggested that these drug-polymer interactions changed the drug partition to skin thus changing the skin permeation of the drug.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2004

Separation of stereoisomers of some terpene derivatives by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin derivative columns.

Gas chromatographic separations of the stereoisomers of menthol derivatives, important intermediates in the synthesis of physiologically active natural products, were carried out on several substituted beta-cyclodextrin (CD) columns, including per-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (PME-beta-CD), heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-CD (DIAC-6-TBDS-beta-CD), and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-CD (DIME-6-TBDS-beta-CD) as chiral stationary phases (CSPs). With the DIME-6-TBDS-beta-CD column, a separation of the Z- and E-isomers of methylidenementhol was accomplished; no separation was achieved with the other columns. The stereoisomers of methylidenementhol and the corresponding tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) ether were separated on both the beta-CD and the heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TME-beta-CD) columns by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a mobile phase involving acetonitrile and H(2)O. For the separation of the Z- and E-isomers of methylidenementhol, the TME-beta-CD column was superior. In contrast, the beta-CD column was preferable in the case of the corresponding TBS ether.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of pharmaceutical properties of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug preparations on quality of life.

To compare the effects of different pharmaceutical properties of commercially available topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the quality of life, we administered a questionnaire to 65 healthy volunteers. We investigated five creams, five gels, and four solutions of topical NSAID preparations in this study. The survey was conducted to clarify the relationship of their answers and pharmaceutical properties of the topical NSAID preparations. Questions addressed spreadability, smell, viscosity, and comfort level of the topical NSAID preparations. Among the five creams, Napageln had lower spreadability, less smell, and greater viscosity than the other preparations. Because of its easy spreadability, weak smell, and low viscosity, the volunteers favored Sector cream among the cream preparations. Among the five gel preparations, Inteban had less spreadability, stronger smell, and higher viscosity than the other preparations. The volunteers favored Epatec over the other gel preparations. All four solutions had the odor of menthol and other artificial ingredients, except for Napageln. These findings indicate that information on the pharmaceutical properties of commercially available topical NSAID preparations will be helpful to physicians and pharmacists in conducting medical treatment and prescribing.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2002

Enzymatic synthesis of l-menthyl alpha-maltoside and l-menthyl alpha-maltooligosides from l-menthyl alpha-glucoside by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase.

l-Menthyl alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (alpha-MenG2), a novel glycoside of l-menthol, was synthesized enzymatically and its physicochemical properties were characterized. Production of alpha-MenG2 from l-menthyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside (alpha-MenG) was attempted since we had already succeeded in the high-yield production of alpha-MenG using a Xanthomonas campestris enzyme (Nakagawa H., et al. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 89, 138-144, 2000). Through production tests on enzymes, it was confirmed that cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus macerans produced l-menthyl alpha-D-maltooligosides (alpha-MenG(n)), containing alpha-MenG2, from alpha-MenG and soluble starch. When 10 ml of a 10 mM citrate-10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 150 mg of alpha-MenG, 3 g of soluble starch and CGTase was shaken at 70 degrees C for 24 h, a total of 81.8% alpha-MenG was reacted. The molar conversion yields of alpha-MenG2 and alpha-MenG(n) with alpha-glucose degrees of polymerization of 3-18, based on the amount of alpha-MenG supplied, reached 16.1% and 65.7%, respectively. For efficient production of alpha-MenG2, the reaction mixture was treated with alpha-amylase of Aspergillus oryzae, and alpha-MenG(n) were mainly converted into alpha-MenG2: finally, the molar conversion yield of alpha-MenG2 reached 74.2% based on the amount of alpha-MenG supplied. alpha-MenG2 was purified and its molecular structure was confirmed by 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR and two-dimensional HMBC (heteronuclear multiple-bond coherence). alpha-MenG2 and its aqueous solution tasted bitter and a little sweet at first, but in a few minutes, a refreshing flavor and sweetness spread. At 20 degrees C the solubility of alpha-MenG2 in pure water was 29.6 g/100 ml, approximately 1570-fold that of alpha-MenG.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

[A basic study for estimating the level of exposure to a nasal inhalant containing a stimulant].

Criminal cases involving stimulant abuse have increased since 1970 but have now leveled off. Some of the offenders claimed to have used the Vicks Inhaler containing a stimulant (1-methamphetamine) which is used for the treatment of nasal obstruction. The aim of this experiment was to measure the amount of 1-methamphetamine contained in the Vicks Inhaler by stimulating the human respiratory system. The results are as follows: 1) The data from the stimulation experiment showed that the inhalation level of 1-methamphetamine was estimated to be 320.4ng. From this value, the level of 1-methamphetamine absorbed per one respiration was calculated to be 21ng. 2) The data from quantitative and qualitative analysis by gas-chromatography showed that menthol interfered with the methamphetamine. 3) A qualitative test for the stimulant in urine was negative when the subject inhaled the Vicks Inhaler only once. However, this test turned positive when the subject inhaled it more than 17 times.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

Effects of branched cyclodextrins on the solubility and stability of terpenes.

