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PubMed2005

Separate cavity margin sampling at the time of initial breast lumpectomy significantly reduces the need for reexcisions.

In breast conservation therapy, the margin status of the specimen predicts local recurrence and determines the need for reexcision. Many surgeons now take, at the time of lumpectomy, multiple separate "cavity margins" (CM) (the entire wall of the residual cavity) as final margins that supersede the oriented lumpectomy margins (LMs). We studied the efficacy of this method in 126 patients (23 with ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS] only and 103 with invasive carcinoma with or without DCIS) who had an oriented lumpectomy specimen and also had four to six additional CMs. The tumors were evaluated for the following: size, grade, LM status (distance of tumor from margin and, if involved, extent of involvement), vascular invasion, lymph node status, and presence or absence of extensive intraductal component. The additional CM specimens were evaluated for residual carcinoma (if any) and its distance from the inked true margins, and the results were correlated with the corresponding LMs. Only approximately 50% of patients (52 of 103) with histologically positive LMs (defined as carcinoma within 2 mm of the inked surface) had residual carcinoma in their CMs. Additional CM sampling rendered the overall final margin status histologically negative in 61 of 103 (59%) cases with histologically positive LMs, therefore significantly reducing the need for reexcision. Younger patient age, higher number of positive LMs, high tumor grade, and the presence of extensive intraductal component were predictive of residual carcinoma in CM specimens, whereas the distance of carcinoma from the inked surface and the extent of tumor involvement of histologically positive LMs were not. Because CM specimens taken from patients with histologically positive LMs usually lack tumor, we suspect that many positive LMs are likely false positives. Possible factors accounting for false-positive LMs include seepage of ink into crevices of the specimen promoted by excessive inking, tumor friability promoting displacement of tumor into ink, manipulation of specimens for radiographs, and retraction artifact.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Deficiency of invariant natural killer T cells in coeliac disease.

BACKGROUND: Immunoregulatory invariant natural killer (iNK) T cells rapidly produce interleukin (IL)-4 and other cytokines that suppress a Th1 response and are deficient in some autoimmune diseases. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate any deficiency of iNK T cells in coeliac disease. METHODS: Blood was collected from 86 subjects with coeliac disease and from 152 healthy control subjects for investigation of Valpha24+ T cells by flow cytometry. iNK T cells were assessed by Valpha24 and alpha-galactosylceramide/CD1d tetramer markers in 23 normal controls and 13 subjects with coeliac disease. Intracellular IL-4 was measured after anti-CD3 antibody stimulation. Duodenal biopsies were obtained in a subgroup of subjects with coeliac disease and control subjects for Valpha24 mRNA expression using relative PCR and for Valpha24+ T cells by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The mean numbers of circulating Valpha24+ T cells and iNK T cells in coeliac disease were 27% (p<0.001) and 16% (p<0.001), respectively, of levels in control subjects. After in vitro anti-CD3 stimulation, numbers of IL-4+ producing iNK T cells from subjects with coeliac disease were unchanged but increased by 21% in control subjects. In subjects with coeliac disease, Valpha24 mRNA intestinal expression was reduced to 17% (p<0.001) by relative PCR and numbers of intestinal Valpha24+ T cells were 16% (p<0.01) of levels in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that Valpha24+ T cells and iNK T cells are deficient in coeliac disease. We speculate that this deficiency could contribute to the failure of immunological oral tolerance that seems to underlie this disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Motor controls of opaline secretion in Aplysia californica.

1. Using combined morphological and electrophysiological techniques, we have identified motor neurons in the right pleural ganglion of Aplysia californica that contribute to the release of opaline from the opaline gland. 2. Three pleural ganglion neurons were found to meet the requirements for identification as opaline gland motor neurons by a) sending processes in nerve P5, which innervates the gland; b) producing contractions of the gland in the absence of central synaptic activity; and c) producing excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) in cells making up the opaline gland itself. The neurons can be reliably located and have been designated PLR1, PLR2, and PLR3. 3. When gland contraction is measured by the change in luminal pressure, the gland response is a graded function of low-frequency spike activity in the motor neurons. 4. Presumptive EJPs recorded from opaline gland cells are reversibly decreased in size by high extracellular Mg2+ and reversibly increased in size by raising the concentration of extracellular Ca2+. These results suggest that the presumptive EJPs are chemically mediated. The presumptive EJPs show facilitation and posttetanic potentiation. 5. The identified opaline motor neurons may constitute a significant portion of the motor input to the opaline gland via nerve P5 since hyperpolarization of the cells prevents the opaline gland response elicited by right connective stimulation in vitro. 6. We have compared the properties of the opaline motor neurons with the previously identified properties of the ink motor neurons (6--9, 19). Like the ink motor neurons, the opaline motor neurons have high resting potentials, are electrically coupled, and have no spontaneous spike activity. They also receive a slow and long-lasting evoked depolarizing synaptic input, which appears to be mediated by a decreased conductance mechanism. The firing pattern of the opaline motor neurons produced by synaptic input shows the same delayed bursting pattern previously described for the ink motor neurons. 7. The biophysical properties and synaptic input to the ink motor neurons have been shown to affect the features of inking behavior (4, 6--9, 19). The opaline motor neurons share some of these biophysical characteristics and mediate a defensive behavior similar to ink release. Further comparisons of these behaviors and their underlying neural circuits may provide a better understanding of the extent to which cellular biophysical properties and patterns of synaptic input influence the features of the behaviors that individual neurons mediate.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Lymph macrophages enter the germinal center of lymph nodes of guinea pigs.

