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PubMed2000

Bion and binocular vision.

The author describes his contact with Bion over a twenty-year period, from Bion's supervision of his control case in London in 1960 to the period from 1968 to 1978 when they were both working in Los Angeles. He outlines Bion's views on the use of 'instinct' and intuition in patient observation, the depressive position in patient and analyst, and memory and desire as impediments to knowledge of 'ultimate reality'. Some case material is presented, illustrating how Bion's ideas, particularly concerning attacks on linking, informed the course of the treatment. The author then discusses Freud's, Klein's and Bion's approaches to the problem of resistance, Bion's expansion of some of Klein's ideas, his definitions of psychosis and his formulation concerning thoughts that develop before thinking. The author then argues how essential it is for the analyst to differentiate between primitive projections from the patient that are pre-verbal attempts to communicate a state of mind and those that are an expression of hostility or control. He then discusses the importance of understanding idealizing projections and differentiating these from a healthy positive transference. He concludes by characterising Bion's way of working in terms of his humility, his courage and, fundamentally, his use of his intuitive binocular mind.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed2005

Replacement of the descending aorta using the daVinci surgical system in a sheep model: comparison of anastomosis techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to assess the feasibility of a closed-chest replacement of the descending thoracic aorta utilizing the daVinci surgical robotic system and to compare hand-sewn running anastomosis to interrupted nitinol clips (Coalescent Surgical). METHODS: Six sheep underwent replacement of the descending aorta using Intuitive's daVinci surgical system. Using the daVinci, the descending aorta was dissected out and individual intercostal arteries were clipped and divided. Following systemic heparinization, the aorta was occluded using percutaneous vascular clamps (Chitwood clamps). The descending aorta was excised and replaced with a woven graft. The proximal and distal anastomoses were varied in each animal between a running 4-0 polypropylene technique and interrupted nitinol clips. Anastomoses were inspected for hemostasis and tested for burst strength. RESULTS: Five of six animals survived the procedure. The average procedure time was 93 minutes. Cross-clamp times range from 55 to 25 minutes (average of 37 minutes). There was no significant difference in time between U-clip anastomoses (17 +/- 4.8 minutes) and sutured anastomoses (10.6 +/- 3.1 minutes). The burst pressure was higher for sutured anastomosis than for U-clips (214.6 +/- 61 and 110 +/- 35, respectively). CONCLUSION: Replacement of the descending aorta with a graft is feasible in a closed chest model utilizing Intuitive's daVinci surgical system. While mean burst strengths were higher with a running sutured anastomosis, there was no difference in anastomotic time or ultimate hemostasis between techniques.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed1996

Relationship between Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Gregorc Style Delineator.

The relationship between the Myers-briggs Type Indicator and Gregorc Style Delineator, and achievement was examined by administering these instruments to 259 first-year nursing students enrolled in an introductory human anatomy and physiology course. A principal component factor analysis using a varimax rotation of the scores from the two psychometric instruments, achievement examinations and an over-all grade point average indicated that each learning style from the Gregorc Style Delineator corresponds to certain traits on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. An individual who had a preference for the learning style of Concrete Sequential tended to have the traits of sensing and judging on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, while an individual who used the learning style of Concrete Random tended to have the traits of intuition and perceiving on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. One who had a preference for the learning style of Abstract Sequential tended to use the trait of thinking while another who used the learning style of Abstract Random tended to have the trait of feeling. The factor analysis also indicates no relationship of any scores of the traits on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or learning styles of the Gregorc Style Delineator with the examination scores achieved in the human anatomy and physiology course or to the students' over-all grade point average. However, factor analysis indicates that the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator traits of Judging vs Perceiving collapsed into the Sensing vs Intuition scale, and that the Gregorc Style Delineator consists of two bipolar scales that are different from those proposed by Gregorc.

Achievement↗

PubMed1997

Preservation of temporal skills in Alzheimer's disease.

