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PubMed1997

Digestibility by dairy cows of monosaccharide components in diets containing either ground sorghum or sorghum grain treated with sodium hydroxide.

Five cows in midlactation and equipped with ruminal and abomasal canulas were fed two isonitrogenous diets composed of 46% sorghum grain, either ground or treated with 4% NaOH, plus 39% wheat silage and 15% supplements. The DMI were 16.3 and 15.8 kg/d for cows fed the diets containing ground sorghum and treated sorghum, respectively. The digestibility of NDF polysaccharides was higher for cows fed the treated sorghum, but the digestibility of neutral detergent soluble alpha-glucans (starch) was higher for cows fed ground sorghum. Digestibility of total carbohydrate was 79% for cows fed the diet containing ground sorghum and 67% for cows fed the diet containing sorghum treated with NaOH. Ruminal pH was higher in cows fed the diet with treated sorghum, but total ruminal VFA concentration was higher in cows fed the diet containing ground sorghum. Profiles of individual ruminal VFA and NH3 concentration were similar for both treatments. Flow of NAN through the abomasum of cows fed ground sorghum was higher than that of cows fed the sorghum treated with NaOH, and N absorption in the intestine followed a similar trend. The data indicated a possible advantage for dairy cows fed ground sorghum than for those fed grain treated with NaOH.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

The fatty acid and monosaccharide compositions of three neutral and three phosphorylated glycolipids isolated from Leishmania donovani promastigotes grown in a chemically defined medium.

Several lipids and macromolecular lipoconjugates of Leishmania spp. have now been well characterized; however, the glycolipids of L. donovani have not been thoroughly examined. In the present study, 3 neutral and 3 phosphorylated glycolipids were detected in promastigote forms of the organism grown in a chemically defined medium. The fatty acid and sugar compositions of these glycolipids, isolated and purified by adsorption column chromatography and thin-layer chromatographic procedures, were identified and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Myristate (14:0), palmitate (16:0), palmitoleate (16:1), stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), and linoleate (18:2) were the major fatty acids in all 6 glycolipids. Arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose were detected in the glycolipids. The biochemical nature of these lipids suggested that the major components in the isolated preparations of the 6 glycolipids are diacylglycerophospholipids, distinct from the major precursors of macromolecular lipoconjugates such as the lipid anchors of cell surface antigens that have been reported. These appear to be terminal products of lipid biosynthesis in this parasite.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The current concepts on the absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids and peptides in the mammalian small intestine].

The review is mainly devoted to the development of ideas about absorption, or transport, of basic nutrients in the small intestine in humans and higher animal. The absorption processes have been characterized on the example of such substances, vital for organism, as carbohydrates and proteins. The review considers a molecular structure of transporters--protein molecules, which take part in a transfer of the products of lumenal and membrane digestion of carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, fructose) and proteins (amino acids, oligopeptides) across the enterocyte membranes. An information is presented about genetic disturbances of transport of certain amino acids during such diseases as Hartnup disease, cystinuria, and iminoglycineuria.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diversity in the monosaccharide composition of antigenic polysaccharides from proteobacteria Pseudoalteromonas and Marinomonas genera].