In order to investigate the application potential of branched CDs, the solubilizing ability and the stabilizing ability of G2-betaCD and GUG-betaCD were investigated by using twelve terpenes (d-limonene, myrcene, terpinolene, geraniol, l-menthol, nerol, alpha-terpineol, citral, d-citronellal, l-perillaldehyde, (R)-l-carvone, and menthone) as guest compounds. G2-betaCD and GUG-betaCD showed more solubilizing ability for these twelve terpenes than betaCD, and the ability of GUG-betaCD was almost the same as that of G2-betaCD. The stabilizing ability of terpene-GUG-betaCD complexes was different from that of G2-betaCD. GUG-betaCD was superior to G2-betaCD, especially in the solid state. This result may have been caused by the difference in structure of side chain, namely the hydroxymethyl group in G2-betaCD and the carboxyl group in GUG-betaCD.

Cyclodextrins↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis, absolute configuration and biological activities of both enantiomers of 2-(5,7-Dichloro-3-indolyl)propionic acid: a novel dichloroindole auxin and antiauxin.

Racemic 2-(5,7-dichloro-3-indolyl)propionic acid (5,7-Cl(2)-2-IPA) was synthesized from 5,7-dichloroindole-3-acetic acid by successive esterification, methoxycarbonylation, methylation, and double hydrolysis. The racemate was converted to diastereomeric esters of l-menthol; these were separated by recycling HPLC into two optically active diastereomers that were then hydrolyzed with p-TsOH to two optically active enantiomers of 5,7-Cl(2)-2-IPA. The absolute configurations of both these enantiomers were determined by comparing the (1)H-NMR spectra of their diastereomeric l-menthyl esters with those of the diastereomeric l-menthyl esters of 2-(3-indolyl)propionic acid (2-IPA) of known absolute configurations.An assay by the coleoptile elongation of Avena sativa showed the (S)-(+)-enantiomer of 5,7-Cl(2)-2-IPA to have weak auxin activity, whereas the (R)-(-)-antipode had no auxin activity at any concentration tested. Interestingly, the (R)-(-)-enantiomer had antiauxin activity very close to that of 2-(5,7-dichloro-3-indolyl)isobutyric acid (5,7-Cl(2)-IIBA), a strong antiauxin. These data indicate that, of the two methyl groups in its molecule, the antiauxin activity of 5,7-Cl(2)-IIBA was due only to the (R)-methyl group.

Avena↗
PubMed2006

Effect of monoterpenes on the formation and activation of osteoclasts in vitro.

UNLABELLED: Monoterpenes, present in aromatic plants, are known to inhibit bone resorption in vivo. In this in vitro study, they inhibited the activation of osteoclasts only at high concentrations but inhibited the formation at much lower concentrations. Therefore, monoterpenes may act in vivo directly on osteoclastogenesis. INTRODUCTION: Monoterpenes are the major components of essential oils, which are formed in many plants. Typically, they are found in herbs and certain fruits. When fed to rats, they inhibit bone resorption by an unknown mechanism. In this study, their effect on the activity and formation of osteoclasts in vitro was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of monoterpenes on the development of osteoclasts was studied in co-cultures of bone marrow cells and osteoblasts and in cultures of spleen cells grown with colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and RANKL. In cultures of primary osteoblasts, alkaline phosphatase activity and levels of mRNA encoding RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA (RT-PCR), and in osteoblast and spleen cell cultures, lactate dehydrogenase activity, a measure of toxicity, were determined. The activity of isolated rat osteoclasts was determined by counting the osteoclasts with actin rings using histofluorometry. RESULTS: The monoterpenes inhibited the formation of osteoclasts more strongly in co-cultures (> or = 1 microM) than in cultures of spleen cells (> or = 10 microM). They had a minor effect on osteoblasts. Toxic effects were not observed. The inhibition of the formation of osteoclasts was not reversed by the addition of farnesol and geranylgeraniol, excluding an effect of the monoterpenes through the mevalonate pathway. A high concentration of 1 mM was required to inhibit the activation of osteoclasts. This effect, shown for menthol and borneol, was reversible. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the monoterpenes inhibit bone resorption in vivo through a direct effect on the formation of osteoclasts acting mainly on the hemopoietic cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The differential effect of cigarette smoke on the growth of bacteria found in humans.