Previous researchers have assumed that temporal skills are lost early in Alzheimer's disease. This belief may originate from examining only one type of temporal skill-logical time. In this study three categories of time, that draw on different types of processes, were selected. It was hypothesized that, although those with Possible Alzheimer's disease would have difficulty with the logical time items, they would show relatively preserved performance on the two other types of time skills that rely on the automatic processes of socialized and intuitive time. Participants included 11 individuals who met the criteria for Possible Alzheimer's disease and a comparison group of 19 psychiatric patients who had Mini Mental State Examination scores in a normal range. As expected, those with Possible Alzheimer's disease performed as well as the comparison group on the intuitive and socialized time skills. Unexpectedly, it was found that one type of logical time skill was also preserved in the Possible-Alzheimer's disease group.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Interaction of psychological type and anxiety sensitivity on academic achievement.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index were administered to 143 undergraduate college students. Analyses of variance were performed to assess the relationship between these indices and semester grades (Grade Point Average). The Myers-Briggs Sensing-Intuitive and Judging-Perceiving dimensions showed significant main effects on GPA. The interaction of Judging-Perceiving and Anxiety Sensitivity was also significant (F = 18.00, p<.0001), although that of Sensing-Intuition and Anxiety Sensitivity was not (F = 3.51, p=.06). These findings suggest that personality factors measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator may serve as mediating variables in evaluating whether trait anxiety has a facilitating or debilitating effect on academic achievement.

Achievement↗

PubMed1993

Simple regression-based procedures for taxometric investigations.

Certain theories of psychopathology postulate the existence of distinct latent populations of individuals. By analogy with biology, we call such latent populations "taxa" and we call the statistical testing of such theories "taxometrics." Taxometric procedures are robust; they do not make restrictive distributional assumptions. However, they have two disadvantages for nonstatistician users: (1) they are developed via algebra hard for many nonstatistician users intuitively to accept; and (2) computational software is not widely available. We address these problems by presenting a simple taxometric procedure, MAXSLOPE, based on regression plots for pairs of variables. This procedure is easily implemented using commonly available software and is intuitively rather easy to understand. We apply it to two artificial datasets. One dataset, used to explain the graphs, shows clear-cut evidence of taxa. The other example shows less clear grouping structure and is used to show that the proposed graphical procedure works even in nonideal cases. Comparisons are made with currently used procedures of cluster analysis and multivariate normal mixture analysis.

Cluster Analysis↗

PubMed2002

Sex and racial differences in preference for a caring morality in a corporate environment that promotes diversity and equal opportunity.

This study investigated the caring moral perspective of managers in a corporation recognized as being a champion of promoting diversity and equal opportunity. Caring is described as a morality of responsibility and relationship, a sensitivity to the needs of persons. The study was based on the prediction that the attachment and caring shown elsewhere to be characteristic of the morality of females would be characteristic of all managers, regardless of sex or race in this kind of corporate environment. 121 male and female, African-American and Euro-American managers responded to a survey using three subscales of a Caring Morality Inventory: caring orientation, use of intuition and feeling to make a judgment, and concern with others in decision-making. Analysis showed female managers, regardless of race, scored significantly higher on the Caring Morality scale than the male managers, supporting other findings of sex differences in caring moral perspective and suggesting that working for a company actively promoting diversity and equal opportunity does not cancel out these differences. In addition, for this study it was assumed that, although African Americans, in general, may have been sensitized to lean more toward a caring morality, any racial differences in caring morality would be cancelled out by the fact that all of the managers work for the same prodiversity and, by assumption, more sensitive company. The Euro-American managers, regardless of sex, actually scored higher on the Caring Morality scale than did the African-American managers, with the difference being attributable solely to the greater tendency of the Euro-American managers to use intuition and feeling to make a judgment.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Predicting child abuse and neglect in New Zealand.

We describe the three stages of our attempt to predict parenting problems and child abuse antenatally. In the first stage, we made an intuitive check list of ten items from 173 risk factors drawn from the literature. The check list was useful in predicting who would relinquish care or have major parenting difficulty in two different samples drawn four years apart and before and after some major sociocultural changes in New Zealand. In the second stage we used statistical techniques rather than intuition to maximise the predictive ability of the checklist and produced a new one of 9 items. In the third stage we validated the new list in a random sample of pregnant mothers. It was effective in predicting parenting difficulty in the 2 years after childbirth. We recommend it for routine use in a New Zealand setting. We do not know how useful the checklist will be in other cultural settings.

