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PubMed2004

Nuclear microsatellites reveal contrasting patterns of genetic structure between western and southeastern European populations of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.).

To determine extant patterns of population genetic structure in common ash and gain insight into postglacial recolonization processes, we applied multilocus-based Bayesian approaches to data from 36 European populations genotyped at five nuclear microsatellite loci. We identified two contrasting patterns in terms of population genetic structure: (1) a large area from the British Isles to Lithuania throughout central Europe constituted effectively a single deme, whereas (2) strong genetic differentiation occurred over short distances in Sweden and southeastern Europe. Concomitant geographical variation was observed in estimates of allelic richness and genetic diversity, which were lowest in populations from southeastern Europe, that is, in regions close to putative ice age refuges, but high in western and central Europe, that is, in more recently recolonized areas. We suggest that in southeastern Europe, restricted postglacial gene flow caused by a rapid expansion of refuge populations in a mountainous topography is responsible for the observed strong genetic structure. In contrast, admixture of previously differentiated gene pools and high gene flow at the onset of postglacial recolonization of western and central Europe would have homogenized the genetic structure and raised the levels of genetic diversity above values in the refuges.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMed2006

Coordinated European investigations of semen quality: results from studies of Scandinavian young men is a matter of concern.

For many years it has been acknowledged that Danish and Norwegian men have one of the highest risks in the world for testicular cancer in sharp contrast to neighbouring Baltic men from Finland, Estonia and Lithuania. As an association between poor semen quality and testicular cancer has been established, it was suggested that men from high-risk testicular cancer areas would be more likely to have poor semen quality. However, previous studies were not able to elucidate this question due to their retrospective nature. In prospectively designed and strictly controlled studies of fertile men, the existence of regional differences in semen quality was confirmed. In addition, studies of men from the general populations were undertaken and a similar regional difference in semen quality was detected. Men from the eastern part of the Nordic-Baltic area had better semen quality than men from the western part. These findings parallel the incidence of testicular cancer in these regions. Approximately 20% of young men from Norway and Denmark had sperm concentrations below the World Health Organization reference level of 20 x 10(6) spermatozoa/mL, and approximately 40% had <40 x 10(6) spermatozoa/mL which, according to recent publications, may be the 'threshold' below which fecundity declines. In Denmark, the situation is of concern and a continued surveillance of semen quality in young men was established in 2001 by a government-supported programme.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Mitochondrial phylogeography of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber L.

Nucleotide variation in an approximately 490 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA CR) was used to describe the genetic variation and phylogeographical pattern in the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) over its entire range. The sampling effort was focused on the relict populations that survived a drastic population bottleneck, caused by overhunting, at the end of the 19th century. A total of 152 individuals grouped into eight populations representing all currently recognized subspecies were studied. Sixteen haplotypes were detected, none of them shared among populations. Intrapopulation sequence variation was very low, most likely a result of the severe bottleneck. Extreme genetic structure could result from human-mediated extinction of intermediate populations, but it could also be an effect of prior substantial structuring of the beaver populations with watersheds of major Eurasian rivers acting as barriers to gene flow. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of two mtDNA lineages: eastern (Poland, Lithuania, Russia and Mongolia) and western (Germany, Norway and France), the former comprising more divergent haplotypes. The low level of sequence divergence of the entire cytochrome b gene among six individuals representing six subspecies suggests differentiation during the last glacial period and existence of multiple glacial refugia. At least two evolutionary significant units (ESU) can be identified, the western and the eastern haplogroup. The individual relict populations should be regarded as management units, the eastern subspecies possibly also as ESUs. Guidelines for future translocations and reintroductions are proposed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns.

