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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Cervical cancer screening in hospitals: the efficacy of legislation in Maryland.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of a Maryland law requiring Pap testing to be offered during hospital admissions. "In-reach" strategies emphasize cancer screening within existing health care contacts (such as inpatient stays) rather than additional visits solely for screening. METHODS: Data from a 1986 telephone survey of Maryland women were used to examine the effect of hospitalization on self-reported Pap testing in a 3-year period. The effect of hospitalization on screening was examined by age and income to assess whether inpatient screening was more prevalent among certain subgroups of women. RESULTS: For the group as a whole, the odds of Pap screening did not vary with hospitalization. However, among women aged 45 to 54 years with annual household incomes over $20,000, hospitalized women were more likely than nonhospitalized women to report recent Pap tests. For low-income women aged 75 years and older, hospitalization actually decreased the likelihood of reporting Pap tests. CONCLUSIONS: Despite legislation, inpatient cervical cancer screening appears to mirror outpatient patterns, leaving elderly and low-income women unscreened. Methods for increasing inpatient Pap testing for underscreened women are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Can legislation prevent debauchery? Mother gin and public health in 18th-century England.

The "gin epidemic" of 1720 to 1751 in England was the first time that government intervened in a systematic fashion to regulate and control sales of alcohol. The epidemic therefore provides an opportunity to gauge the effects of multiple legislative interventions over time. Toward that end, we employed time series analysis in conjunction with qualitative methodologies to test the interplay of multiple independent variables, including real wages and taxes, on the consumption of distilled spirits from 1700 through 1771. The results showed that each of the 3 major gin acts was successful in the short term only, consistent with the state's limited resources for enforcement at the local level, and that in each instance consumption actually increased shortly thereafter. This was true even of the Gin Act of 1751, which, contrary to the assumptions of contemporaries and many historians, succeeded by accident rather than by design. The results also suggest that the epidemic followed the inverse U-shaped trajectory of more recent drug scares and that consumption declined only after the more deleterious effects of distilled spirits had been experienced by large numbers of people.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1995

The economics of orphan drug policy in the US. Can the legislation be improved?

This review of the US Orphan Drug Act (ODA) 1983 outlines how the ODA is intended to stimulate orphan drug research and development of drugs for rare diseases. We also evaluate the effectiveness of the ODA in the past decade and provide recommendations for ODA improvements in the future. The economic incentives embedded in the ODA are presented in a simple economic model, in which a guarantee of market exclusivity plays a central role in encouraging firms to pursue the development of orphan products. Some evidence suggests that this provision has been a major impetus for the rise in orphan drug applications and designations in the last decade. Market exclusivity is the key incentive for orphan drug research, and should be retained. Concerns about a limited number of highly successful 'blockbuster' orphan drugs should be evaluated in terms of the useful economic incentives. In the future, exceptionally high profits could be limited by more precise evaluation of disease prevalence, elasticity of demand, and the other uses of orphan compounds. We further recommend an expansion of the ODA tax credits and research grants programme and targeting of 'priority' diseases. We conclude that the ODA has been a valuable legislative initiative, but it can be strengthened with some simple extensions of the current incentives that it contains.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1977

A review of treatment and rehabilitation legislation regarding alcohol abusers and alcoholics in the United States: 1920-1971.

A review of various legislative and judicial decisions in the area of alcohol abuse and alcoholism is presented. With heightened awareness of alcoholism as our nation's number one drug problem, the federal government has developed a national institute to coordinate multimodal prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation programs. It is noted that several historical cases promoted the courts and investigating committees to recommend to our states that the crime of public drunkenness be removed. The recently developed Uniform Alcoholism Intoxication Treatment Act is discussed along with some of the intervention techniques being employed to deal with drinking drivers.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1998

Oncology legislative update.

A summary of recent and proposed legislation that may affect oncologists and their patients. The report includes information about new fraud, waste, and abuse initiatives on the part of the federal government, the outlook for research funding, Medicare reimbursement, and state negotiations and legal actions against the tobacco companies.

Cloning, Organism↗
PubMed1994

Will sophisticated MIS lead to increased legislation of medicine?

If the healthcare industry automates clinical practices and links them along critical care pathways, will it be providing Federal regulators with data they may use to legislate how hospital care should be delivered? This article examines the implications of expanded use of increasingly sophisticated information systems in health care.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1980

How demographers can help legislators.

