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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Brief interventions for hospitalized trauma patients.

Substance abuse is one of the most prevalent comorbid conditions among trauma patients. Research has shown that injury can be reduced when brief interventions are provided to trauma patients who are hospitalized for substance abuse. This article presents data from a Level I trauma center that provided brief interventions daily over a 5-year period. A generic model for brief intervention is described, along with concrete details of this addiction intervention service.

Counseling↗
PubMed1999

Visualisation of a paraganglioma by technetium-99m-sestamibi scintigraphy.

A 68-yr-old woman presented to our observation with multinodular goiter and a contiguous right laterocervical mass. In spite of ultrasound, technetium and iodine scan, CT and fine-needle biopsy, the precise origin of the mass remained uncertain. On additional multi-phase sestamibi scan, the neck region showed an early high uptake rapidly decreasing over time in the laterocervical mass, and a persistent inhomogeneous distribution in the thyroid gland. This behavior suggested that the laterocervical mass could derive from an anatomical structure other than the thyroid. Surgical exploration established the extrathyroid nature of the laterocervical mass and the histological examination confirmed that it was a typical paraganglioma. This finding is in keeping with a recent report of positive sestamibi uptake in a cervical paraganglioma, although our case showed a more rapid kinetic. This tumor should be therefore taken into consideration in the differential interpretation of focal sestamibi uptake.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Genetic and environmental influences on insulin levels and the insulin resistance syndrome: an analysis of women twins.

Multiple factors may determine insulin resistance and the insulin resistance syndrome. The contributions of genes and environment to the distribution of fasting insulin levels and to the associations of fasting insulin with elements of the syndrome were evaluated in the second examination of the Kaiser Permanente Women Twins Study (Oakland, California, 1989-1990). Subjects included 556 white women (165 monozygous twin pairs, 113 dizygous pairs; 455 women with normal glucose tolerance, 75 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 26 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes by World Health Organization criteria). The intraclass correlation coefficients for log fasting insulin for monozygous and dizygous twin pairs were 0.64 and 0.40, respectively. After adjustment for age, behavioral factors, and body mass index, the estimated classic heritability was 0.53 (p = 0.003). Commingling analysis of fasting insulin indicated the presence of four distributions (p < 0.001), consistent with at least one, and perhaps two, genes influencing this trait. In an unmatched multiple regression model among women from monozygous twin pairs only, log fasting insulin was independently associated with body mass index (p < 0.0001), waist/hip ratio (p = 0.02), and glucose intolerance (p = 0.04), but not with triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, or hypertension. After removal of genetic influences by analysis of monozygous intrapair differences, only body mass index (p < 0.0001) remained independently related to fasting insulin. The authors conclude that, in addition to significant genetic influences on fasting insulin, environmental or behavioral factors (particularly nongenetic variation in obesity) are important determinants of fasting insulin and the insulin resistance syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Thymoma: diagnosis and surgical treatment].

Thymoma is the most common primary neoplasm of the tymus. The majority of thymomas are encapsulated masses and exhibit benign behavior. Less frequently they may be invasive, or rarely they may metastasize to distant sites. The usual clinical presentation is that of an anterior mediastinal mass found accidentally in an asymptomatic patient. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance may be helpful in the evaluation of adjacent structures. The histologic classification proposed by Muller-Hermelink is useful in predicting and defining the risk of invasiveness of thymomas showing a significant correlation between tumor cell type and stage. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision; radiation therapy may be used adjunctively to surgery in the treatment of invasive tumors. The choice of surgical approach is conditioned by site and grading of thymoma. The prognosis of encapsulated thymoma is generally favorable; invasive tumors are associated with a worse prognosis but may respond to radical resection.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Contrasting behavior of pentafluorophenoxyacetone and pentafluorobenzyloxyacetone in electron impact and electron capture mass spectrometry.

Towards the goal of finding new ketone electrophores suitable as molecular labels for electrophoric release tags, pentafluorophenoxyacetone (1) and pentafluorobenzyloxyacetone (2) were prepared. Both ketones were evaluated by electron capture (EC) and electron impact (EI) modes of mass spectrometry (MS). By EC-MS, 1 nearly gave a single ion (as desired), whereas 2 gave many ions. This behavior was completely reversed in EI-MS. To account for certain ion fragments in the EC mass spectrum of 2, an anion radical McLafferty-type rearrangement and loss of a carbene neutral were postulated. Electron impact of 1 gave an abundant ion at m/z 117 (C5F3+), which was suggested to be a diyne cation.