The purposes of this systematic review were to present and compare recent estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school-aged youth from 34 countries and to examine associations between overweight and selected dietary and physical activity patterns. Data consisted of a cross-sectional survey of 137 593 youth (10-16 years) from the 34 (primarily European) participating countries of the 2001-2002 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined based on self-reported height and weight and the international child body mass index standards. Logistic regression was employed to examine associations between overweight status with selected dietary and physical activity patterns. The two countries with the highest prevalence of overweight (pre-obese + obese) and obese youth were Malta (25.4% and 7.9%) and the United States (25.1% and 6.8%) while the two countries with the lowest prevalence were Lithuania (5.1% and 0.4%) and Latvia (5.9% and 0.5%). Overweight and obesity prevalence was particularly high in countries located in North America, Great Britain, and south-western Europe. Within most countries physical activity levels were lower and television viewing times were higher in overweight compared to normal weight youth. In 91% of the countries examined, the frequency of sweets intake was lower in overweight than normal weight youth. Overweight status was not associated with the intake of fruits, vegetables, and soft drinks or time spent on the computer. In conclusion, the adolescent obesity epidemic is a global issue. Increasing physical activity participation and decreasing television viewing should be the focus of strategies aimed at preventing and treating overweight and obesity in youth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Examination of the diagnostic validity of 'headache attributed to whiplash injury': a controlled, prospective study.

Acute and chronic headache attributed to whiplash injury are new diagnostic entities in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition. A main objective of the present study was to assess the validity of these nosologic entities by studying the headache pattern in an inception cohort of 210 rear-end car collision victims and in 210 matched controls. Consecutive drivers involved in rear-end collisions were identified from the daily records of the Traffic Police Department of Kaunas, Lithuania. A standard self-report questionnaire was sent to the drivers between 2 and 7 days after the collision, and their passengers were recruited as well. Headache and neck pain were evaluated within 7 days of the collision, at 2 months and 1 year after the collision. A control group of non-traumatized subjects received questionnaires at the time of the selection and 1 year later. Of the 75 collision victims who developed headache within the first 7 days of the collision, 37 had a clinical picture in accordance with the criteria for acute whiplash headache (i.e., concomitant neck pain) and 38 did not. For acute headache after collision, concomitant neck pain was of no relevance to the headache type or its course. In both these subgroups, migraine and tension-type headache could be diagnosed in similar proportions and the prognosis after 2 months and 1 year was also similar. Preexisting headache was a strong prognostic factor in both groups for both acute and chronic pain. Compared with the non-traumatized control group, the 1-year incidence of new or worsened headache, or of headache improvement, was the same. A likely interpretation of the data is that acute headaches after rear-end car collisions mainly represent episodes of a primary headache precipitated by the stress of the situation. We conclude that the nosologic validity of both acute and chronic whiplash headache is poor as the headaches, in accordance with the criteria lack distinguishing clinical features and have the same prognosis compared with headaches in a control group.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Sublingual compared with vaginal misoprostol for labour induction at term: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of 50 microg of sublingual misoprostol with 25 microg of vaginal misoprostol administered for labour induction at term. Design Double-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Setting University Hospital, Kaunas, Lithuania. Sample A total of 140 women at term with indications for labour induction. Methods Women were randomised to receive either 50 microg of sublingual misoprostol with vaginal placebo (n = 70) or sublingual placebo with 25 microg of vaginal misoprostol (n = 70) every 4 hours (maximum six doses). Main outcome measures The number of women delivering vaginally within 24 hours of labour induction. Results Fifty-eight women (83%) in the sublingual misoprostol group and 53 (76%) in the vaginal misoprostol group delivered vaginally within 24 hours [relative risk (RR) 1.1, 95% confidential interval (CI) 0.9-1.3]. However, the induction to vaginal delivery time was significantly shorter in the sublingual group (15.0 +/- 3.7 hours) compared with the vaginal group (16.7 +/- 4.1 hours, P = 0.03). The incidence of tachysystole was more than three-fold higher in the sublingual than in the vaginal group (14 versus 4.3%; RR 3.3, 95% CI 0.9-11.6), but this was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in the incidence of hypertonus or hyperstimulation syndrome, mode of delivery, interventions for fetal distress or neonatal outcomes between the two groups. Conclusion A 50 microg of sublingual misoprostol 4 hourly for labour induction at term seems to have similar efficacy as 25 microg of vaginal misoprostol. Further studies on safety with larger numbers of women need to be conducted before routine sublingual misoprostol use in this setting.

