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PubMed2002

Visuomotor control within a distributed parieto-frontal network.

The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging study was to investigate differences in visuomotor control with increasing task complexity. Twelve right-handed volunteers were asked to perform their signature under different degrees of visual control: internally generated movement with closed eyes, signing with open eyes, tracking the line of the projected signature forwards, and tracking the line of the projected signature backwards. There was a gradual onset and disappearance of activation within a distributed network. Parietal, lateral and medial frontal brain areas were activated during all conditions, confirming the involvement of a parieto-frontal system. The weight of activation shifted with increasing task complexity. Internally generated movements activated predominantly the inferior parietal lobule and the ventral premotor cortex, as well as the rostral cingulate area, pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and SMA proper. Opening the eyes reduced SMA and cingulate activation and activated increasingly the occipito-parietal areas with higher task complexity. Visually guided movements produced an activation predominantly in the superior parietal lobule and dorsal premotor cortex. This study bridges human activation studies with the results of neurophysiological studies with monkeys. It confirms a gradual transition of visuomotor control with increasing task complexity within a distributed parieto-frontal network.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Predictions about chromatic receptive fields assuming random cone connections.

We hypothesize that color vision depends on random connections between cones containing different pigments and neurons at higher levels in the macaque visual system. This hypothesis predicts the same types and proportions of chromatic receptive fields reported in the physiological literature at least up through the lateral geniculate nucleus. The results suggest that the specificity of connections demanded by the labelled-line model of color coding are unnecessary to account for current physiological data.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Localization of the melatonin-related receptor in the rodent brain and peripheral tissues.

Previous studies have provided a limited examination of the expression of the orphan melatonin-related receptor in the pituitary and hypothalamus of human and sheep and retinal tissue in the sheep. The present study reports evidence of conservation of expression in regions of the hypothalamus (dorsal medial hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus), the epithelial layer lining the third ventricle and the paraventricular thalamic nucleus of the mouse, rat and hamster. An extensive and detailed analysis of melatonin-related receptor mRNA expression in the mouse central nervous system and peripheral tissues is presented. Mapping the distribution throughout the entire mouse brain has revealed new sites of expression in a number of brain nuclei, including preoptic areas, parabrachial nuclei and widespread distribution in the olfactory bulb. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed with RNA isolated from peripheral tissues revealing expression of the melatonin-related receptor mRNA in the mouse kidney, adrenal gland, intestine, stomach, heart, lung, skin, testis and ovary. These results suggest a conserved function in neuroendocrine regulation and a potential role in coordinating physiological responses in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Neuroprotection in a rat Parkinson model by GDNF gene therapy using EIAV vector.

Vectors based on lentiviruses are opening up new approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) vector is one of the most attractive gene delivery systems with respect to neuronal tropism. The aim was to validate EIAV-lentiviral vectors as a gene delivery system for neurotrophic factor genes in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. EIAV carrying the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene was unilaterally injected into rat striatum and above the substantia nigra (SN). One week later, the rats received a 6-OHDA lesion into the ipsilateral striatum. GDNF delivery led to extensive expression of GDNF protein within the striatum. In addition, near complete protection against dopaminergic cell death was observed in the GDNF-treated group.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Cerebral perfusion imaging with N-isopropyl-(123I) P-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP): its planar imaging and semiquantitative analysis in cases with internal carotid occlusion].

Occlusion of internal carotid artery (ICA) is one of the most common cause of stroke, and the single common arterial lesion considered for extraintracranial bypass. The symptoms of ICA occlusion are not uniform; some shows transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), others completed stroke at the onset. So, measurement of cerebral blood flow might be needed to evaluate the prognosis, or to select surgical candidate in ICA occlusion. Several methods, such as Xe-133 intracarotid method, Xe-133 inhalation method etc, have been applied for the assessment of cerebral blood flow in cases with ICA occlusion. No previous report was found by the newly developed 123I-IMP in this connection. The purpose of the present study is first to demonstrate the feasibility of 123I-IMP planar brain scintigraphy and its semiquantitative analysis in 17 cases with ICA occlusion. After intravenous injection of 3 mCi of 123I-IMP, brain scintigrams were obtained from anterior, Towne, vertex, posterior, right lateral and left lateral views, and were recorded on magnetic tape and Poraloid films. Semiquantitative analysis was performed as a percent index of asymmetry (PIA) from the difference of each hemispheric count in the scintigrams by use of on-lined minicomputer system. Clinical manifestations of these 17 cases were, completed stroke in 10, TIAs in 4, and no neurological symptom in 3. 123I-IMP brain scintigrams demonstrated low flow lesion in 10 out of 10 completed stroke, in 2 out of 4 TIAs and normal perfusion in all cases with no neurological symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Analysis of foot motion during running using a joint co-ordinate system.

