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PubMedDate not supplied

[Is selection for extended life expectancy possible by regularity in aging?].

To answer this question it is important to explain the mode of development of the different maximum life span potentials (MLP) during evolution. We know by empiric-historical investigations, that at least later in evolution appearing species of mammals possess a higher MLP. What does then mean a "regular process"? The aging process is a regular one, being a physiologic event, in the character of that what all we can determine at it, as far as it allows explanation and prediction. This did succeed in a high degree during the until now short tradition of experimental gerontology. We refer to experimental results not only from the literature but also from our own work on repair, genetic and metabolic changes and multivariate investigations into the biological age, to decide from two hypotheses of the causes of aging, how the title question can be answered: a) aging as a programmed event, brought about by aging genes, controlled by an intrinsic clock. These genes should restrict life expectancy or the replicative capacity of cells--hence the adaptive hypothesis; b) aging as a consequence of the accumulation of errors counteracted by antibiosenescent strategies (AS)--hence nonadaptive hypotheses, the most plausible one being that of the disposable soma. Later species are adapted better to changing environmental conditions by their other development, their ecological niches are larger, their environment contains specifically lesser dangers and risks, because they better cope with them--therefore it is worth while to spend more energy for the maintenance of their soma than for their reproduction: they develop better and more AS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Prostate cancer Tx. Therapeutic options based on tumor grade, life expectancy, and patient preferences.

Cancer of the prostate is the most common malignancy in American men. Its incidence is associated with age, race, family history, and life style factors, such as high-fat diets. Some men develop prostate cancer before age 55, but 80% of tumors occur in men older than age 65. For organ-confined prostate cancers, treatment options include observation, radical prostatectomy, external beam or interstitial radiation, and cryoablation. The appropriate therapeutic decision is based on analysis of multiple factors by the physician and the individual patient. Advanced prostate cancer remains incurable, but hormonal manipulation and newer chemotherapeutic regimens offer palliation in later stages of the disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Overweight and obesity status are linked to lower life expectancy.

It is well known that overweight and obesity are associated with increased morbidity, which translates into increased risk of mortality. Two recent studies quantify the number of years of life lost owing to high body mass index, but more research is needed to determine whether weight loss would result in the prevention of early death.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2005

Calculation of prefectural disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) using long-term care prevalence and its socioeconomic correlates in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the disability weight, "utility", for calculation of disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) using the prevalence of long-term care; (2) to calculate prefectural DALE; and (3) to clarify the relation between DALE and area socioeconomic conditions in Japan. METHODS: Disability utility by care level (support and levels I-V) of long-term care insurance was determined by a survey of 236 professionals with four standard utility measures: EuroQol-5D, time trade-off, standard gamble, and visual analogue scale. DALE at age 65 (DALE65) and age-adjusted weighted disability prevalence (WDP) of 47 prefectures were calculated using the determined utilities, prevalence of long-term care, and life tables. The relationships of DALE and WDP to mortality from major causes and socioeconomic indicators were examined by correlation analysis. RESULTS: The determined utilities were: support, 0.78; level I, 0.68; level II, 0.64; level III, 0.44; level IV, 0.34; and level V, 0.21. The prefectural DALE65 ranged from 17.11 to 15.29 years for men and from 20.21 to 18.42 years for women. Strong correlations were found between DALE65 and mortality for both sexes. Male DALE65 was correlated with no socioeconomic indicators, while female DALE65 was correlated with some indicators. WDP was positively associated with indicators representing socioeconomic disadvantage, such as unemployment rate and percentage of elderly single households. CONCLUSIONS: The socioeconomic correlates of DALE and WDP suggested that favorable socioeconomic policies, in addition to a decrease in mortality from major causes, will contribute to significant extension of the independence period in the elderly. The method proposed here encourages the practical use of health expectancy in health policy, especially at local and regional levels.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Health-adjusted life expectancy at the local level in ontario.

Health expectancy measures are becoming a common method of combining information on mortality and health-related quality of life into one summary population health measure. However, health expectancy measures are infrequently measured at the local level, despite a shift toward health service planning to that level. Using a modified Sullivan method, we calculated health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) for the 42 public health units in Ontario using life tables that were derived from mortality and population data for 1988-1992 and the Health Utilities Index from the 1990 Ontario Health Survey. There were large variations among health units in HALE at age 15 for both men (range: 51.3-58.2 years) and women (range: 56.6-62.9 years). Generally, rural and northern areas had the lowest HALE. Local differences in male HALE were greater than for life expectancy (7.1 versus 6.0 years). Despite a relatively large health survey (45,583 respondents, range: 729-1,746 per health unit), few HALE differences deviated significantly from the Ontario mean, raising concerns about the feasibility of estimating local health expectancy measures with adequate precision. Nevertheless, the wider local differences and different geographic distribution of local HALE compared with mortality measures, along with the additional benefit of being able to model the complex interaction of mortality and morbidity, suggest that HALE may be a useful population health measure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Life expectancy.

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Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

From stage to age in variable environments: life expectancy and survivorship.

Stage-based demographic data are now available on many species of plants and some animals, and they often display temporal and spatial variability. We provide exact formulas to compute age-specific life expectancy and survivorship from stage-based data for three models of temporal variability: cycles, serially independent random variation, and a Markov chain. These models provide a comprehensive description of patterns of temporal variation. Our formulas describe the effects of cohort (birth) environmental condition on mortality at all ages, and of the effects on survivorship of environmental variability experienced over the course of life. This paper complements existing methods for time-invariant stage-based data, and adds to the information on population growth and dynamics available from stochastic demography.

Adaptation, Biological↗