To determine the fate of macrophages within the afferent lymph stream, the popliteal lymph nodes at various times (3 h to 6 months) after subcutaneous injection of india ink into the footpads of guinea pigs were examined. Two types of cells which had phagocytized india ink were observed in the germinal centers. A small number of type I phagocytes (engulfing india ink as small particles which were often found together with tingible bodies in their cytoplasm) were scattered through the germinal center. A large number of type II phagocytes (packed full of india ink) presented preferentially in the medullary portion of the germinal center, together with many pyroninophil lymphoblastoid cells. In the second experiment, the afferent lymphatics of the popliteal lymph node were ligated 15-20 min after india ink injection. Although the type I phagocytes were distributed as in the first experiment, the type II phagocytes were scanty. In the third experiment, the afferent lymphatics of the popliteal lymph node were ligated 7 days after india ink injection. The type II phagocytes disappeared rapidly from the germinal center, whereas the type I phagocytes remained and were not affected by ligature. These results suggest that the type I phagocytes are the fixed macrophages or tingible body macrophages in the germinal center, and that the type II phagocytes are the macrophages migrating from the peripheral tissues. It was also shown that many macrophages reaching the regional node via afferent lymphatics entered the germinal center through the medullary pole where the cap of small lymphocytes became thinner or disappeared.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Glomerular number and perfusion during normal and compensatory renal growth in the guinea pig.

Changes in glomerular number and perfusion during maturation of the guinea pig were compared with the response to uninephrectomy at birth or 84 days of age. From birth to adulthood, there was a 21% increase in number of glomeruli identified by the presence of India ink previously injected in vivo. For animals uninephrectomized at birth, a similar increase occurred several wk earlier than in sham-operated littermates; however, uninephrectomy in adulthood resulted in no further increment. Although the number of glomeruli in the left kidney varied by 25% within each group, the difference in number between right and left kidneys of individual animals averaged only 4%. Additional glomeruli not identified by India ink were subsequently revealed by application of Wright's stain. These comprised 13-17% of the glomeruli containing India ink in 1 and 22-day-old sham groups, but only 2% in 22-day-old uninephrectomized or adult animals. Approximately 3/4 of all glomeruli identified by India ink were present in the outer cortex of 22-day-old uninephrectomized and sham-operated guinea pigs; the cortical distribution of Wright-stained glomeruli in the latter group was similar. Paraffin sections of kidneys revealed scattered glomeruli not containing India ink in 1-day-old and 22-day-old sham guinea pigs, but almost none in 22-day-old uninephrectomized animals. There were no glomeruli in an early stage of formation in any of the sections examined. It is concluded that during development, an increase in number of glomeruli identified by India ink represents nephrons which are underperfused in the neonate but are completely perfused at maturity. This process is accelerated by uninephrectomy in early development, but is unaffected by uninephrectomy in adulthood, at which time glomerular perfusion is virtually homogeneous.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1988

Response variations to Stroop color-word stimuli.

Reaction times (RTs) and net interference measures were obtained for 64 Stroop color-word stimuli from 8 common colors. Subjects were 64 college students, 32 of each sex. The incongruous stimulus was designated as either the ink interpretation different from the word or the word interpretation different from the ink. Consistently large variations within Stroop stimuli and Word x Ink interactions were found. Complex qualitative and quantitative differences were revealed between sexes. Females had faster RTs, but showed no significant superiority in measured net interference. The derived rank orders of net interference between sexes were correlated when using the ink, but not when using the word. Neither word nor ink were related in ranking RTs. For net interference, however, derived RTs were highly related for women using the ink interpretation, but not when using the word; they were unrelated for men using either interpretation. Two interrference types were highly correlated for women, but not for men. An additional experiment with a color-blind group cast an interesting light on the issue. Our Stroop data, rank ordered by sex for each measure, may assist viable theory constructions, including the context-dependent interaction hypothesis.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Photofading of ballpoint dyes studied on paper by LDI and MALDI MS.