Acetone↗
PubMed1999

Type A behavior is associated with an increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy in male patients with essential hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether type A behavior, which is associated with a risk of coronary heart disease, affects left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 88 untreated patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (33 men, mean +/- SEM age 54 +/- 1 years). METHODS: We measured the type A behavior score using a standardized questionnaire, left ventricular mass index using M-mode echocardiography and 24 h mean ambulatory blood pressure (recorded every 30 min). Beat-to-beat blood pressure was also measured using a Finapres device in patients at rest and during mental stress (counting backward) to determine the blood pressure response to stress. RESULTS: The left ventricular mass index was correlated with the type A behavior score (r = 0.214, P < 0.05), age (r = 0.266, P < 0.05), 24 h mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (r = 0.391, P < 0.001, and r = 0.382, P < 0.001, respectively), systolic blood pressure both at rest and during stress (r = 0.255, P < 0.05, and r = 0.215, P < 0.05, respectively), and the variability of both systolic and diastolic blood pressures at rest (r = 0.253, P < 0.05, and r = 0.321, P < 0.01, respectively). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age was associated with an increase in the left ventricular mass index for both sexes (P = 0.004 for males, P = 0.003 for females). The type A behavior score predicted a greater increase in left ventricular mass index in men (P = 0.018) but not in women. The 24 h mean systolic blood pressure was associated with a greater increase in left ventricular mass index in women (P < 0.001) but not in men. CONCLUSION: Type A behavior is an independent risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy in male patients with essential hypertension.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2001

Association of olanzapine-induced weight gain with an increase in body fat.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to explore the pathophysiology of weight gain during treatment with olanzapine for schizophrenia. METHOD: The authors used a prospective, controlled, open study comparing body weight, body mass index, and related biological measures in mentally and physically healthy volunteers and olanzapine-treated patients with schizophrenia. Weight, eating behavior, leptin serum levels, body mass index, and body composition were assessed over an 8-week observation period. RESULTS: A significant increase in body weight, leptin serum levels, and percentage of body fat was seen in patients treated with olanzapine, but the drug-free comparison group did not show any significant changes. The weight gain during antipsychotic treatment with olanzapine was mainly attributable to an increase in body fat; patients' lean body mass did not change. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the original finding that an increase in body fat is mainly responsible for olanzapine-induced weight gain, these findings confirm results obtained in other studies showing increases in body weight and serum leptin levels during treatment with second-generation antipsychotics.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Egg laying in Aplysia. I. Behavioral patterns and muscle activity of freely behaving animals after selectively elicited bag cell discharges.

Aplysia egg laying is a complex sequence of head and neck movements initiated by the release of ovulatory and neuroactive hormones from the neurosecretory bag cells. This behavioral pattern is difficult to study in reduced preparations, because they do not show ovulation or egg laying behaviors. This paper describes the use of chronically implanted electrodes to elicit normal neurosecretory activity and provides an analysis of egg laying behaviors and the underlying muscle activity in intact, freely behaving A. californica and A. brasiliana. 1. Bag cell discharges elicited with a fine wire electrode implanted in the connective tissue sheath above the cell bodies were typically without noxious behavioral side effects. 2. Following selectively elicited bag cell discharges, egg laying consisted of four rhythmic head and neck movements that were separated functionally into appetitive behaviors ('waves' and 'undulations') used to explore and prepare the substrate and consummatory behaviors ('weaves' and 'tamps') used to distribute and attach the egg string. The amount of time an animal performed consummatory behaviors was positively related to the amount of eggs deposited. By contrast, the appetitive phase of egg laying was independent of the size of the egg mass. 3. The individual behaviors and their temporal sequence were similar following selectively elicited bag cell discharges, spontaneous discharges of animals with implanted electrodes and during normal egg laying of unoperated animals. 4. Three longitudinal muscle systems occurred within the head and neck. Following a selectively elicited bag cell discharge, spatially and temporally coordinated patterns of EJP bursts of different durations were recorded chronically from each muscle group. These EJP patterns were characteristic for specific head and neck movements used in appetitive and consummatory egg laying behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of gas-phase molecular interactions on differential mobility ion behavior utilizing an electrospray ionization-differential mobility-mass spectrometer system.

Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) is a rapidly advancing technology for gas-phase ion separation. The interfacing of DMS with mass spectrometry (MS) offers potential advantages over the use of mass spectrometry alone. Such advantages include improvements to mass spectral signal/noise ratios, orthogonal/complementary ion separation to mass spectrometry, enhanced ion and complexation structural analysis, and potential for rapid analyte quantitation. The introduction of a new ESI-DMS-MS system and its utilization to aid in the understanding of DMS separation theory is described. A current contribution to DMS separation theory is one of an association/dissociation process between ions/molecules in the gas phase during the differential mobility separation. A model study was designed to investigate the molecular dynamics and chemical factors influencing the theorized association/dissociation process, and the mechanisms by which these gas-phase interactions affect an ion's DM behavior. Five piperidine analogues were selected as model analytes, and three alcohol drift gas dopants/modifiers were used to interrogate the analyte ions in the gas phase. Two proposed DMS separation mechanisms, introduced as Core and Façade, corresponding to strong and weak attractions between ions/molecules in the gas phase, are detailed. The proposed mechanisms provide explanation for the observed changes in analyte separation by the various drift gas modifiers. Molecular modeling of the proposed mechanisms provides supportive data and demonstrates the potential for predictive optimization of analyte separation based on drift gas modifier effects.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the characterization of functional acrylate polymers.

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-size-exclusion chromatography (LC x SEC) was investigated as a tool for the characterization of functional poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers. Ultraviolet-absorbance and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) were used. A simple method to quantify ELSD data is presented. Each data point from the ELSD chromatogram can be converted into a mass concentration using experimental calibration curves. The qualitative and quantitative information obtained on two representative samples is used to demonstrate the applicability of LC x SEC for determining the mutually dependent molar-mass distributions (MMD) and functionality-type distributions (FTD) of functional polymers. The influence of the molar mass on the retention behavior in LC was investigated using LC x SEC for hydroxyl-functional PMMA polymers. The critical conditions, at which retention is--by definition--independent of molar mass, were not exactly the same for PMMA series with different end-groups. Our observations are in close agreement with theoretical curves reported in the literature. However, for practical applications of LC x SEC it is not strictly necessary to work at the exact critical solvent composition. Near-critical conditions are often sufficient to determine the mutually dependent distributions (MMD and FTD) of functional polymers.

Calibration↗
PubMed2004

Lifestyle determinants of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: While genetic factors are major determinants of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), environmental factors also play a role. The latter include 3 modifiable lifestyle factors: alcohol consumption, physical activity, and smoking. METHODS: We compared the relative effects of alcohol, physical activity, and smoking on HDL-C levels, using data from 2309 subjects (1226 women and 1083 men), aged 25 to 91 years, from randomly selected families participating in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption was associated with the largest increment in HDL-C (an increase of 9.0-13.1 mg/dL from nondrinker to highest categories); physical activity with a more modest increment (an increase of 3.0-3.3 mg/dL from lowest to highest categories); and cigarette smoking with a large decrement in women (a decrease of 9.9 mg/dL) and a modest one in men (a decrease of 2.6 mg/dL) between nonsmoker and > or =20 cigarettes per day categories. The 3 lifestyle behaviors plus age, body mass index, education, and current estrogen use explained 22.4% and 18.2% of the total variance of HDL-C for women and men, respectively. Alcohol accounted for 28.6% of this variance among women and 50.1% among men; smoking accounted for 6.7% and 3.3%, respectively, and physical activity for 2.7% and 3.6%, respectively, among women and men. Age, body mass index, education, and current estrogen use explained the remaining 62.0% and 43.0%, respectively, of the variance attributed to environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, among lifestyle behaviors, alcohol consumption is the more important correlate of HDL-cholesterol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of phenylisothiocyanate derivatives of amphetamine and its analogues in biological fluids by HPLC-APCI-MS or DAD.