The amount and rate of pronation and supination have been the subject of interest to runners for some time. Exact determination of the motions has been hampered by their complexities and use of a two-dimensional data collection protocol. "Rearfoot motion," measured by determining the projection of the angle between a line on the posterior of the shank and a line on the heel, has been a common approach. This projection measures a rotation about a laboratory axis and not a body segment axis and has a potential of error due to projection onto a plane. The angle measured in rearfoot motion is not the true angle between these lines in space and has projection distortion errors which are compounded during plantar and dorsiflexion and medial and lateral foot rotations. The rearfoot motion angle, however, does approximate foot inversion-eversion during much of stance phase. The proposed change in research protocol allows analysis of the three-dimensional position data of targets to construct a "joint coordinate system" which gives more accurate data on inversion-eversion and data on plantar-dorsiflexion and medial-lateral rotation of the foot. This analysis may allow the examination of measurable differences between individuals and running shoes of various design.

Foot↗
PubMed1992

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are endocytosed by renal epithelial cells and induce proliferation.

Monkey kidney epithelial cells of the nontransformed BSC-1 line were used as a model system with which to search for biological responses to urinary crystals commonly found in renal stones. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), the most common urinary crystal, was avidly internalized, initiated DNA synthesis, and stimulated cell multiplication. The increase in DNA synthesis observed after exposure to COM crystals was equivalent in magnitude to that of 10% calf serum, but occurred 8 h later. Maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis by COM was associated with crystal endocytosis by 50% of the cell monolayer. COM crystals also stimulated DNA synthesis and multiplication of canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK line). As COM stimulated growth of both monkey and canine renal cells but not fibroblasts, the mitogenic effect of this crystal appeared cell-type specific. Hydroxyapatite also enhanced multiplication of BSC-1 cells, whereas brushite, another calcium-containing urinary crystal, did not. In the presence of nephrocalcin (NC), a glycoprotein in normal human urine that inhibits nucleation, aggregation, and growth of COM crystals, the capacity of these crystals to initiate DNA synthesis was blocked. This is the first demonstration that specific calcium-containing urinary crystals can induce proliferation of renal epithelial cells and that NC can inhibit this effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The extramedullary guide of the proximal tibia resection should be seen straight in front during total knee arthroplasty.

If surgeons see the shaft of the extramedullary guide from lateral to the guide during preparation of the proximal tibia resection during total knee arthroplasty, the tibial component may be implanted in varus position in the frontal plane. In order to clarify the effect of the angle of the surgeons' sight relative to the sagittal plane and the posterior slope angle of the resected surface on varus position of the tibial component in the frontal plane, mathematical analysis was performed. Three-dimensional coordinate system was utilized so that the central axis of the tibial shaft on the Z-axis and the shaft of the guide were skew. The relationship between two lines was analyzed solving equations on three dimensional planes. When the posterior slope angle is 10 degrees, and if surgeons see the shaft of the guide 10 degrees, 20 degrees and 30 degrees lateral to the sagittal plane, and the shaft and the central axis of the tibial shaft would seem to be parallel, the true varus tilt angle of the shaft on the frontal plane is 1.8 degrees, 3.7 degrees and 5.8 degrees, respectively. The extramedullary guide should be seen straight in front of the guide.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee↗
PubMed2001

Arousal effect of orexin A depends on activation of the histaminergic system.

Orexin neurons are exclusively localized in the lateral hypothalamic area and project their fibers to the entire central nervous system, including the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). Dysfunction of the orexin system results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy, but the role of orexin in physiological sleep-wake regulation and the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. Here we provide several lines of evidence that orexin A induces wakefulness by means of the TMN and histamine H(1) receptor (H1R). Perfusion of orexin A (5 and 25 pmol/min) for 1 hr into the TMN of rats through a microdialysis probe promptly increased wakefulness for 2 hr after starting the perfusion by 2.5- and 4-fold, respectively, concomitant with a reduction in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. Microdialysis studies showed that application of orexin A to the TMN increased histamine release from both the medial preoptic area and the frontal cortex by approximately 2-fold over the baseline for 80 to 160 min in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, infusion of orexin A (1.5 pmol/min) for 6 hr into the lateral ventricle of mice produced a significant increase in wakefulness during the 8 hr after starting infusion to the same level as the wakefulness observed during the active period in wild-type mice, but not at all in H1R gene knockout mice. These findings strongly indicate that the arousal effect of orexin A depends on the activation of histaminergic neurotransmission mediated by H1R.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Malignant lymphoma arising from natural killer cells: report of the first case in 1970 and newer developments in the FasL-->FasR system.

