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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

[Study of the activity of the nucleolus organizer segments in the chromosomes of normal, leukemic and neoplastic human cells by silver nitrate staining].

The application of a modified Ag-1 method for staining nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) in chromosomes has shown that the total number of AgNO3-stained NOR varies from 6 to 8 in cells of normal individuals as well as in the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated blood cells of patients suffering from acute leukemia (AL) and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). No AgNO3-stained NOR were detected either in non-PHA stimulated blood cells of AL or CML patients, apart from one case of a 48 hours blood culture without PHA from blast crisis CML, where 100 per cent mitotic cells displayed 3-6 AgNO3-stained chromosomes. In a Hela cell line with the modal number equal to 50 and the average number od acrocentrics being 9.3 per cell, the AgNO3-stained NOR numbered constantly 5. In tumor cells from pleural fluid of metastatic ovary tumor patient, with the modal number of cells varying from 50 to 160, the total number of AgNO3-stained NOR increased from 13 to 26 per metaphase. A hypothesis is forward to explain the negative Nor staining property in leukemia, according to which the activities of ribosomal cistrons (rDNA) in the miotic cells of relatively mature granulocytic and erythrocytic cells are either very much reduced or totally arrested.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Long-term ocular effects of osmotic modification of the blood-brain barrier in monkeys. I. Clinical examinations; aqueous ascorbate and protein.

The blood-aqueous humor barrier in adult rhesus monkeys was opened by intracarotid infusion of a 25% mannitol solution. Each monkey had one to four infusions into the same artery, with at least one week between subsequent procedures. The monkeys were observed clinically for 3 to 212 days. Within an hour pigmented cells and protein accumulated in the aqueous humor of the mannitol-treated eyes. Hypotony developed within a day. Aqueous flare and cells cleared within 2 weeks. Hypotony resolved in 8 to 12 weeks. More than one half of the monkeys had transient anisocoria. In some, the pupil in the treated eye was miotic; in others it was dilated. Direct and consensual pupil responses to light remained intact in untreated eyes and in treated eyes with mydriasis. About one fourth of the monkeys developed edema of the ipsilateral optic disk. This correlated with hypotony. No monkey developed cataract, corneal opacity, or vitreous or retinal change. The aqueous protein concentration was slightly above normal a month or more after the carotid infusions, but was considerably less than plasma protein concentration. Posterior and anterior aqueous ascorbate concentrations in treated eyes were slightly below normal, but far greater than plasma concentration, indicating that ascorbate active transport by the ciliary epithelium was essentially intact despite the widespread, permanent structural alteration that had been caused by the mannitol treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Sensory outcome with nonsurgical management of esotropia with convergence excess (a high accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio).

Twenty-seven patients with esotropia and convergence excess (a high accommodative convergence/accommodation [AC/A] ratio) managed nonsurgically underwent a final standardized evaluation of their sensory and motor status after a follow-up period of at least 8 years. All had a deviation with distance fixation of less than 10 prism dioptres (PD) of esotropia with full optical correction both initially and throughout the follow-up period. The average spherical-equivalent refractive error was +2.3 D. The AC/A ratio had tended to decrease with age, and most patients had fusion, although only a small proportion had central fusion and stereopsis. Approximately half of the patients had been treated with bifocals, but their sensory outcome did not differ from that of the other patients. Miotics had not been used for more than a few months in any patient, as they were ineffective in reducing the deviation with near fixation to less than 10 PD of esotropia. A study, possibly a multicentre one, involving larger numbers of patients should be designed to find out whether bifocal therapy offers an advantage in the final sensory outcome of such patients.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1984

[Causes of blindness in Zaire].