Administration, Intravaginal↗

PubMed2000

Overview: epilepsy surgery in developing countries.

Epilepsy surgery (ES) is addressed in relation to economic classifications of national resources and welfare in developing countries. A decade ago, ten developing countries conducted ES; now 26 such countries have reported results of ES. A number of international authorities define indicators of national economic welfare. Adopting the economic classification of the International Monetary Fund. we find that ES is nonexistent in 98% of African countries, 76% of Asian countries, 58% of European countries, 82% of Middle East countries, and in 86% of countries of the Western Hemisphere. The 1980-1990 global ES survey conducted by the International League Against Epilepsy identified ten developing countries reporting ES (DCRES): Brazil, China, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Mexico, Poland, Taiwan, the U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia, and Viet Nam. The present survey based on the proceedings of the 19th-23rd International Epilepsy Congresses and Medline reports from 1991 to November 1999 revealed at least 26 (18.3%) DCRES of 142 developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, P.R.China, the U.S.S.R., Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, and former Yugoslavia. National vital statistics expose the hardships of developing countries. The population ratio of developed countries to developing countries is approximately 1:5. The reverse per capita Gross Domestic Product ratio is 20:1. Great disparities exist in vital statistics, all to the disadvantage of the DCRES. The World Health Organization defines health-related sectors geographically, then divides developing countries into several subgroups. Disability caused by length of disease and years lived with disability can be quantified monetarily for epilepsy, and the total health expenditures of developed and developing countries can be compared. The DCRES are short of technology, and their ES teams must choose from an excess of surgical candidates, investigating with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, noninvasive video-electroencephalography, and neuropsychology. The surgical outcomes achieved are similar to those in the developed world, but at a fractional cost. To internationalize ES, outcome, cost, and savings from care, evolution of assessment methodology is needed. Also needed is general support from the developed world.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Cryosurgery in tachycardia treatment.

Cryosurgical techniques have become established and acceptable therapy in the treatment of resistant arrhythmias. In this report, both experimental and clinical data are presented describing the results of various cryosurgical techniques used at the Cardiac Rhythm Disturbance Center in Lithuania, USSR.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Suicides in the former Soviet republics.

The suicide rate in the former Soviet Union rose from 17.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1965 to 29.6 in 1984. In regions of long-standing traditional lifestyles, strong religious faith and multi-generation families (the Caucasus and central Asia), the suicide rate was low, whereas in regions with sociopolitical antagonisms (Baltic States) and forced social changes (Russia), it was high. A significant decline in the suicide rate (34.5%), from 29.6 to 19.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, occurred in 1984-1988 throughout the Soviet Union, in the hopeful period of social democratization and stiff restrictions on the sale of alcohol. Rates varied widely between different republics - from 1.8 in Armenia to 26.3 in Lithuania and 24.3 in the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1988. In contrast to the pattern in several countries in western Europe, the suicide rates in the Russian SFSR were much higher in the rural regions than in the urban ones.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Regional differences in the distribution of suicide in the former Soviet Union during perestroika, 1984-1990.

The former USSR covered 22.4 million square kilometres and had a population of 288,362,296 in 1990. During 1984-1990 the former USSR consisted of 15 republics, which formed culturally, geographically and historically different regions. Yearly, approximately 45,000-50,000 males and 14,000-15,000 females committed suicide. Suicide rates in the former USSR during 1984-1990 varied greatly between different regions, from 3.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the Caucasus (Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia) to 11.8 in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), 18.1 in Moldova, 25.6 in the Slavic region (Russia, the Ukraine and Belarus) and 28.0 in the Baltic region (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia). The same pattern of great variation between different regions was observed for both men and women in the former USSR, with suicide rates for men ranging from 4.9 in the Caucasian region to 45.9 in the Baltics, and suicide rates for women ranging from 2.1 in the Caucasus to 12.3 in the Baltics.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1998

Reliability of statistics on violent death and suicide in the former USSR, 1970-1990.