In 1970 at the University of Texas MD Anderson Hospital, Houston TX, we attended a patient with malignant lymphoma and "lymphosarcoma cell leukaemia". The malignant cells were large with fine granular cytoplasm. The patient was febrile without positive cultures and exhibited wasting resembling "graft-vs-host" disease. Both his lymphoma cells collected from the blood, and his serum, exerted strong cytotoxicity toward a battery of human tumour cell lines established in culture. We reported him as the first case of a new entity; "cytotoxic lymphoma". Later, elsewhere, natural killer (NK) cells were characterized, and cases of malignant lymphomas arising from large granular lymphocytes were described, as those of NK cells. Malignant NK cells constitutively express Fas ligand (L), both membrane-bound (m) and soluble (s). Upon binding FasL Fas receptor (R)-positive hosts cells succumb to apoptotic death. Patients with FasL-producer lymphoma cells suffer from anaemia, neutropenia, hepatotoxicity and autoimmunity. The FasL-->FasR system regulates normal lymphocyte homeostasis. This system is used by the placental trophoblast against maternal lymphocytes; by transplants against host lymphocytes; and by donor lymphocytes exerting graft-vs-host-reaction. In tumour immunology, FasR+ tumour cells can be killed by FasL+ lymphocytes and, vice versa, FasL+ tumour cells can induce apoptotic death of FasR+ host lymphocytes ("counterattack on lymphocytes"). Some tumour cells co-express FasL, FasR and bcl-2 and not only escape programmed cell death but also utilize the FasL-->FasR system as an autocrine growth loop ("counterattack on apoptosis").

Fas Ligand Protein↗
PubMed1984

Morphological evidence for the presence of two cell types in the ependyma of the subcommissural organ of the snake, Natrix maura.

Two different types of ependymal cells were found in the subcommissural organ (SCO) of Natrix maura. Most secretory cells showed morphological features resembling the general structure and ultrastructure of cells in the SCO of other vertebrates. This report describes a second population of cells lining a portion of the dorsal groove of the SCO. These cells were not selectively stained by chromalum-hematoxylin and, under the electron microscope, they were characterized by scarce surface differentiations, sparse apical cytoplasm and short basal processes. Flat, parallel cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum produced vesicles that appeared to be transported to the well-developed Golgi apparatus. Dense secretory granules about 200 nm in diameter were found in the Golgi region. Similar granules were seen in the vicinity of the apical plasma membrane; some of them opened toward the ventricle. All these characteristics clearly differentiate this cell group from the other secretory cells lining the SCO laterally and ventrally.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Development of neurogenic placodes in Xenopus laevis.

The development of neurogenic placodes in Xenopus laevis from the time of neural fold closure to larval stages is described. Placodes were reconstructed from camera lucida drawings of serial sections, and the spatiotemporal pattern of placodal neurogenesis was analyzed using in situ hybridization for the genes X-NGNR-1, XNeuroD, X-MyT1, and X-Delta-1, all of which have been implicated in the regulation of neurogenesis. Olfactory, profundal, and trigeminal placodes, a series of dorsolateral placodes (otic placode and five lateral line placodes), a series of epibranchial placodes, and two hypobranchial placodes were identified. Earlier claims that all placodes in anurans develop from a common primordium could not be confirmed. Profundal and trigeminal placodes, however, are partially fused, and all lateral line placodes arise from a common precursor. Epibranchial and hypobranchial placodes develop ventral to other placodes and dorsal and ventral to the pharyngeal pouches, respectively. Hypobranchial placodes give rise to neurons that become intimately associated with the developing heart. All neurogenic placodes strongly express the neuronal differentiation gene XNeuroD. The neuronal determination gene X-NGNR-1, however, is expressed strongly in only some placodes and not in dorsolateral placodes, indicating that neurogenesis in the latter relies on other determination genes. X-Delta-1 is expressed not only in the neurogenic parts of the placodes but also in the primordia of the lateral lines. This suggests that Delta-Notch-mediated lateral inhibition may be involved not only in placodal neurogenesis, but also in the patterning of lateral line neuromasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Different systems in human brain are involved in presemantic discrimination of pictures as revealed by event-related potentials.