From 50.000 patients treated at Eye Department of University Hospital of Kinshasa (Zaire), 944 or 19% were registered legal blind. The male-to-female ratio was 2/1 and 24% of legal blind were in the age group of 0-19 years corresponding to preschool and school period. Blindness incidence increased with advancing age. Glaucoma (31%) was by far the commonest cause of blindness in our sample and in all age groups. Cataract (18,4%) and optic atrophy (16,3%) respectively came in the second and the third position. Only cataract not treatable surgically was considered. Onchocerciasis (4,9%) appeared in the fourth position but this evaluation is a minimal one because Kinshasa is situated far away from some important endemic areas and villages. Onchocerciasis was absent among legally blind younger than 20 years, its importance increased with advancing age. Trachoma is unknown in Zaire and was absent from our list of blinding ocular diseases. Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia in its typical form was rarely a cause of blindness. The common blinding affections in developed countries such as, senile macular degeneration, hereditary chorioretinal dystrophies, diabetic retinopathy are poorly represented in our statistics. Some prophylactic and therapeutic suggestions are given: Persons with glaucoma are generally examined very late, and are difficult to be treated by either rigorous application of current miotics or surgical techniques for glaucoma. Pilocarpine with high concentration (4%, 6%) alone or associated to Timolol gives usually rather good tonometric results. Filtering operations for glaucoma (Elliot trepanation, trabeculectomy) can improve or stabilize the glaucoma but in some cases no improvement is noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Long-term maintenance of reduced intraocular pressure by daily or twice daily topical application of prostaglandins to cat or rhesus monkey eyes.

Substantial evidence indicates that a single topical application of prostaglandins (PGs) can reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eyes of several species. However, earlier literature, dealing with ocular hypertensive and inflammatory responses, shows the development of tachyphylaxis to subsequent doses of PGs. If similar tolerance developed to the ocular hypotensive effects of PGs, it would preclude the use of these agents in the treatment of chronic glaucoma. The present study shows, however, that although tachyphylaxis to the ocular hypotensive effects of PGs develops in rabbits, this is not a typical response among mammals. Significant IOP reduction was maintained in cats for up to 9 months by topical application of PGE2 at 12-, 24-, or 48-hr intervals. The IOP reduction was jeopardized seriously only when the PG was applied every other day for several days or when, on a few occasions, 3 days were allowed to elapse between PGE2 applications. Ocular hypotension was also maintained during the course of topical treatment of rhesus monkey eyes with PGF2 alpha. Short periods of pupillary constriction followed the application of each dose of PGF2 alpha to cat eyes, but the miotic response of rhesus monkeys to PGF2 alpha and cats to PGF2 was negligible. Other apparent side effects were noted, but none of these were severe or progressive. These results clearly demonstrate that tachyphylaxis, or tolerance, is not expected to present an obstacle to the development of eicosanoids and/or their derivatives as therapeutic agents for the long-term treatment of ocular hypertension and chronic glaucoma.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on aqueous humor dynamics of rabbit, cat, and monkey.

Topical administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) produced a reduction in intraocular pressure in eyes of rabbits, cats, and cynomolgus monkeys. In rabbit eyes at 5 or 6 hr, 50 micrograms, 100 micrograms, or 250 micrograms of PGF2 alpha caused a significant intraocular pressure reduction with a small miotic effect. Treatment with 500 micrograms, 750 micrograms, or 1000 micrograms of PGF2 alpha lowered intraocular pressure significantly in cat eyes for at least 24 hr with the development of profound pupillary constriction. Administration of 500 micrograms, 750 micrograms, or 1000 micrograms of PGF2 alpha produced a significant reduction of intraocular pressure in monkey eyes lasting at least 24 hr, with an initial hypertensive phase and a small decrease in pupillary diameter in the treated eyes. Tonography revealed an increased facility of outflow simultaneous with the reduction of intraocular pressure in the eyes of cats and monkeys. These increases of outflow facility could not explain completely the reductions in intraocular pressure. The aqueous humor flow measured by fluorophotometry was unaltered in both species, and possible reasons for this finding are discussed. Anterior chamber aqueous humor protein was significantly higher in cat eyes topically treated with 750 micrograms of PGF2 alpha than in the diluent-treated fellow eyes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[The effect of timolol eye drops on the intraocular pressure in simple glaucoma (author's transl)].

The intraocular pressure response to timolol ophthalmic solution, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was tested in two groups of open angle glaucoma patients using the 0,1% and the 0,5% solution. The 0.5% concentration gave a mean IOP reduction of 13 mm Hg in 39 glaucomatous eyes, corresponding to 46% of the pretreatment pressure level. The 0,1% concentration resulted in an average pressure decrease of 11,5 mm Hg in 22 glaucomatous eyes, corresponding to 40% of the pretreatment pressure levels. With both solutions a reduction of the first day's response was noted after repeated administration of timolol. In all patients tested timolol was tolerated well subjectively and objectively without any side effects. Timolol did not affect blood pressure or pulse rate. Tear production was not reduced after topical application of timolol. Pupillary diameter and facility of outflow were not changed significantly under therapy. It is concluded, that timolol acts primarily by reduction of aqueous inflow. The advantages of timolol as antiglaucomatous drug not affecting visual functions like miotics are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cholinergic inhibitory response in the bovine iris dilator muscle.