The stability of the relationship between trends of violent deaths as a whole, suicides and death from undetermined causes was assessed by quantitative methods for the whole former USSR in the years 1970-1990 and for each of the 15 republics in the former USSR for the years 1984-1990. Semi-structured interviews during 1989-1996 were performed with 12 professionals involved in the diagnosis and coding of causes of death in the Baltic states and Russia. The quantitative analyses showed that mortality data were reliable for the Slavic (Russia, the Ukraine and Belarus) and Baltic (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) republics, and also for Kazakhstan, Kirgizia and Moldova. The Central Asian and Caucasian republics showed greater variation in trends and ratios, indicating a need for further investigations of the reliability of suicide statistics in these regions. It emerged from the interviews that no instructions to falsify data were given. The only instructions given were to treat the data on suicide and murder as 'top secret'. None the less, certain classification errors might arise in the statistics. The diagnosis 'undetermined cause of death' was permissible only as a preliminary diagnosis for 14 days, and there was a risk of criticism for poor-quality work if too many deaths were classified as being due to undetermined causes. Misclassifications could also occur in cases where there was a wish to conceal murder. Negative attitudes towards suicide, especially in Muslim regions, where suicide is taboo, might also have contributed to under-reporting of suicide.

Homicide↗

PubMed1998

Increasing incidence of testicular cancer--birth cohort effects.

The incidence of testicular cancer is rising in most Western populations. A collaborative study between nine population-based cancer registries in countries around the Baltic Sea was utilized in order to analyze in detail geographic variations and temporal trends in the occurrence of testicular cancer. There were 34,309 cases registered up until 1989 starting in Denmark in 1942 and most recently in Latvia in 1977. From the descriptive epidemiology it was obvious that there was a substantial variation in the age-standardized incidence amounting to about a 10-fold difference between the different countries ranging from 0.8 per 100,000 person-years in Lithuania to 7.6 per 100,000 person-years in Denmark. Previous studies have indicated that this increase is due to birth cohort effects. A more detailed analysis was therefore performed in those six countries with a sufficiently long period of cancer registration; Poland, former East Germany, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Sweden. This analysis showed that birth cohort is a more important determinant of testicular cancer risk than year of diagnosis. In Poland, former East Germany and Finland, there was an increasing risk for all birth cohorts. Among men born in Denmark, Norway or Sweden between 1930 and 1945, this increasing trend in risk was interrupted in these birth cohorts but followed thereafter by an uninterrupted increase by birth cohort. In conclusion, life time exposure to environmental factors which are associated with the incidence of testicular cancer appear to be more related to birth cohort than to year of diagnosis. Because testicular cancer typically occurs at an early age, major etiological factors therefore need to operate early in life, perhaps even in utero.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Migratory Prostitution with Emphasis on Europe.