The effect of cigarette smoke on growth of those species of bacteria that are considered common potential human pathogens was examined in vitro. Smoke from both mentholated and nonmentholated cigarettes inhibited the growth of Gram-positive cocci to a greater degree than that of Gram-negative rods. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and a variety of other streptococci were inhibited at a smoke solution dilution of 1:8. Enteric bacteria such as Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas were not affected by a 1:1 dilution of the solution. As with the Gram-positive cocci, the Neisseria species and Branhamella were also inhibited at a dilution of 1:8. Culture results of the mouth of 15 smokers and 15 nonsmokers showed that the smokers have a propensity to develop heavy Gram-negative bacterial colonization.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases of Mentha species.

The oxygenation pattern of the monoterpenoids of mint (Mentha) species is determined by regiospecific cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation of the common olefinic precursor (-)-limonene. In peppermint, C3-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-isopiperitenol that ultimately is converted to (-)-menthol, whereas in spearmint, C6-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-carveol that is oxidized to (-)-carvone. The limonene-6-hydroxylase and the cytochrome P450 reductase were purified from the oil glands of spearmint, and the system was reconstituted. Amino acid sequences from the purified hydroxylase were utilized to design primers with which a large, non-degenerate PCR product was prepared. This probe was employed to screen a spearmint oil gland cDNA library from which the corresponding full-length cDNA was isolated. This clone provides the tool for isolating the homologous cDNA species from peppermint and related Mentha species.

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System↗
PubMed2005

Camphor activates and strongly desensitizes the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 channel in a vanilloid-independent mechanism.

Camphor is a naturally occurring compound that is used as a major active ingredient of balms and liniments supplied as topical analgesics. Despite its long history of common medical use, the underlying molecular mechanism of camphor action is not understood. Capsaicin and menthol, two other topically applied agents widely used for similar purposes, are known to excite and desensitize sensory nerves by acting on two members of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily: heat-sensitive TRP vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) and cold-sensitive TRP channel M8, respectively. Camphor has recently been shown to activate TRPV3, and here we show that camphor also activates heterologously expressed TRPV1, requiring higher concentrations than capsaicin. Activation was enhanced by phospholipase C-coupled receptor stimulation mimicking inflamed conditions. Similar camphor-activated TRPV1-like currents were observed in isolated rat DRG neurons and were strongly potentiated after activation of protein kinase C with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Camphor activation of rat TRPV1 was mediated by distinct channel regions from capsaicin, as indicated by camphor activation in the presence of the competitive inhibitor capsazepine and in a capsaicin-insensitive point mutant. Camphor did not activate the capsaicin-insensitive chicken TRPV1. TRPV1 desensitization is believed to contribute to the analgesic actions of capsaicin. We found that, although camphor activates TRPV1 less effectively, camphor application desensitized TRPV1 more rapidly and completely than capsaicin. Conversely, TRPV3 current sensitized after repeated camphor applications, which is inconsistent with the analgesic role of camphor. We also found that camphor inhibited several other related TRP channels, including ankyrin-repeat TRP 1 (TRPA1). The camphor-induced desensitization of TRPV1 and block of TRPA1 may underlie the analgesic effects of camphor.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of mouthrinses with antimicrobial solutions on the inhibition of dental plaque and on the levels of mutans streptococci in children.

The effect of daily mouthrinses on dental plaque accumulation and on salivary mutans streptococci was investigated in 200 children. The utilized solutions were: a placebo solution composed of mentholated deionized water (group I); 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate associated to 0.05% sodium fluoride (group II); 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (group III), and 0.5% stevioside mixed with 0.05% sodium fluoride, with pH 3.4 (group IV). In order to verify the effect on plaque formation, the accumulation of plaque was assessed by means of the Löe12 index, at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, whereas the quantification of cariogenic streptococci was accomplished on three saliva samples collected at 3 different moments: before the first mouthrinse, 24 hours after the first mouthrinse and 1 week after the last mouthrinse. The mouthrinsing routine was carried out on a daily basis during 4 weeks. Five milliliters of solution were rinsed during 1 minute. The results revealed 4.10, 26.75, 41.20, and 5.91% of reduction in plaque accumulation for groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Comparisons between the groups as to plaque reduction revealed that groups II and III were significantly different from groups I (control) and IV (p < 0.05), but did not differ from each other. The solution utilized by group III was the least accepted by children and, as the solution utilized by group II, caused mild dental pigmentation. There were no statistically significant differences as to the levels of mutans streptococci, probably due to the low initial levels observed in each one of the four groups.

Analysis of Variance↗