Isometric tension changes of the bovine iris dilator muscle were investigated in vitro. Electrical field stimulation (0.03-1 msec duration) produced a relaxation, which was abolished by the addition of tetrodotoxin, thereby suggesting a neuronal origin. Marked relaxation was also initiated in high K solution. Both of these relaxations were potentiated by neostigmine, while atropine abolished the relaxations. Exogenous application of acetylcholine or carbachol produced dose-dependent relaxations that were not antagonized by adrenoceptor blocking agents. These observations indicate that the relaxations induced either by electrical nerve stimulation or by high K are mainly mediated via excitation of cholinergic nerves and that the consequent release of acetylcholine relaxes the muscle. The cholinergic inhibitory mechanism may be accompanied by hyperpolarization of the muscle membrane or be due to a direct transmitter action via "pharmacomechanical coupling." Adrenergic agonists and high K produced weak contractions even when the muscle relaxed with carbachol application. The adrenergic system and the depolarization of the muscle seem to play some role on the motor function of the bovine dilator. The present experiment suggests that the cholinergic system plays an unexpectedly dominant part in dilation of the bovine pupil, since cholinergic agents produced considerable responses of the dilator muscle, as compared to findings in the case of adrenergic agonists. The inhibitory cholinergic nerves innervating the bovine dilator are closely related to the miotic action of the sphincter muscle. The unexpected inhibitory action of acetylcholine may possibly be a general occurrence among mammals.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1980

Intracapsular fixation of extracapsular pseudophakia.

A modification of the fixation of the Binkhorst iridocapsular lens is described. The elastic force of the anterior capsule is used in order to gain a stable, safe and central position of the two-loop iridocapsular lens in combination with an extracapsular cataract extraction. Miotic therapy is not necessary if one uses the described method.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed1980

[Iris suture in cataract surgery (author's transl)].

Cataract extraction can cause a diffuse traumatic dilatation of a narrow pupil in patients with long-standing application of miotics or after iridocyclitis. In order to avoid a total iridectomy a technique for performing an iridotomy with a single iris suture is described. We present the long-term observation of twenty cases: a pear-shaped pupil in a fairly centric position was obtained in all cases and an iris diaphragm was present. The nylon suture was tight in all cases and a bridge of cicatricial iris tissue present.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

[Results of long-term treatment of glaucoma with timolol ophthalmic solution (author's transl)].

A previous double-blind study carried out for 17 weeks on 50 patients with open-angle glaucoma reported on the results of treatment with Timolol and Pilocarpine eye drops. On completion of a long-term study with Timolol over a two-year period, the remaining findings can now be given. Of the 25 patients treated twice a day with 0.1% to 0.5% Timolol eye drops, intraocular pressure was not adequately controlled in six patients with the use of Timolol alone, and treatment had to be discontinued after three to five weeks. In the remaining 19 patients, intraocular pressure was controlled well over the entire two-year period, but in some cases it was necessary after a while to increase the dosage to a higher concentration. The following checks were carried out regularly in accordance with a fixed schedule: intraocular pressure, tonographic examination, visual acuity, pupil size, visual field, pulse and blood pressure, tear production (Schirmer test), slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundaloscopy. Evaluation of the results shows that in the long term Timolol reduced intraocular pressure by 31%. There were no changes in visual acuity, visual field, excavation and degeneration of the optic disc, or slit lamp examination findings. During treatment with Timolol the mean pulse rate decreased by 12%, and there was a drop in blood pressure of 3.8% systolic and 2.8% diastolic. Moreover, tear production decreased by 10.2%. During the entire observation period there were no local or systemic side-effects, nor any adverse reaction. The six patients whose intraocular pressure was not reduced satisfactorily by Timolol alone were treated successfully with a combination of Timolol and miotics. A dosage without additional Timolol would not have sufficed for any of the patients.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of the hypotensive and other ocular effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha on cat and rhesus monkey eyes.

