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PubMed2007

The full spectrum of biomedical informatics education at Oregon Health & Science University.

OBJECTIVES: The growing use of health information technology in operational settings, along with the maturation of the discipline of biomedical informatics, requires reorganization of educational programs in the field. The objective of this paper is to provide a context and description of the biomedical informatics education program at Oregon Health & Science University. METHODS: The details of the program are provided. RESULTS: The paper describes the overall program and its component curricula. CONCLUSIONS: OHSU has developed a program that caters to the full spectrum of those who will work in the field, allowing education tailored to their career goals and needs. The maturation of Internet technologies also allow most aspects of the program to be delivered on-line. The informatics field must step up to the challenge of educating the best workforce to achieve our goals for the optimal use of HIT.

Computational Biology↗

PubMed2004

Clinical librarianship in the UK: temporary trend or permanent profession? Part I: a review of the role of the clinical librarian.

BACKGROUND: This paper is the first of a two-part series of articles presenting the role of the clinical librarian (CL) in the UK today. It situates the CL concept historically, and specifically reports the findings from a study in 2002 (Skinner, The Role of the Clinical Librarian in the UK. MSc Dissertation. Loughborough University: Department of Information Science). RELEVANCE: The impetus for the 2002 study was the awareness of an increase in job advertisements within the NHS for roles seeking to enhance the practice of evidence-based medicine, which included elements of clinical librarianship. Therefore the research was undertaken to establish whether this increase was coincidental, or the beginning of a new professional role for librarians. METHODS: A content analysis of CL job advertisements, examining job titles and duties was undertaken. Twenty-three advertisements were scrutinized, and these results are presented here. As a complementary investigation, a postal questionnaire was sent to a sample of practising CLs in the UK. RESULTS: Several duties can be classified as core to the role of the CL. However there is a great diversity of duties attached to this core, reflecting an absence of nationally accepted practice. CONCLUSION: Further work was necessary to assess current practice and how clinical librarianship can continue to grow at local and national levels. This is addressed in Part Two of this series.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗

PubMed1986

Morning report. Role of the clinical librarian.

The educational value of morning report should be enhanced by thorough evaluation of the medical literature. We added a clinical medical librarian (CML) program to our morning report 2 1/2 years ago to provide rapid, complete access to reference material relevant to topics discussed in morning report. MEDLINE searches and references are made available on a same-day basis; cumulative lists of these are provided to the staff and house staff at bimonthly and yearly intervals. All house staff used the CML service to some degree and the majority found it to be of value in making patient care decisions. Since the inception of the CML program, the medical library has noted a more than twofold increase in the number of on-line reference searches and a similar increase in requests for searches by house staff. Patient care decisions have been improved through ready access to current medical literature, and the teaching program has been enhanced by the creation of the CML program as an integral part of morning report.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

Single versus double volume exchange transfusion in jaundiced newborn infants.

BACKGROUND: Double volume exchange transfusion is commonly used in newborns with severe jaundice in order to prevent kernicterus and other toxicity related to hyperbilirubinemia. Most commonly, exchange transfusions are used in infants with rhesus hemolytic disease. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of single volume exchange transfusion (SVET) with that of double volume exchange transfusion (DVET) in producing survival without disability and reducing bilirubin levels in newborn infants with severe jaundice. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica online), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), SCISEARCH (Science Citation Index), Reference lists from the articles identified in the search of the databases, and from review articles were searched through March 2006. Personal communication with experts in the field was used to identify unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA: All Randomised and quasi randomised control trials comparing single volume and double volume exchange transfusions in jaundiced newborn infants were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Safety and efficacy of single and double volume exchange compared with regards to long term neurodevelopment, reduction in bilirubin levels and other complications during exchange transfusion. Data was evaluated separately with regards to the cause of jaundice. Relative risk (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD) were calculated for dichotomous and continuous variables respectively. 95% confidence intervals were used and a fixed effects model was assumed. MAIN RESULTS: Only one study fulfilled the criteria (Amato 1988). 20 full term babies requiring exchange transfusion for hemolytic jaundice due to ABO incompatibility were randomly allocated to receive single or double volume exchange transfusion. Base line characteristics of both groups were similar with regards to birth weight 3260 (SD 390) g vs. 3350 SD (410) g, gestational age 39 (SD 1) week vs. 40 (SD 0.8) week, immediate pre exchange bilirubin level 199 (SD 33) micromol/L vs. 216 (SD 55) micromol/L. Both groups were treated equally apart from the volume of blood used for exchange transfusion. Total bilirubin levels immediately after exchange transfusion were not significantly different in either group. No long term neurodevelopmental outcome was examined in this study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of single volume exchange transfusion as opposed to double volume exchange transfusion in jaundiced newborns. A change from the current practice of double volume exchange transfusions for severe jaundice in newborns infant, cannot be recommended on current evidence.

