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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Regional expression of disease-related genes in human and monkey retina.

PURPOSE: Although specific genes play a role in regional retinal disease, the correlation of regional gene expression in the disease-affected site has not been previously ascertained. Non-human primates are widely used in models of human retinal function and are theorized to have identical (to human) patterns of expression, but no correlation between primate and human regional retinal gene expression has ever been performed. We wanted to evaluate the pattern of regional gene expression for a number of genes whose dysfunctions are known to selectively affect specific regions of the human retina, and to determine whether patterns of regional gene expression in nonhuman primates correlate with the human. METHODS: Human and rhesus monkey eyes were dissected into retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid and isolated RPE. Retinal regions were dissected, total RNA was isolated and northern analysis performed. Complementary DNA (cDNA) probes were prepared from genes associated with regional retinal disease. These genes are: rod opsin, the alpha-subunit of rod phosphodiesterase, RDS-peripherin, rod outer membrane (ROM) protein, ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), choroideremia gene product (CHM), tissue specific inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3), and red/green photoreceptor pigment protein. We also compared expression of Norrie disease product (NDP), a gene whose mutation is known to globally affect the retina. RESULTS: Rod-specific mRNA expression is highest in the retinal midperiphery, and cone-specific mRNA levels were highest in total RNA from the cone-dominant fovea. mRNA levels for genes coding for proteins expressed in both rod- and cone photoreceptors (RDS-peripherin and ROM-1) are also highest in total RNA from the retinal midperiphery. Regional mRNA levels of CHM and OAT do not directly correlate with their patterns of disease expression. NDP mRNA expression was equivalent in both fovea and midperipheral retina total RNA. Patterns of gene expression were qualitatively similar for both human and rhesus monkey retina. CONCLUSIONS: Regional retinal gene expression is an important factor in regional disease. However, for genes not solely expressed by a single photoreceptor subtype, other factors, such as regional metabolic differences, intra- and intercellular interactions, are also likely to be important in predisposing a single retinal region to disease. The pattern of neural retina OAT mRNA expression may have important implications in determining the appropriate tissue approach in gene therapy for gyrate atrophy. Regional retinal gene expression likely plays a significant, but nonexclusive role in the development of regional retinal disease.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastric acid secretion response in the Cebus apella. A monkey model of chronic Chagas' disease.

The objective was to study the secretory pattern, both basal and stimulated either by histamine (0.1 mg/kg) or pentagastrin (64 micrograms/kg) in eighteen Cebus apella monkeys chronically infected with different T. cruzi strains (CA1, n = 10; Colombian, n = 4 and Tulahuen, n = 4) and to describe the morphological findings in the gastrointestinal tract in twelve infected (6 sacrificed and 6 spontaneously dead) and four healthy monkeys. All infected monkeys and 35 healthy ones were evaluated by contrast X-ray examination. No differences were observed in basal acid output between control and infected groups. Animals infected with the Tulahuen and Colombian strains showed significant lower values of peak acid output in response to histamine or pentagastrin (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively; "t" test) in comparison to the controls. Barium contrast studies showed enlargement and dilatation of the colon in three infected animals. Histopathological lesions were seen in 75% of the autopsied animals either in colon alone (33%) or both, in colon and esophagus (42%). The normal secretion observed in the CA1 infected group could be due to a lower virulence of the strain, a lower esophageal tropism or the necessity of a longer post-infection time to cause lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Natural infection and transmission of SV40.

The kinetics of conversion to SV40 seropositivity of cynomolgous macaques were followed as part of the health monitoring of a breeding colony to examine possible routes of transmission. The data suggest that transmission is neither vertical nor perinatal, and that conditions of husbandry might reduce the frequency of spread between animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Presenting features and diagnosis of rabies.