Child Abuse↗

PubMed2002

Myers Briggs Type indicator personality profiles in unipolar depressed patients.

OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to compare the distribution of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality types in patients with Unipolar Depression compared to normative data. METHOD: The MBTI divides individuals into four dichotomous types: Extroverted and Introverted, Sensing and Intuitive, Thinking and Feeling, and Judging and Perceiving. This yields eight single-factor and sixteen four-factor types. One-hundred-thirty Unipolar Depressed patients were administered the MBTI-Form F. RESULTS: Unipolar Depressed patients were significantly more often Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving single-factor types respectively, and Introverted-Sensing-Feeling-Perceiving, and Introverted-Intuitive-Feeling-Perceiving four-factor types. The male Introverted-Sensing-Feeling-Perceiving four-factor type was the most dramatically over-represented. CONCLUSION: The MBTI effectively discriminates a patient group with Unipolar Depression from a normative population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Likelihood judgment based on previously observed outcomes: the alternative-outcomes effect in a learning paradigm.

Previous research has demonstrated that intuitive perceptions of certainty regarding a focal outcome are sensitive to variations in how evidence supporting nonfocal alternatives is distributed, even when such variations have no bearing on objective probability. We investigated this alternative-outcomes effect in a learning paradigm in which participants made likelihood judgments on the basis of their memory for past observations of relevant outcomes. In Experiment 1, a manipulation of evidence (observed frequencies) across alternative outcomes influenced not only intuitive certainty estimates about a focal outcome but also numeric subjective probabilities. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that these effects were attributable to the influence of information loss on frequency estimations. The findings were consistent with the heuristic comparison account, which suggests that the judged likelihood of a focal outcome will be disproportionately influenced by the strength (frequency) of the strongest alternative outcome.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

[Change in feelings of regret over time: relation to decision-making style, behavior, and coping methods].

This study investigated the change in feelings of regret over time in relation to decision-making style, critical thinking, behavior, and coping methods with the regret. Seventy undergraduate students completed a questionnaire on critical thinking, decision-making styles, feelings of regret and the coping methods in five different situations: entrance examinations, declarations of love, skiing, career changes, and investments. Results showed the following. First, in situations which normally occur only once (i.e., entrance examinations), subjects who indicated inaction felt increased regret over time, but those who indicated action felt decreased regret. Conversely, in situations which occur regularly (i.e., declarations of love and skiing), both of those who indicated action and inaction felt decreased regret. Second, people who indicated action coped with their regret using the method of rationalization more often than those who indicated inaction. In situations which normally occur only once, analytic decision-makers tended to cope with their regret by improving their behavior more than intuitive decision-makers. Finally, critical thinkers tended to adopt an analytic style more often than an intuitive style.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1983

The effect of psychological type on the mood and meaning of two college activities.

This study used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to identify two types of college students who differed in preferred perceptual processes, with one group strongly preferring the use of sense impressions (sensing types), and the other preferring the use of unconscious associations (intuitive types) in becoming aware of phenomena. All subjects then participated in two collage activities with slightly different instructions, one requiring a creative approach and the other requiring imitation. Change in mood after each college was measured by the Bipolar Form of the Profile of Mood States, and the affective meanings of the two activities were assessed by Osgood's 12-scale short-form semantic differential. Results indicated that the creative activity elicited significantly higher scores on two mood states (agreeable-hostile and composed-anxious) and two factors of affective meaning (power and evaluation). Intuitive types rated both activities higher than sensing types on one mood (agreeable-hostile) and one factor of affective meaning (action). Hypothesized interactions were not found. The findings have possible implications for the effects of occupational therapy activities that require creativity as opposed to imitation as well as for the effects of perceptual preferences on the moods and meanings of activities.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Virtual reality in endonasal surgery.