It is uncertain if the several brain areas in response to presemantic picture processing are functionally homogeneous. Subjects were asked to discriminate visual stimulus pairs and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp. A line-drawing picture (S1) was followed by another stimulus (S2) 600 ms later. S2 was the same as S1 in condition 1, a reversed picture of S1 in condition 2, the corresponding Chinese word in condition 3 and the syllabic alphabet of S1 in condition 4. Amplitudes of ERPs over right posterior scalp with time window from 102-180 ms after the onset of S2 in condition 1 and 2 were significantly larger than condition 3 and 4. The N2 component on the right anterolateral scalp with time window from 182-240 ms was significantly larger in condition 1 than other conditions, whereas the N2 on the left anterolateral scalp with time window from 262-350 ms in condition 2, 3 and 4 was significantly larger than condition 1. It is suggested that pictures and words are processed in different systems at the presemantic stage: repetitive and physically deviant stimuli evoke different responses in different brain regions.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A three-dimensional morphometrical study of the distal human femur.

The objective of this paper is to present a method to describe the three-dimensional variations of the geometry of the three portions forming the distal part of the human femur: the medial and lateral femoral condyles and the intercondylar fossa. The contours of equally spaced sagittal slices were digitized on the distal femur to determine its surface topography. Data collection was performed using a digitizer system which utilizes low-frequency, magnetic field technology to determine the position and orientation of a magnetic field sensor in relation to a specified reference frame. The generalized reduced gradient optimization method was used to reconstruct the profile of each slice utilizing two primitives: straight-line segments and circular arcs. The profile of each slice within the medial femoral condyle was reconstructed using two circular arcs: posterior and distal. The profile of each slice within the lateral femoral condyle was reconstructed using three circular arcs: posterior, distal and anterior. Finally, the profile of each slice within the intercondylar fossa was reconstructed using two circular arcs: proximal-posterior and anterior, and a distal-posterior straight-line segment tangent to the proximal-posterior circular arc. Combining the data describing the profiles of the different slices forming the distal femur, the posterior portions of each of the medial and lateral femoral condyles were modelled using parts of spheres having an average radius of 20 mm. The anterior portion of the lateral condyle was approximated to a right cylinder having its circular base parallel to the sagittal plane with an average radius of 26 mm. The anterior portion of the intercondylar fossa was modelled using an oblique cylinder having its circular base parallel to the sagittal plane with an average radius of 22 mm. Furthermore, it is suggested that the distal portion of the lateral femoral condyle could be modelled using parts of two oblique cones while the distal portion of the medial femoral condyle could be modelled using a part of a single oblique cone, all cones having their circular bases parallel to the sagittal plane. It is also suggested that the posterior portion of the intercondylar fossa could be modelled using two oblique cones: a proximal cone having its base parallel to the sagittal plane and a distal cone having its base parallel to the frontal plane.

Femur↗
PubMed2005

Association between hygiene scores and somatic cell scores in dairy cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simple system for scoring hygiene in dairy cattle and determine whether hygiene scores were associated with individual cow somatic cell scores (SCSs). DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: 1,191 cows. PROCEDURE: With the aid of a chart containing line drawings and descriptive text, hygiene scores ranging from 1 (clean) to 5 (dirty) were assigned for 5 body areas: tail head, thigh (lateral aspect), abdomen (ventral aspect), udder, and hind limbs (lower portion). To determine repeatability, hygiene scores were assigned to 75 cows twice by 4 experienced evaluators. To determine accuracy and ease of use, hygiene scores assigned by 14 college students to 23 cows were compared with scores assigned by 2 faculty members. To determine association with SCSs, hygiene scores were assigned to each of 1,093 cows by a single observer. RESULTS: Mean correlation coefficients for hygiene scores assigned twice by 4 experienced evaluators were > or = 0.884, indicating high repeatability. Students indicated that the scoring system was easy to use, and mean correlation coefficient for student and faculty member scores was 0.804. Hygiene scores for the tail head, thigh (lateral aspect), and abdomen (ventral aspect) were not significantly associated with SCS. However, hygiene scores for the udder and hind limbs (lower portion) and udder-hind limb composite scores were significantly associated with SCS, with SCS increasing as scores increased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the hygiene scoring system was repeatable, accurate, and easy to use. However, only hygiene scores for the udder and hind limbs and the udder-hind limb composite score were significantly associated with SCS.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Ultraviolet radiation-induced murine tumors produced in the absence of ultraviolet radiation-induced systemic tumor immunosuppression.