In many European countries, foreigners constitute the majority of certain groups of prostitutes, e.g., approximately 90% of the window prostitutes in the red light district of Amsterdam are not native to the Netherlands. The same is true for prostitutes working in bars in Vienna. In cities where registered prostitution is legal, unregistered prostitutes, most of whom are foreigners, often outnumber the registered ones. Central European countries often receive "sex workers" from eastern Europe, e.g., from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania, whereas the majority of migratory prostitutes in Great Britain and continental western Europe come from Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. In northern Europe, women from Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and the Baltic states are prostituting themselves in increasing numbers. Scandinavia has so far been affected relatively less by this mobility. In Spain, France, and Italy, women from Arabic and subSaharan countries are common among prostitutes. Foreign prostitutes move into Turkey along two main routes: women from the Balkan countries come to the western part of the country, whereas those from the former Soviet Union cross the border from Georgia, where they usually operate at resorts along the eastern Black Sea coast. Prostitutes are also mobile within the former communist bloc. For instance, women from Russia prostitute themselves in Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. the customers are locals, particularly those with "hard currency", such as businessmen and "sex tourists" from the West. Following the outbreak of civil war in the former Yugoslavia, women from that country are now more frequently seen among the population of migratory prostitutes in Europe.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Nutrition and the global risk for chronic diseases: the INTERHEALTH nutrition initiative. The INTERHEALTH Steering Committee.

As chronic, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the World Health Organization's INTERHEALTH Programme, an international collaboration currently involving 15 countries, has focused its attention on population-based NCD prevention. Participating nations include Australia, Chile, China, Cuba, Cyprus, Finland, Japan, Lithuania, Malta, Mauritius, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, and the United States. This paper will review and assess global trends in food and nutrient intake among INTERHEALTH countries between 1954 and 1986.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1999

Frequent use of sugar products by schoolchildren in 20 European countries, Israel and Canada in 1993/1994.

The aim of this study was to describe the daily use of certain between-meal sugar products (soft drinks and sweets) of schoolchildren in 20 European countries, Israel and Canada as a part of the Cross-National Survey on Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children--a WHO Collaborative Study. The data were collected using standardised anonymous questionnaires in school classrooms during the 1993/1994 school year. In each country nationally or regionally representative samples of about 1,300 schoolchildren (450 in Greenland) were targeted. Use of sugar products was analysed according to sex, age, country, self-reported school performance and self-reported family economy. One third to one half of the children (30-48 per cent) drank coke or other soft drinks more than once a day in Israel, Northern Ireland, Scotland, the Slovak Republic and Flemish-speaking Belgium. Use of soft drinks was very uncommon in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Latvia and Estonia. The strongest association (odds ratios) was between the use of soft drinks and good family economy; in Russia (20.3), in Lithuania (11.3), in Latvia (10.0), in Poland (8.5) and in Estonia (8.0). In Israel, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Russia and French-speaking Belgium 41-29 per cent of the children ate sweets more than once a day. Boys drank soft drinks and ate sweets slightly more often than girls did. In conclusion, large differences were found between the different countries in the frequency of use of soft drinks and sweets. This should be considered when developing the content of oral health promotion programmes.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transferring management technology: healthcare quality improvement education in central and eastern Europe.

The newly independent nations of the former Soviet Union continue to restructure and refine their political and economic environments. Competition for scarce of dwindling economic resources within these nations and between the nations of an expanding global community necessitates that they adopt more efficient and effective management methods to provide essential public services. As a result, organizational management concepts developed and used in the West (i.e., in the United States and the countries of the European Union) are eagerly sought for incorporation into new administrative systems. This is an opportune time for healthcare service management educators to develop and present total quality management (TQM) programs, stressing continuous quality improvement (CQI) methods specifically targeted and adapted to the organizational needs of these countries, as they restructure their societies from centrally planned to market-driven economies. In general, educators in healthcare service management, acting as information consultants, can play a pivotal role in guiding strategies for healthcare organizational change and in helping to stabilize transitional organizational processes, by providing guidelines that can improve utilization of healthcare resources and monitoring of healthcare service outcomes. Most of the observations and recommendations presented in this article are derived from the author's experiences in conducting healthcare management improvement projects in Bulgaria in 1993 and in Lithuania since 1991.

Commonwealth of Independent States↗

PubMed2002

Emergence of tetracycline resistance in Helicobacter pylori: multiple mutational changes in 16S ribosomal DNA and other genetic loci.