The early clinical features important in the establishment of a diagnosis of rabies are described from experience of 23 fatal cases in Sri Lanka. The importance of the "fan test" as a diagnostic sign is stressed. The earliest features of the disease may suggest hysteria if a history of a bite from a rabid animal is not obtained. In a district in which there is an outbreak of rabies cases of rabies hysteria may also develop.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The role of lipid in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

An experimental model of atherosclerosis sheep veins identical to the human disease indicates (i) that ingestion of an atherogenic diet is not a prerequistie in atherosclerosis and (ii) that haemodynamic stress must be the dominant aetiological factor in atherosclerosis. Ultrastructural studies reveal that the early lipid deposition in spontaneous human atherosclerosis and in haemodynamically induced atherosclerosis is related to the trasnformation of extracellular vesicular debris into closely packed membranous profiles with electron-translucent centres. It is postulated that the vesicular dtsintegration of mural cells is due to the same haemodynamic stresses which induce degenerative changes in the vascular connective tissues, and that the lipid accumulation within the vesicular disintegration of mural cells is due to the same haemodynamic stresses which induce degenerative changes in the vascular connective tissues, and that the lipid accumulation within the vesicular debris is a cellular debris which have not undergone resolution or phagocytosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methylmercury poisoning in common marmosets--MRI findings and peripheral nerve lesions.

Common marmosets were used as model animals for methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning. Six marmosets were given MeHg of 5 ppm Hg in drinking water. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 2 each. The first group was examined for acute symptomatic MeHg poisoning. They were given MeHg for 70 and 90 days, respectively, to manifest severe symptoms. The second group was sacrificed after 38 days of MeHg exposure, when they had acute-subclinical MeHg poisoning. The third group of animals was exposed for 21 days, and then observed for 2.5 years without MeHg exposure. One of them showed typical symptoms of MeHg poisoning after MeHg exposure had ended, but the other one showed only slight symptoms without ataxia. This experiment demonstrated that MeHg causes pathological changes in neural tissues including the peripheral nerves in common marmosets. Furthermore, common marmosets were found to show MeHg-induced pathological changes similar to those in humans in the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1965

Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis identified as vector of simian malaria in Malaysia.

The mosquito Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis has been identified as a natural vector of at least two species of simian malaria in the monsoon forests of the northern Malay States. This mosquito is also a serious vector of human malaria from Viet Nam to northern Malaya. This is the first report of a mosquito which transmits both human and simian malaria in nature.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Demyelinating encephalomyelopathy associated with lead poisoning in nonhuman primates.

Lead poisoning was diagnosed in four primates by the finding of toxic amounts of lead in tissues. Abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord were characterized by vascular lesions and demyelination. These findings suggest a new animal model for the study of demyelination and strengthen the supposition that lead may be a factor in some idiopathic demyelinating diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Evolutionary relationships among parvoviruses: virus-host coevolution among autonomous primate parvoviruses and links between adeno-associated and avian parvoviruses.

The current classification of parvoviruses is based on virus host range and helper virus dependence, while little data on evolutionary relationships among viruses are available. We identified and analyzed 472 sequences of parvoviruses, among which there were (virtually) full-length genomes of all 41 viruses currently recognized as individual species within the family Parvoviridae. Our phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomes as well as open reading frames distinguished three evolutionary groups of parvoviruses from vertebrates: (i) the human helper-dependent adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1 to 6 and the autonomous avian parvoviruses; (ii) the bovine, chipmunk, and autonomous primate parvoviruses, including human viruses B19 and V9; and (iii) the parvoviruses from rodents (except for chipmunks), carnivores, and pigs. Each of these three evolutionary groups could be further subdivided, reflecting both virus-host coevolution and multiple cross-species transmissions in the evolutionary history of parvoviruses. No parvoviruses from invertebrates clustered with vertebrate parvoviruses. Our analysis provided evidence for negative selection among parvoviruses, the independent evolution of their genes, and recombination among parvoviruses from rodents. The topology of the phylogenetic tree of autonomous human and simian parvoviruses matched exactly the topology of the primate family tree, as based on the analysis of primate mitochondrial DNA. Viruses belonging to the AAV group were not evolutionarily linked to other primate parvoviruses but were linked to the parvoviruses of birds. The two lineages of human parvoviruses may have resulted from independent ancient zoonotic infections. Our results provide an argument for reclassification of Parvovirinae based on evolutionary relationships among viruses.

Animals↗