Using micro-UV-irradiation versus whole-dorsal irradiation for inducing cutaneous carcinomas in Skh:HRI mice and an assay for UV radiation (UVR)-induced systemic tumor immunosuppression, the dependence upon systemic immunosuppression for the growth of UVR-induced carcinomas was examined. Squamous cell carcinomas were produced by repeated microirradiation of 0.8-cm2 middorsal skin with xenon are solar-simulated UVR. These tumors were excised from tumor-bearing animals who 7 days later were inoculated ventrally with a cloned UVR-induced squamous cell carcinoma cell line, the T51/6. This cell line only grows in UVR-induced immunosuppressed Skh:HRI mice. In two separate experiments T51/6 inocula failed to grow significantly in the previously tumor-bearing animals (1 of 13) and in unirradiated mice (0 of 19), whereas it grew in 100% (15 of 15) of animals given a whole-dorsal subcarcinogenic UVR dose from a filtered fluorescent tube solar simulator. No sinecomitant immune response to the T51/6 was found in previously UVR-induced tumor-bearing animals. In contrast to whole-dorsal UVR-induced tumors, microirradiation-induced squamous cell carcinomas, whose original growth environment lacked UVR-induced systemic tumor immunosuppression, did not grow preferentially in mice given an immunosuppressive dose of UVR. However both the whole-dorsal and microirradiation-induced tumors were shown to be poorly antigenic, since they lacked preferential growth in athymic nude mice. These observations provide evidence that UVR-induced systemic tumor immunosuppression is not necessary for the production of UVR-induced tumors. However, it does cause a positive selection pressure during tumor formation, independent of the carcinogenic effect of UVR, which affects the transplantation biology of a tumor.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Solution of the nitroxide spin-label spectral overlap problem using pulse electron spin resonance.

Short-pulse saturation-recovery (SR) electron spin resonance (ESR) methods have been used to measure the lateral diffusion of a nitroxide-labeled cholesterol analogue (3-spiro-[2'-(N-oxyl-4',4'-dimethyloxazoladine)]-cholestane, CSL) in multilamellar liposomal dispersions. SR experiments were performed on samples containing 14NCSL:15NCSL pairs, and recovery signals were analyzed for initial conditions and multiexponential time constants by computer simulation. Rate equations describing the system were written and solved. The time constants contain combinations of electron spin lattice relaxation times Tle for both isotopes and the Heisenberg exchange rate constant Kx. We have investigated the complication that occurs from overlap of ESR spectral fragments from 14N and 15N moieties. The time constants of the multiexponential signals are independent of ESR line shape and position. From Kx, lateral diffusion constants of CSL in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) were calculated (D = 1.7 x 10(-8) at 27 degrees C and 2.7 x 10(-8) cm2/s at 37 degrees C). It is shown that short-pulse saturation-recovery methods are able to overcome the ESR spectral overlap problem that is encountered in conventional ESR and continuous wave electron-electron double resonance (CW ELDOR) studies of spin-spin interactions. The present method can be extended to more complex situations involving spin labels in different environments with physical and chemical exchange.

Cyclic N-Oxides↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of modified crystal violet chromoendoscopy procedure using new mucosal pit pattern classification for detection of Barrett's dysplastic lesions.

BACKGROUND: Pit pattern diagnosis is important for endoscopic detection of dysplastic Barrett's lesions, though using magnification endoscopy can be difficult and laborious. We investigated the usefulness of a modified crystal violet chromoendoscopy procedure and utilised a new pit pattern classification for diagnosis of dysplastic Barrett's lesions. METHODS: A total of 1,030 patients suspected of having a columnar lined oesophagus were examined, of whom 816 demonstrated a crystal violet-stained columnar lined oesophagus. The early group of patients underwent 0.05% crystal violet chromoendoscopy, while the later group was examined using 0.03% crystal violet with 3.0% acetate. A targeted biopsy of the columnar lined oesophagus was performed using crystal violet staining after making a diagnosis of closed or open type pit pattern with a newly proposed system of classification. The relationship between type of pit pattern and histologically identified dysplastic Barrett's lesions was evaluated. RESULTS: Dysplastic Barrett's lesions were identified in biopsy samples with an open type pit pattern with a sensitivity of 96.0%. Further, Barrett's mucosa with the intestinal predominant mucin phenotype was closely associated with the open type pit pattern (sensitivity 81.9%, specificity 95.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The new pit pattern classification for diagnosis of Barrett's mucosa was found to be useful for identification of cases with dysplastic lesions and possible malignant potential using a crystal violet chromoendoscopic procedure.

Acetates↗