Virtual environments provide a new dimension of graphic simulation. The interaction between the human and the computer is now intuitive for the user. The use of virtual reality (VR) gives the user the feeling of participating in a (computer generated) scenario very much like reality. This feeling is an essential requirement for simulation of surgical interventions using digital data. Especially in the fields of sinus and skull-base surgery, computer assisted simulation could present a valuable and effective alternative method for honing endoscopic skills. Traditionally, surgeons gain experience through anatomic preparation and education by more experienced colleagues. Landmarks like skull base, carotid arteria or optical nerve have to be identified intraoperatively in order to orientate in this critical region. Highly sensitive structures can be damaged most easily. The quality of surgical skills can be characterized as the sum of knowledge, individual experience and manual dexterity. It is conceivable that a surgeon's level of training and experience could be significantly increased by use of VR. With this in mind, a VR-based simulator for procedures in sinus surgery will improve most of these parts. To provide the virtual environment, a realistic representation of the region of interest with all relevant anatomical structures is required. Based on data from tomographic imaging studies, a three-dimensional representation of the paranasal sinuses is semiautomatically reconstructed. Textures derived from endoscopic images are superimposed on the virtual anatomic structures and provide better realism. Two main components of the VR interface can be distinguished: the 3-D interaction to guide the surgical instruments and the 2-D graphical user interface for visual feedback and control of the session. Moreover, the 3-D interaction has to be realized by means of Virtual Reality techniques providing a simulation of an endoscope and an intuitive handling of other surgical instruments.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1999

Sampling--how big a sample?

It is thought that, in a consignment of discrete units, a certain proportion of the units contain illegal material. A sample of the consignment is to be inspected. Various methods for the determination of the sample size are compared. The consignment will be considered as a random sample from some super-population of units, a certain proportion of which contain drugs. For large consignments, a probability distribution, known as the beta distribution, for the proportion of the consignment which contains illegal material is obtained. This distribution is based on prior beliefs about the proportion. Under certain specific conditions the beta distribution gives the same numerical results as an approach based on the binomial distribution. The binomial distribution provides a probability for the number of units in a sample which contain illegal material, conditional on knowing the proportion of the consignment which contains illegal material. This is in contrast to the beta distribution which provides probabilities for the proportion of a consignment which contains illegal material, conditional on knowing the number of units in the sample which contain illegal material. The interpretation when the beta distribution is used is much more intuitively satisfactory. It is also much more flexible in its ability to cater for prior beliefs which may vary given the different circumstances of different crimes. For small consignments, a distribution, known as the beta-binomial distribution, for the number of units in the consignment which are found to contain illegal material, is obtained, based on prior beliefs about the number of units in the consignment which are thought to contain illegal material. As with the beta and binomial distributions for large samples, it is shown that, in certain specific conditions, the beta-binomial and hypergeometric distributions give the same numerical results. However, the beta-binomial distribution, as with the beta distribution, has a more intuitively satisfactory interpretation and greater flexibility. The beta and the beta-binomial distributions provide methods for the determination of the minimum sample size to be taken from a consignment in order to satisfy a certain criterion. The criterion requires the specification of a proportion and a probability.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMed1999

Effective neural response function for collective population states.

Collective behaviour of neural networks often divides the ensemble of neurons into sub-classes by neuron type; by selective synaptic potentiation; or by mode of stimulation. When the number of classes becomes larger than two, the analysis, even in a mean-field theory, loses its intuitive aspect because of the number of dimensions of the space of dynamical variables. Often one is interested in the behaviour of a reduced set of sub-populations (in focus) and in their dependence on the system's parameters, as in searching for coexistence of spontaneous activity and working memory; in the competition between different working memories; in the competition between working memory and a new stimulus; or in the interaction between selective activity in two different neural modules. For such cases we present a method for reducing the dimensionality of the system to one or two dimensions, even when the total number of populations involved is higher. In the reduced system the familiar intuitive tools apply and the analysis of the dependence of different network states on ambient parameters becomes transparent. Moreover, when the coding of states in focus is sparse, the computational complexity is much reduced. Beyond the analysis, we present a set of detailed examples. We conclude with a discussion of questions of stability in the reduced system.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

A protocol building software tool for medical device quality control tests.