Amphetamine (A), methamphetamine (MA), methylene dioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxyethylamphelamine (MDE), and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), as well as eight other sympathomimetic amines (benzyl-1-phenylethylamine, ephedrine, fenfluramine, norfenfluramine, phentermine, phenylethylamine, phenylpropanolamine, and propylhexedrine), were extracted from serum or urine with ether, derivatized with phenylisothiocyanate, and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) examination in isocratic mode. Two detection arts were applied: atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) and UV-spectrometry as diode array detection (DAD) or single wavelength at 250 nm. The derivatives were well-separated and showed good chromatographic behavior. Full-scan mass spectra of drugs examined by means of APCI with collision induced dissociation (APCID) contained protonated molecular ions (M+H)+ and fragments typical for particular drugs. APCID-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) appeared very selective for differentiation of all drugs involved. The quantitation with APCID was performed using selected ion monitoring (SIM) of (M+H)+ ions and selected fragments of drugs involved and their deuterated analogues. The limits of detection ranged from 0.001 mg/L (MA, MDMA, and MDE) to 0.005 mg/L (A and MDA). In HPLC-DAD, the spectra of MDMA and MDE were practically identical with maxima of 236-240 nm. Other amphetamines showed slightly different spectra with maxima of 245-250 nm. The limits of detection in UV detection amounted to 0.01-0.03 mg/L (single wavelength detector at 250 nm) or 0.05-0.1 mg/L (DAD).

Amphetamines↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Obesity management in primary care: assessment of readiness to change among 284 family practice patients.

BACKGROUND: Most adults in primary care are overweight or obese; two thirds of patients with weight problems have other obesity-related conditions. The study objective was to explore the feasibility of a primary care obesity intervention based on the transtheoretical model (TM) of behavior change and principles of chronic disease (CD) care. METHODS: A prospective study of the initial version of the TM-CD intervention with obese family practice patients (n = 284) yielded cross-sectional data on baseline stage of change for six target behaviors: dietary fat, portion control, vegetable intake, fruit intake, usual physical activity, and planned exercise. The sample consisted of obese patients scheduled for an office visit during times when recruitment and informed consent did not conflict with acute care. RESULTS: Obese patients volunteering for a TM-CD program are in different stages of change for six target behaviors. Preparation was the most frequently reported stage for increased exercise (49%) or activity (34%), decreased dietary fat consumption (44%), and increased portion control (51%). Patients in a particular stage for one behavior were distributed across all five stages for another behavior. Stage of change for five target behaviors was associated with body mass index or waist girth (P < .05) in a manner consistent with stage-of-change theory. CONCLUSIONS: Using the transtheoretical model of behavior change will allow physicians to recognize when obese patients are receptive to specific behavioral interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The television school and family smoking prevention and cessation project. 1. Theoretical basis and program development.

Program development processes for the Television, School, and Family Project, a school-based smoking prevention and cessation project, are presented in this article. We first review applications of social-psychological and communications theory to school-based and mass media program development. These include the three broad areas of (a) mediators of mass media effects on behavior change, (b) the social influences approach to smoking prevention, and (c) a self-management and social support approach to smoking cessation. A program development model for school-based mass media efficacy trials, with a summary of formative research and pilot study processes, is then presented. The importance of reciprocal support among school district administrators, project research staff, and television station personnel is emphasized with recommendations for future research and demonstration efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Control effect of health education on body mass index of community population].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of community-based health education and health promotion on body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity. METHODS: We separately selected 100,000 population in Beijing, Shanghai and Changsha Cities during 1991-2000. Each of the cities was then randomly separated intervention and control community of 500,000 population. In the intervention community various kinds of health education and health promotion had been carried out. The level of knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAB) and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. RESULTS: The net increases of KAB level and regularly exercising rate in three city and different target population were statistically differences in comparison with baseline survey of 1992, and the net decreases of the BMI, overweight rate and obesity rate of the whole population were statistically differences. CONCLUSION: Health education and health promotion can effectively control the rising of population BMI, and have great meaningful for population preventing from cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1997

Behavior of peptides in capillary electrophoresis: effect of peptide charge, mass and structure.

In the last decade the large potential of capillary electrophoresis as a technique for separation and characterization of peptides has been demonstrated extensively. In this field, a large number of chemical structures has to be taken into consideration, for which very often no data or even standards are available. As a result, there has been a strong desire to relate electrophoretic behavior to molecular properties and structure of the compounds. The activities in that direction, in the area of capillary zone electrophoresis, are critically reviewed. Special attention is paid to peptide charge, mass, hydrophobicity and structure, and their influence on the selectivity of the separation. Also, some complexation phenomena are discussed.

Computer Simulation↗