Bilirubin↗

PubMed1980

Education and training for computer-based reference services: review of training efforts to date.

This article raises several questions regarding training for computer-based reference services, including who is to be trained and who is responsible for training. It discusses these issues and then provides a summary of the training provided to date by search service suppliers, database suppliers, library schools and extension programs, library cooperatives, and professional organizations. The available training materials are also discussed. Some projections are made of likely future activities.

Information Systems↗

PubMed2026

Autologous bone grafts versus alloplastic implants for orbital floor reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The choice of reconstructive material for orbital floor fractures remains a subject of debate. While autologous bone has historically been considered the "gold standard," alloplastic implants offer potential advantages in reducing surgical morbidity. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of autologous bone grafts versus alloplastic implants in orbital floor reconstruction. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251140583). Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to August 2025. Randomized controlled trials and comparative cohort studies evaluating functional outcomes (diplopia, enophthalmos) and complications (ectropion, infection, malposition) were included. Data were synthesized using a random-effects model, with risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated. RESULTS: Twenty studies comprising 2,119 patients were included. Alloplastic implants demonstrated statistically significant superiority in periocular safety, with a reduced risk of postoperative ectropion compared to autologous grafts (RR = 2.245; p = 0.020). In an exploratory sensitivity analysis excluding one outlier study, autologous grafts were associated with a significantly higher risk of implant malposition (RR = 2.074; p = 0.004). Autologous reconstruction was associated with a strong trend toward increased postoperative pain (p = 0.052) and inherent donor-site morbidity. No statistically significant differences were observed regarding infection (p = 0.402), enophthalmos (p = 0.201), or diplopia (p = 0.221). CONCLUSION: Alloplastic implants were associated with a lower risk of ectropion and implant malposition, with functional outcomes statistically comparable to autologous bone. Given the elimination of donor-site morbidity, alloplastic biomaterials represent a safe and effective alternative for orbital floor reconstruction; however, the predominance of retrospective, heterogeneous studies in the current evidence base means these findings should inform, rather than replace, individualized surgical decision-making pending further high-quality randomized trials.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Fractional laser therapy versus microneedling for non-acne scars and scar-like dermal fibrotic lesions.

BACKGROUND: Scarring caused by trauma, burns, surgery, and other dermal fibrotic conditions can lead to functional limitation and cosmetic distress. The comparative effectiveness of fractional laser therapy and microneedling for non-acne scars remains uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing fractional laser therapy with microneedling for non-acne scars and scar-like dermal fibrotic lesions. Following a PROSPERO-registered protocol and PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CNKI from inception to May 2026 without language restrictions. Parallel-group and split-body randomized trials were eligible. Random-effects models were used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) for continuous outcomes and odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous outcomes. RESULTS: Nine randomized controlled trials were included. Fractional laser therapy showed a statistically significant advantage over microneedling in scar scores (SMD = -0.99, 95% CI [-1.83, -0.15], P = 0.02) and collagen fiber regeneration (SMD = -2.14, 95% CI [-3.57, -0.72], P = 0.03). No statistically significant differences were found between the two interventions for elastic fiber improvement, epidermal thickness, or adverse events. Subgroup analyses did not show clear or consistent significant differences according to laser type, including comparisons between traditional and non-traditional fractional lasers and between CO₂ and non-CO₂ fractional laser systems. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across several outcomes, indicating considerable between-study variability. CONCLUSION: Based on currently available randomized evidence, fractional laser therapy may provide superior improvement in overall scar severity and collagen fiber regeneration compared with microneedling for non-acne scars and scar-like dermal fibrotic lesions. However, no clear differences were observed for elastic fiber improvement, epidermal thickness, or adverse-event incidence. Given the substantial heterogeneity, limited sample sizes, and possible reporting bias, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further large, standardized trials with longer follow-up are needed.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

The Vascular Genome as a Therapeutic Target: A Systematic Review of CRISPR-based Gene Editing In Vascular Disease.