It is generally accepted that exogenous or endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) can give rise to acute increases in intraocular pressure (IOP) and to the development of flare and other signs of uveitis. It was recently shown, however, that low doses of PGE2 and/or PGF2 alpha topically applied to rabbit or owl monkey eyes significantly reduce IOP. The present experiments show that topical application of 10 to 500 micrograms of PGE2 also causes a highly significant IOP reduction in cat eyes lasting up to 48 hr with little or no development of flare or miosis, whereas similar application of PGF2 alpha causes, in addition to an IOP reduction, the development of profound pupillary constriction. Topical application of either PGF2 alpha or PGE2 to the eyes of rhesus monkeys also causes significant dose-dependent reduction in IOP. The hypotensive response in the rhesus monkey is not associated with detectable flare or consistent pupillary constriction, although at higher PG doses, hypotension tends to be preceded in both species by a brief (15 to 30 min) hypertensive phase. It is concluded that the eyes of different species show different patterns of IOP, miotic, and flare responses to topically applied PGs, the only consistent effect being a reduction in IOP. In some species, most notably in primates, a reduction in IOP is the predominant effect of PGs. Thus, PGs or their analogues may provide a new approach to the clinical control of IOP and the treatment of glaucoma.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1982

Optic atrophy after propoxyphene overdose: report of a case.

An 18-year-old woman suffered cardiac arrest and became comatose after ingesting a large amount of proxyphene and salicylates. Six days after admission, her pupils, initially miotic, became fixed and dilated. On the seventh day disc edema developed. This was due to optic neuritis from acute Darvon overdose. Within eight weeks the disc edema resolved into a pale white atrophy with severe loss of vision. This is the first reported case of optic atrophy after propoxyphene overdose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Argon laser trabeculoplasty: its effect on medical control of open-angle glaucoma.

Twenty persons with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were followed for an average of one year in a prospective study after argon laser trabeculoplasty was performed in one eye. By one month the mean intraocular pressure (IOP) had fallen 39% and was associated with an 80% increase in mean facility of aqueous outflow. Eighteen persons with POAG were evaluated for the possibility of maintaining an IOP of less than 22 mm Hg with less medication than was required prior to laser treatment. One third of these patients required no medication after treatment, and 39% required less; however, 28% of persons who were poorly controlled before treatment required the same regimen to maintain control after laser trabeculoplasty. Six out of nine persons no longer required a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor while six out of eight persons no longer required a miotic. Laser trabeculoplasty failed to produce a sufficiently large fall in IOP in most persons on maximal medication to permit discontinuation of all medication; but it produced its most satisfying response in persons whose glaucoma was less difficult to control.

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1982

Nanophthalmos: a perspective on identification and therapy.

Nanophthalmos is a rare and blinding disease. Diagnostic features include a small eye, small cornea, shallow anterior chamber, narrow angle, high lens/eye volume ratio, and uveal effusion. Intraocular surgery has a high rate of disastrous complications and blindness. The 32 eyes (16 patients) presented are in three categories based on angle closure and intraocular pressure levels. Treatment methods included medication, laser iridotomy and gonioplasty, peripheral iridectomy, filtration surgery, and cataract extraction. Glaucoma medication was effective, although miotics sometimes increased pupillary block. Laser iridotomy was successful in 83% of six eyes; laser gonioplasty in 91.6% of 12 eyes. Peripheral iridectomy succeeded in two of seven eyes, and filtering operations provided tension control in two of five eyes. Thirteen of 15 eyes undergoing filtration surgery suffered severe postoperative visual loss. Cataract extraction improved vision in only three of six eyes. The authors' experience confirms that surgery in nanophthalmic eyes has an extremely high complication rate with disastrous results. Medication and laser therapy are the procedures of choice for angle-closure glaucoma in nanophthalmos.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Arteriovenous malformation associated with congenital heart disease, with a remark on accompanying cardiopulmonary dysfunction (author's transl)].

A 10 years old school boy, who had been known to have a small ventricular septal defect from 2 months after birth, was admitted to us with a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage on October 24, 1978. On admission, neurological examination revealed mild right hemiparesis and miotic pupils in semicomatose state, and thrilling, that was equivalent to Levine III, pansystolic murmur and cyanosis of nails were noticed. By CT scan, intraventricular hemorrhage originated from hemorrhage in the basal ganglia was shown and the left CAG revealed an arteriovenous malformation in the left basal ganglia. Electrocardiogram showed mild cardiac failure and chest x-ray showed pulmonary congestion. Neurological symptoms and abnormal cardiopulmonary changes made well manageable after bilateral ventricular drainage. Twenty four cases of arteriovenous malformation associated with congenital heart disease were reviewed in the reported literature, and 20 cases were found to combine with Galenic aneurysm with congenital heart disease. All of those cases had been in a little pause after the birth and the most of congenital heart diseases were of patient ductus arteriosus. The rest of cases including our present case were 4 cases, who had rather small arteriovenous malformation, and the severity of the congenital heart disease was attributable to the patients mortality. In all of the report at present only our case was the single survival. Embryological investigation on arteriovenous malformation of the brain and congenital heart disease indicated that association of both conditions could be attributable to the vascular malformation in a very limited gestational stage, and that the incidence should be much less than reported. Our case showed the intracranial hypertension was found to create serious cardio-pulmonary dysfunction when congenital heart disease being accompanied, and it was presumably relating to the relatively higher incidence of Galenic aneurysm associated with ductus arteriosus.