The sugar analysis of the glycans of the type strains of marine proteobacteria of the genera Pseudoalteromonas and Marinomonas--Pseudoalteromonas atlantica IAM12927T, P. aurantia NCIMB 2033T, P. citrea ATCC 29719T, P. elyakovii KMM 162T, P. espejiana ATCC 29659T, P. piscicida NCIMB 645T, P. tetraodonis IAM 14160T, Marinomonas communis ATCC 27118T, and M. vaga ATCC 27119T--showed that they contain glucose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, rhamnose, mannose, heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), uronic acids, colitose (3,6-dideoxyl-L-xylo-hexose), and 6-deoxy-L-talose. The carbohydrate composition of the antigenic polysaccharides (PSs) of P. elyakovii KMM 162T and P. espejiana ATCC 29659T depended on the type and the concentration of carbohydrate substrates in the nutrient media. The molar proportion between rhamnose, glucose, and galactose (ca. 1:0.3:2) in the PS of P. elyakovii KMM 162T was almost the same in the media lacking carbohydrates or containing glucose or galactose at a concentration of 1 g/l. At the same time, the molar proportion between fucose, glucose, galactose, galactosamine, and glucosamine (ca. 1:1:1:2:0.5) in the PS of P. espejiana ATCC 29659T depended on the presence and the concentration of carbohydrate substrates in the medium. A high concentration of glucose in the medium (30 g/l) brought about a rise in the content of glucose in PSs (9-fold for the PS of P. elyakovii KMM 162T and 4.6-fold for the PS of P. espejiana ATCC 29659T) and led to a decrease in the content of other carbohydrates. The cultivation of these two strains at a lactose concentration of 30 g/l resulted in their PSs containing glucose and galactose in about equal proportions (ca. 1:1 in the case of P. espejiana ATCC 29659T and ca. 2.1:1.7 in the case of P. elyakovii KMM 162T).

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1975

[Glycemia and the levels of free fatty acids in small-for-date born infants after monosaccharide load. Communication I (author's transl)].

In order to evaluate some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in small-for-date born infants the authors have performed in them the glucose tolerance test. The glycemic reflex was estimated in relation to the free fatty acids level (FFA). This was done twice a year in the first half year of life and in the second one. We compared the results with data obtained form full-size born infants tested in the same of time. The group of small-for-date born (SRDB) infants included 23 infants in the first half year and 12 in the second one. The SFDB infants were loaded with glucose and galactose given to them in a dosis of 1 g of each sugar in a 15% solution. The following micromethods were applied: Hyvarinen and Nikkila for glucose, and Dole and Meinertz in Novak's modification for FFA. The level of glucose and FFA were estimated at fasting and after loading at 20, 40, 90, 120 and 180 minutes. In order to be able to evaluate the results, the authors performed the variance analysis. On the basis a significantly higher variability of FFA levels was found in comparison with glucose levels as well as a variability of the two parameters significantly higher in small-for-date born infants than in full-size born infants. In spite of that in standarized mean values a relationship between glucose and FFA levels was found in small-for-date born infants opposite to that in full-size born infants. In the former the glucose levels and free fatty acids were higher then in the latter. This phenomenon disappeared in the second half-year of life. The disappearance rate (as measured by coefficient K) was slightly higher than in the second half year. In the second half year this difference was not noted between the observed parameters in two groups of infants. If it may be concluded on the basis of the authors' observations, the higher levels of glucose in small-for-date born infants in their first half year of life could indicate some disturbance in glucose utilization and the higher level of FFA then usually found in fullsize born infants during the oral glucose tolerance test might be an additional proof for the above.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Effect of gluco-monosaccharides and different conditions on digestion of hyaluronan by testicular hyaluronidase.

The changes of molecular size of hyaluronan during enzymatic reaction of bovine testicular hyaluronidase at different conditions are monitored by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. The effect of glucuronate, galacturonate, glucosamines and pyridoxin as potential inhibitors of hydrolysis is evaluated. The most effective of all tested inhibitors was the presence of glucuronate which not only inhibited the hydrolysis, but also initiated enzymatic reconstruction by transglycosylation reaction at pH 7.0 and absence of any buffer or salt. That effect was not found in the presence of a salt or with any other of the compounds tested.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1976

[The Palmier date palm and Fusarium infection. II. Report on the stereochemistry of monosaccharides and their various derivatives and the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis (Killian et Maire) Gordon].

Fusarium oxysporum albedinis was grown in the presence of 20 different sugars or their derivatives. The results obtained were correlated with the stereochemical structure of the main oses. Osmotic phenomena as well as active and selective transport were used to explain differences in utilization of oses of very near structure. Based on the affinity of the fungus for mannose, a hypothesis is formulated concerning the fungus action in the host.

Biological Transport, Active↗