Tetracycline is useful in combination therapies against the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. We found 6 tetracycline-resistant (Tet(r)) strains among 159 clinical isolates (from El Salvador, Lithuania, and India) and obtained the following four results: (i) 5 of 6 Tet(r) isolates contained one or two nucleotide substitutions in one part of the primary tetracycline binding site in 16S rRNA (AGA(965-967) [Escherichia coli coordinates] changed to gGA, AGc, guA, or gGc [lowercase letters are used to represent the base changes]), whereas the sixth (isolate Ind75) retained AGA(965-967); (ii) PCR products containing mutant 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) alleles transformed recipient strains to Tet(r) phenotypes, but transformants containing alleles with single substitutions (gGA and AGc) were less resistant than their Tet(r) parents; (iii) each of 10 Tet(r) mutants of reference strain 26695 (in which mutations were induced with metronidazole, a mutagenic anti-H. pylori agent) contained the normal AGA(965-967) sequence; and (iv) transformant derivatives of Ind75 and of one of the Tet(r) 26695 mutants that had acquired mutant rDNA alleles were resistant to tetracycline at levels higher than those to which either parent strain was resistant. Thus, tetracycline resistance in H. pylori results from an accumulation of changes that may affect tetracycline-ribosome affinity and/or other functions (perhaps porins or efflux pumps). We suggest that the rarity of tetracycline resistance among clinical isolates reflects this need for multiple mutations and perhaps also the deleterious effects of such mutations on fitness. Formally equivalent mutations with small but additive effects are postulated to contribute importantly to traits such as host specificity and virulence and to H. pylori's great genetic diversity.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2006

Influence of three-piece and single-piece designs of two sharp-edge optic hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses on the prevention of posterior capsule opacification: a prospective, randomised, long-term clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is still a major long-term complication of modern cataract surgery. We evaluated the impact of sharp-edged intraocular lenses (IOLs) with different haptic designs made from the same hydrophobic acrylic material on posterior and anterior lens capsule opacification. SETTING: Eye clinic of Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania. Prospective randomised clinical study. METHODS: Seventy-four eyes of 74 patients scheduled for cataract surgery were included in a prospective randomised clinical study. Thirty-seven eyes of 37 patients received a three-piece acrylic hydrophobic (AcrySof, MA3OBA, Alcon) IOL; and thirty-seven eyes of 37 patients received a one-piece acrylic hydrophobic (AcrySof, SA3OAL, Alcon) IOL. Visual acuity, anterior capsule opacification (ACO), capsular folds, capsulorrhexis/optic overlapping and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) were evaluated. ACO was assessed subjectively. PCO values in the entire IOL optic area and in the central 3 mm optic zone were assessed using a photographic image-analysis system (EPCO2000). Follow-ups were performed postoperatively at 1 day, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in best corrected visual acuity, grade of ACO and capsulorrhexis/optic overlapping between IOL types during the follow-up period. Patients in the one-piece acrylic hydrophobic IOL group more frequently presented with capsular folds behind the IOL optic area than those in the three-piece IOL group. In the three-piece acrylic hydrophobic IOL group, PCO values (mean (SD)) of the entire IOL optic area were significantly lower six months postoperative (three-piece: 0.002 (0.009); one-piece: 0.007 (0.017); p=0.04), one year postoperative (three-piece: 0.004 (0.016); one-piece: 0.026 (0.041); p=0.001) as well as one year postoperative in the central 3 mm optic zone (three-piece: 0.000 (0.0002); one-piece: 0.019 (0.049); p=0.001). However, two years postoperative, the PCO values of the groups did not show significant differences (entire IOL optic area: three-piece, 0.136 (0.223); one-piece, 0.154 (0.190); p=0.18; central zone: three-piece, 0.023 (0.065); one-piece: 0.020 (0.039); p=0.44). CONCLUSION: The 2 year follow-up after cataract surgery showed no significant difference in ACO and PCO development between three-piece and one-piece acrylic hydrophobic intraocular lenses.

Aged↗