Demographic change bears directly on the formulation of social policy because it determines in large part whose wealth or income is redistributed to whom. Where demographic events modify the recipients and donors in such redistribution, they may sharply alter the consequences of existing legislation or create constituencies for new laws. This article considers how current and emerging demographic changes are affecting the redistribution of wealth across generations, across income groups, and across geographic regions.

Demography↗
PubMed1981

The legislative history of Medicare.

The first of two parts, this article chronicles the legislative history of Medicare (Title XVIII of the Social Security Act). The story begins in the middle 1930s with the first attempts to provide health care through a federalized system. Part II of the article, which will be published in the March issue, will begin with the re-election of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1999

[Origin of animal experimentation legislation in the 19th century].

The first legislation in the world, designed to protect animals used in research, was passed in England in 1876, and is still in force today. It is one of the strictest in Europe. At the same period, France had no such law, and was the country conducting the greatest amount of animal experimentation. Comparing, these two countries, in the middle of the 19th century, can account for this difference. The most important difference seems to be related to the theological question: are animals endowed with a soul? Saint Augustine, claimed, in the 4th century, perhaps because of an experiment with the centipede, that animals do not have a soul. In the 17th century, René Descartes, using a different philosophical system, reached a similar conclusion, in France. On the other hand, under the influence of Charles Darwin, England rejected the Roman Catholic conclusion, about the soul of animals. The industrial revolution, occurring earlier in England than in France, also changed the society, developing urban areas, where people were cut off from rural life and changing human relationships with animals. The industrial revolution enabled the development of the press, giving impetus to public opinion. These facts, combined with a caution of science, which was more developed in England than in France, brought about the first important "anti-doctor" campaign.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health legislation of the Russian Federation on the prevention of parasitic diseases (new standards and methodological documents)].

The paper summarizes the results of the 1994-1998 activities in preparing sanitary legislative documents and standard guidelines that define strategies and tactics to prevent parasitic diseases in the Russian Federation under the present conditions. Moreover, it lists the guidelines that are being developed and planned for approval in 1999-2000.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed1996

The proposed model surrogate parenthood act: a legislative response to the challenges of reproductive technology.

In this Article, Manus proposes a Model Surrogate Parenthood Act. He examines the medical and scientific history of surrogacy and reviews the jurisprudence in the area, specifically the constitutional relationship between procreation rights and surrogacy. The author asserts that surrogate motherhood cannot be, and indeed, should not be, eradicated through legislation criminalizing it. The proposed Model Act, presented here in its entirety, attempts to reduce the problems inherent in the concept of surrogate parenthood by putting the process under strict court supervision and by zealously protecting the rights of the surrogate mother and the child to be conceived.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Personal morals and abortion legislation.

Among the many vexing issues raised by the abortion debate is the argument of whether or not it is possible to support the legality of abortion while believing that it is immoral. By relating this issue to the broader goals of legislation, it is pointed out that this is indeed possible because there are distinct differences between what grounds logical justification of public policy and what grounds personal morality.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2002

A descriptive analysis of South African and Islamic abortion legislation and local Muslim community responses.

The issue of abortion has been the subject of much debate in the recent past in South Africa. Prior to 1996 abortion legislation was punitive and therefore one with which conservative Muslims could identify. Since 1996 the law has been liberalized and replaced by a new Act. The final Constitution (1996) took a neutral stance regarding abortion. The enactment of the Choice on Termination on Pregnancy Act (1996) finally ensured this right. The Act, a critical milestone for gender equality, secured all South African women (including minors) the right to make decisions about reproduction and according to their individual beliefs. Muslim organizations participated in this abortion debate making formal but opposing submissions to Parliament. These opposing views of Muslims came as no surprise and reflect the different norms of Islamic law which varies between countries and was indicative of the interpretative duality evident in most matters of Islamic law.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2001

Clones, controversy, and criminal law: a comment on the proposal for legislation governing assisted human reproduction.

In the past few years there has been a tremendous amount of regulatory conflict and social controversy in the area of reproductive genetics. The Canadian government has recently released a proposal for legislating in this complex arena. Although the proposed Bill contains many positive elements, it is argued that the use of the criminal law as a regulatory mechanism is neither warranted nor appropriate. The author suggests a more flexible and responsive system of moratoriums and licenses that would enable review and adjustment to the realities of emerging reproductive technologies is a better approach.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

[European Union legislation related to patulin].

In the following review, European Union legislation concerning maximum level of patulin in foodstuffs was reported. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1425/2003 of 11 August 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001, Commission Directive 2003/78/EC of 11 August 2003 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs and Commission Recommendation of 11 August 2003 on the prevention and reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages as regards patulin was reported.

Beverages↗