Despite advances in therapy, arterial, venous, and pulmonary vascular diseases remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Persistent endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and maladaptive vascular remodeling continue to drive disease progression and residual risk. CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers a unique opportunity to modify the molecular pathways underlying vascular pathophysiology directly. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines guided the systematic review. The databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar were searched from their inception until September 2025 for experimental and/or clinical studies evaluating the application of CRISPR/Cas9 on vascular disease. Included were in vitro studies, animal model studies, and early-phase human studies aimed at targeting the endothelial cell regulatory pathways, inflammatory pathways, metabolic remodeling processes, and hereditary causes of vasculopathy. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. CRISPR technologies targeting PCSK9, NOS3, HIF1A, NLRP3, METTL4, BMPR2, and ACTA2 were identified to enhance repair mechanisms in endothelial cells, regulate inflammation, modulate lipid metabolism, and remodel the vascular system. The human studies demonstrated sustained gene silencing effects following a single dose of CRISPR-induced in vivo editing. The use of CRISPR technology to edit cell genomes offers potential to alter disease progression in vascular medicine, with a growing body of translational evidence supporting the feasibility and durability of the approach.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Librarian or educator: into the classroom.

There is a traditional view of librarians as keepers of information. This paper reports on the development of a post of Tutor Librarian who is actively involved in nurse education and inservice training. Project 2000 and its accompanying curriculum changes provide an opportunity to develop the Tutor Librarian's role.

Education, Nursing↗

PubMed1994

Bibliographic instruction for student nurses: a programme outline.

Bibliographic instruction (BI) is the formal teaching of bibliographic skills by professional librarians. This paper describes the aims and content of a programme for RSCN students. Outlines of three extant BI sessions are provided. The future of BI in the nursing context is considered.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMed2026

Effects of digital health-based exercise interventions on older adults with sarcopenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia, the progressive loss of muscle mass and function, impairs independence in older adults. Digital health exercise interventions are scalable solutions for older adults with sarcopenia. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the evidence on their efficacy in populations with clinically diagnosed sarcopenia and identify influential intervention characteristics associated with treatment outcomes. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, CNKI, and Wanfang on May 20, 2026, with no date restrictions. We included randomized controlled trials involving adults aged ≥60 with sarcopenia receiving digital exercise interventions. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias; analyses were performed using R and Review Manager. RESULTS: Fourteen trials (n = 927) were included. Digital interventions showed potential improvements in muscle mass (MD = 0.25, 95%CI:0.03-0.46, 95% PI:-0.36 to 0.85), muscle strength (MD = 2.14, 95% CI:1.18-3.11, P < 0.001), balance ability (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI:0.12-0.51, P = 0.001), walking performance (SMD = 0.55, 95% CI:0.21-0.89, 95% PI:-0.70 to 1.79), and physical function (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI:0.08-1.71, 95% PI:-2.33 to 4.12), but not quality of life (SMD = 0.08, 95% CI:-0.19 to 0.35, P = 0.53). Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested that factors such as supervision, program duration, and measurement tools may influence outcomes; however, formal tests for subgroup differences were generally non-significant, and consistent patterns across all metrics were not observed. CONCLUSION: Digital exercise interventions show potential for managing sarcopenia in older adults, though the very low to moderate certainty of evidence indicates that true effects may differ substantially from observed estimates. This review explores potential roles of intervention design, supervision, and multimodal delivery. Future research should adopt rigorous designs and longer follow-up to validate results and enhance clinical application. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD420251135174.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Cost-of-illness studies of depression: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a very common disease with substantial economic consequences. This paper reviews all published cost-of-illness studies of depression worldwide. METHODS: A systematic search of cost-of-illness studies of depression in the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PSYNDEXplus was conducted. Identified studies were classified by their basic characteristics. Costs reported were inflated in original currency to the year 2003 and then converted into US-dollar using purchasing power parities (US$ PPP). Additionally, national-costs were converted in costs per case and per inhabitant. RESULTS: 24 papers with notable methodical differences were identified and classified by their basic characteristics. Summary estimates from the studies for the average annual costs per case ranged from $1000 to $2500 for direct costs, from $2000 to $3700 for morbidity costs and from $200 to $400 for mortality costs. The basic quantity of interest in COI-studies of depression was stated. LIMITATIONS: Methodical differences limited comparison substantially. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is associated with a high economic burden. Conducting COI-studies of depression along the line noted in the review could help provide the opportunity to expose differences in costs associated with different approaches to disease management.