Q-Pro is an application for Quality Control and Inspection of Medical Devices. General system requirements include friendly and comprehensive graphical environment and proper, quick, easy and intuitive user interface. Functions such as, a tool library for protocol design widely used multimedia, as well as, a support of a local database for protocol and inventory data archiving are provided by the system. In order to serve the different categories of users, involved in Quality Control procedures, the system has been split into three modules of different functionality and complexity, each of which can work as a stand-alone application. The implementation of protocols and use of the software functions, as well as, the user interface itself have been proved by the evaluators to be clear and intuitive. The software seems to adapt easily to different kinds of Quality Control procedures and objectives. Q-Pro effectively supports and enhances the processes to attain a highly tuned, professional, responsive and effective quality control and preventive maintenance procedures for biomedical equipment management.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2000

Tactile situation awareness system: proprioceptive prostheses for sensory deficiencies.

UNLABELLED: Pilots and astronauts do not experience spatial disorientation in normal day-to-day terrestrial activities. On the ground, the perception of position and motion is determined by central nervous system integration of concordant and redundant information from multiple sensory channels (somatosensory, vestibular and visual) which collectively yield veridical perceptions. In the acceleration environments experienced by pilots and astronauts, the somatosensory and vestibular senses frequently present false but concordant information concerning the direction of gravity or down. When presented with conflicting sensory stimuli, it is normal for pilots and astronauts to experience episodes of disorientation. Visual instruments and displays developed over the past 70 yr have not solved the problem. A simple solution to maintain spatial orientation is to provide true information using the same sensory channels we use so successfully on Earth. METHODS: The Tactile Situation Awareness System (TSAS) developed by NASA and the U.S. Navy uses a matrix of mechanical tactile stimulators (tactors) applied on the torso and limbs to convey orientation cues (e.g., gravity vector) in an intuitive fashion to the skin. A series of in-flight experiments to validate and test a variety of tactile displays and concepts has been carried out in both helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. RESULTS: Pilots were able to fly complex maneuvers with no instruments or outside visual references (blindfolded) with less than 20 min of training. Recovery from unusual attitudes solely by tactile cues was trivial. Lab tests have shown the TSAS improves performance under conditions of high workload. CONCLUSIONS: When orientation information is presented via intuitive tactile displays spatial orientation is easily maintained in altered sensory conditions including unusual acceleration environments.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed2000

[Positioning systems for endoscopic solo surgery].

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic surgery has acquired undisputed importance in the field of both general and specialised surgery. The introduction of robotic technology in surgery has recently led to the development of new positioning systems for endoscopic surgery. These allow direct control of the endoscopic procedures by the surgeon, whose vision currently depends on the assistant in charge of positioning the optic camera in compliance with his wishes. METHODS: We experimented different positioning systems for optics and rigid endoscopic instruments for laparoscopy, some of which were our own design. Over 400 cholecystectomies were carried out by six different surgeons on phantoms containing animal organs. The experimental systems were AESOP (Computer Motion, USA), with both foot-pedal and voice control, ENDOASSIST (Armstrong Healthcare Co. UK), controlled by a device worn by the surgeon, FIPS Endoarm (Karlsruhe Research Centre, Germany), controlled by a joystick and voice, and the passive TISKA Endoarm system (Karlsruhe Research Centre, Germany). Combinations of two systems were compared, using one to position the optic and one to position the retractor instrument. RESULTS: Phantom tests, which are preferable owing to constant conditions, showed the feasibility of experiments in Solo Surgery conditions and highlighted the advantages and drawbacks of the various systems. In particular, the surgeons appreciated the intuitive use of the TISKA Endoarm system as a positioner for the retractor instrument and the optics, in spite of the fact that it was only a passive movement apparatus. Among the remote-control systems tested as an optics positioner, FIPS Endoarm controlled by a joystick was particularly intuitive and produced the best results in terms of time taken to complete the procedure. The time taken was even shorter than that in a large control group with human assistance. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience endoscopic Solo Surgery was found to be applicable to clinical practice. This will bring numerous advantages in terms of the precision of surgical procedures and savings in terms of time and human resources, with a consequent reduction of management costs. There is no doubt that this method represents a step forward in the application of technology to surgery.

Endoscopes↗