Child↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative clinical study of metoprolol and timolol (author's transl)].

Timolol is a non-specific beta-blocking agent acting on both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors while metoprolol is a specific beta 1 blocking agent. Both timolol and metoprolol decrease intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor secretion without increasing facility of outflow. They have both similar short and long term efficacy which does not diminish even after several months of use. Generally, there are adequate to treat glaucoma without perimetric changes, while treatment of glaucoma with functional defects requires their association with miotics. When blocking beta 1 receptors, timolol causes marked constriction of bronchi and peripheral vessels. Hence, it is contraindicated in bronchial asthma and ischemic optic neuropathy. This is not the case with metoprolol, which does not block beta 2 receptors.

Glaucoma↗
PubMed1980

[Psychogalvanogram and interpretation of human behavior].

The psychodermogalvanogram is a modern electrographical procedure whose main function depends upon a Wheatstone Bridge set at a constant voltage and with variations of intensity set up in direct relation to the conductivity of the skin. The spontaneous psychodermogalvanogram (SPDG) makes it possible to evaluate patients that could be either of a: a) normal reaction; b) hyporeactional; c) hyperreactional; d) disreactional or unstable. The psycholinguistic psychogalvanogram (PLPG) enables the possibility of distinguishing the different forms of behaviour: A) Normal reactions (+/- 80% of our clinical reports). The comportance of youths not hypnotizable or hypnocomplacent pacients, geriatrics, psychopatic personalities, electroepylepsies (GME), juvenile diabetics, etc. The PLPG presents the typical reactions in the positive answers (a marked increase in the biophasic or monophasic waves lengths) or the negative (a reduction in the volume of both waves lengths). The Time Reaction of Psycholinguistic factor (TRPL) varies from 70 to 110 ms. The comprehension of guestaltic questions arising and a repetition of the same shorten the TRPL. Rapid reaction of physic stress. Common to EEF there is an increased activity in the beta rythm prefontal left of the band 16 to 27 c/s and the paroxisms alpha prior to the right temporal of band 8 c/s and a duration of 3 to 5 seconds, equivalent answers to the PLPG. The cardiorespiratory rythm increase in relation to psychic stress. The Rheoencephalogram (REG) revealed an increase in the flown pulse of anterior cerebral artery of left hemisphere and the middle cerebral artery of right hemisphere. B) Abnormal reactions (+/- 11% of our clinical reports), which includes deep oligophrenics, schizophrenics, delirants and electroepilepsias (PME). The PLPG shows a dominance in the monophasic waves lengths at low variation similar to those found in arteriosclerosis. Paradoxically, the REG shows a marked reduction of the right carotic cerebral artery (genetic modification?). On the other hand the PLPG shows practically no reactional changes. C) Hyper reactives or sofronizables (+/- 9% of our clinical reports) includes those who can be hypnotized or are supersensitive. The PLPG reveals biondic cycles which are grouped in convexed arcs on the rise, reaching levels of 4 to 6 positive reaction, or in concave arcs on the decline reaching negative reactions. The TRPL is very brief, from 30 to 55 ms. The EEG shows in the left hemisphere, on the beta rithm basalis, alpha paroxysm of 8 c/s and 1 to 2 seconds duration wich are recorded in the prefrontal area. The right hemispheric recording, registers paroxysms of a large quantity in the theta rythm with a frequency of 5 to 6 cycles per second and a duration of 5 to 6 seconds which interrupted the beta band in a frequency of 14 to 17 c/s, similar to those registered during the drowsiness. The EOG shows very slow wyw movement. The ECG reduced its frequency and the electrospirogram (ESG) increased its volume. The pupils are parcial miotics...

Behavior↗