Cost of Illness↗

PubMed2026

Gonadal function and fertility outcomes after orchiopexy versus orchiectomy for testicular torsion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To review the early and late changes in hormonal profiles, semen parameters, and clinical outcomes in patients treated with orchiopexy versus orchiectomy for testicular torsion. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and other databases, following PRISMA guidelines. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: FSH, LH, testosterone, inhibin-B, and semen parameters. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework. Statistical analysis was performed using the random-effects model. RESULTS: Eleven studies involving 538 participants (197 orchiectomy, 341 orchiopexy) were included. Orchiectomy was associated with a significant increase in FSH (SMD: 1.63, P < 0.0001) and LH (SMD: 1.31, P < 0.0001) compared to orchiopexy. However, testosterone (MD: 0.31 ng/mL; P = 0.4) and inhibin-B (SMD: -0.14; P = 0.87) levels were comparable between groups. Regarding semen parameters, orchiectomy resulted in a significant reduction in sperm concentration (MD: -18 million/mL, P = 0.01). No significant differences were found in sperm count (MD: 13.9 million; P = 0.43), normal morphology (MD: 4.97%; P = 0.12), or total motility (MD: 4.05%; P = 0.49). The pooled rate for ipsilateral atrophy following orchiopexy was 38%, which likely depends on ischemia duration. CONCLUSION: Surgical choice in testicular torsion does not significantly affect the overall hormonal balance or most semen parameters due to compensatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Clinical decisions should consider individual case factors, as we lack reliable data on subsequent paternity rates.

Male↗

PubMed2026

Do adherence-focused interventions in low back pain have an impact on rehabilitation outcomes? A systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Exercise-based interventions are effective, but adherence remains suboptimal. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of strategies designed to enhance adherence to exercise-based interventions in individuals with LBP in terms of adherence as well as pain and functionality. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials including adults with non-specific LBP were eligible if they compared exercise-based interventions incorporating adherence-enhancing strategies versus exercise alone or usual care. Primary outcome was adherence; secondary outcomes were pain and functionality. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, and PEDro up to May 2026. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using standardized mean differences. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Fourteen randomized controlled trials including 1233 participants were included. Risk of bias was low in six studies, with the remainder showing some concerns or high risk. For adherence outcomes, evidence showed no clear effect of adherence-enhancing strategies on either device-measured physical activity (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.43; 3 trials, 320 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) or questionnaire-based adherence (SMD = 0.33, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.89; 4 trials, 377 participants; very low-certainty evidence). For pain and functionality, moderate certainty of evidence indicated small improvements favoring intervention groups in the medium term. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to enhance adherence to exercise in LBP show uncertain effects on adherence but may provide small improvements in clinical outcomes in the medium term. Higher-quality trials are needed to strengthen the evidence base.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Health-Related quality of life (HRQoL) and health state utility values (HSUV) in patients with head and neck Cancer: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its treatment can substantially impair speech, swallowing, eating, appearance, and social functioning, resulting in persistent reductions in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although the EuroQol 5-Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) is widely used to assess generic HRQoL and derive health state utility values (HSUVs), EQ-5D-based evidence in HNC has not been comprehensively synthesized. This study aimed to summarize EQ-5D-based HRQoL and HSUVs in HNC, estimate pooled utility and EQ-VAS scores, explore subgroup differences, and identify predictors of poorer HRQoL. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261307907). PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched from inception to February 10, 2026. Studies reporting baseline EQ-5D utility values and/or EQ-VAS scores in patients with HNC were included. Random-effects meta-analyses using the DerSimonian-Laird (DL) estimator with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman (HKSJ) adjustment were performed to pool mean scores. Between-study variance (τ2) and 95 % prediction intervals (PI) were calculated to capture parameter dispersion. Subgroup analyses were conducted across clinical and methodological vectors. RESULTS: Twenty studies involving 7,403 patients were included. The pooled mean EQ-5D utility score was 0.79 (95 % CI: 0.75-0.83; τ2 = 0.0011; 95 % PI: 0.72-0.86). The pooled mean EQ-VAS score was 69.36 (95 % CI: 65.71-73.01; τ2 = 38.4586; 95 % PI: 55.11-83.61). Extreme heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 96.4 % and 97.1 %, respectively). Utility values were significantly higher in studies utilizing the EQ-5D-5 L than the EQ-5D-3 L version (0.82 vs. 0.76). By tumor subsite, nasopharyngeal cancer showed the highest utility value (0.85, exploratory), whereas oral cancer demonstrated the lowest (0.73). Adjusted multivariable models revealed that advanced stage, high treatment intensity, severe pharyngolaryngeal pain, dysphagia, malnutrition, and older age were robust predictors of poorer HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HNC experience substantial and persistent HRQoL impairment, with meaningful variations driven by tumor subsites and instrument versions. In light of the extreme heterogeneity, these pooled findings establish a macro-level, broad reference estimate rather than a fixed target. These parameters directly inform localized survivorship care planning, health technology evaluations, and cost-utility decision-making modeling in head and neck oncology.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Efficacy, tolerability, and threshold effect of atropine eye drops for myopia control: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Atropine is an emerging therapy for myopia, yet the optimal concentration for prescription remains uncertain. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov registry platforms. We included the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared any dose of atropine against a placebo in myopic children. Among 3566 studies assessed, we identified 33 eligible RCTs involving 6301 children aged 4-18 years, with 10 different concentrations and a mean follow-up time of 19.5 ± 12.3 months. A nonlinear relationship was observed between atropine dosage and treatment efficacy (P < 0.001). Compared to placebo groups, the mean differences in reducing annual spherical equivalent refraction progression for atropine concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, and 0.05% were 0.21 diopters (D) (95% CI, 0.13-0.28), 0.35 D (95% CI, 0.23-0.46), 0.42 D (95% CI, 0.28-0.56), 0.45 D (95% CI, 0.30-0.60), and 0.46 D (95% CI, 0.32-0.61) respectively For higher concentrations, the estimates were 0.49 D (95% CI, 0.34-0.63) for 0.1% and 0.99 D (95% CI, 0.66-1.31) for 1%, although these were based on fewer and smaller trials. Higher doses of atropine were associated with decreased amplitude of accommodation (P = 0.02), increased pupil diameters (P = 0.01) and a higher frequency of photophobia (P = 0.02). Our findings suggest that the increase in treatment efficacy with higher concentrations may plateau beyond a certain range, and that the current practice of increasing atropine concentrations for children who show inadequate responses to lower doses should be confined to a specific concentration range. This analysis is limited by the number, design heterogeneity, and sample sizes of available trials for higher concentrations, and by the frequent lack of pre-intervention refractive history in included studies. Therefore, estimates-particularly for doses exceeding 0.1%-should be interpreted with caution.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Gene polymorphisms associated with progression of primary open-angle glaucoma: A systematic review.

Glaucoma is the leading global cause of irreversible blindness, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) its most prevalent subtype. While elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor, glaucoma progression is multifactorial, influenced by genetic, environmental, vascular and mechanical factors. Genetic polymorphisms have been linked to both POAG susceptibility and progression, yet most studies focus on risk factors for disease onset rather than progression. We provide an overview of the current literature on gene polymorphisms associated with POAG progression. We conducted a systematic search following PRISMA guidelines in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Public Health Genomics and Precision Health Knowledge Base. Eligible studies investigated associations between genetic variants and structural or functional markers of glaucoma progression in adult-onset POAG patients. Eighteen articles were included. HLA class I haplotypes (A1-B8 and A2-B40) and MYOC.mt1+ carriers showed faster progression of optic nerve head damage. The APOE ε4 allele was linked to faster macular thinning in normal tension glaucoma patients. BDNF rs6265 Val/Val homozygotes exhibited accelerated retinal nerve fiber layer loss, particularly in females. TGFBR3-CDC7 (rs1192415: G) and MYOC.mt1+ carriers experienced accelerated visual field deterioration. Carriers of GAS7 (rs9913911: AA), IL1B (rs1143627: CT and rs16944: CT) and OPTN (rs2234968) had a higher likelihood of requiring surgery. Variants in ABCA1, CDKN2B-AS, eNOS and Piezo1 showed inconclusive results. These findings support a role for genetic polymorphisms in POAG progression and highlight the potential of genetic screening to identify patients at increased risk for rapid disease progression.

Disease progression↗

PubMed1974

Letter: Hospital librarians.

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History, 20th Century↗