The determination of the age of an ink entry from a questioned document is often a major problem and a controversial issue in forensic sciences. Therefore, it is important to understand the aging process of the different components found in ink. The aim of this work is to characterize the degradation processes of methyl violet and ethyl violet, two typical ballpoint dyes by using laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS), and to evaluate the possible application of the method to forensic examination of documents. The mass spectrometric methods were first tested and were found to be adequate for the purpose of this work. Moreover, it is possible to analyze the dye from a stroke directly from the paper (LDI-MS), so the sample preparation is minimized. The degradation of the dyes methyl violet and ethyl violet in strokes from a ballpoint pen was studied under laboratory conditions influenced by different factors such as light, wavelength of light, heat, and humidity. Then, strokes from the same ballpoint were aged naturally in the dark or under the influence of light over one year and then analyzed. The results show that the degradation of these dyes strongly depends on light fluence. Humidity also increases degradation, which can be explained by the basicity of the paper. The influence of heat on the degradation process was found to be rather weak. It was also observed that the dyes from the ink strokes did not show significant degradation after one year of storage in the dark. In conclusion, the storage conditions of a questioned document and the initial composition of the dyes in the ink have to be known for correct interpretation of the age of an ink entry. Measurements over longer periods of time are necessary to follow the degradation of dyes exempt from light exposure. LDI was found adequate and very useful for the analysis of ballpoint dyes directly from paper without further pretreatment.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Study of the genotoxicity of toluene.

Chromosome analysis was conducted for peripheral lymphocytes of 23 printers exposed to toluene concentrations of 590 mg/m3 in a rotary machine workshop and to rotogravure printing inks. The percentages of aberrant cells were 2.30 in the printers and 1.46 in the control group (n = 22) (p < .05). The concentration of hippuric acid in printers was significantly higher than in the control group (p < .01), and the level of blood toluene at the end of the workshift was 0.500 mg/l. The authors also examined rotogravure printing inks-considered a potential source of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons because they contained carbon black-their use in printing plants, and previous documentation of increased chromosomal aberrations in rotogravure printers. Only milligrams of fluorene and phenanthrene per gram of the printing inks were found; no polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with carcinogenic properties were discovered in the inks. The authors used Salmonella typhimurium indicator strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1537, and YG 1041 in spot tests and indicator strains TA 98 and TA 100 in plate-incorporation assays to determine that there was no bacterial mutagenicity of all four colors of rotogravure inks. Urinary mutagenicity, which was evaluated with a microsuspension assay containing YG 1041 indicator strain both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, was also studied. No significant difference in bacterial mutagenicity was found between the exposed and control groups. The increased percentage of aberrant cells in printers can be explained by exposure to genotoxicants that are not excreted in urine. Toluene was the most likely cause of the aberration.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Corneal tattooing to mask subsequent opacification after amniotic membrane grafting for stromal corneal ulcer.

PURPOSE: We aimed to report on the cosmetic efficacy of corneal tattooing using India ink for resolving corneal opacities resulting from amniotic membrane grafting carried out to promote corneal wound healing in stromal corneal ulcers. METHODS: Amniotic membrane grafting of corneal ulcers was carried out in three patients. After corneal re-epithelialization, a 30-gauge needle filled with India ink was placed into the amniotic membrane space located between the regenerated corneal epithelium and the stromal bed. The ink was then carefully injected. RESULTS: The cornea was successfully stained with India ink in all cases. There were no significant complications during the mean follow-up period of 17 months. All the patients were satisfied with the corneal staining. CONCLUSION: When a corneal opacity occurs after an amniotic membrane graft for stromal corneal ulcer, corneal tattooing by intrastromal injection of India ink into the amniotic membrane space may be a very useful method of achieving a good cosmetic result.

Amnion↗

PubMed1994

Concomitant sensitization to triglycidyl isocyanurate, diaminodiphenylmethane and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate from silk-screen printing coatings in the manufacture of circuit boards.

A 48-year-old female silk-screen printer had worked in the manufacture of circuit boards for 12 years before she got the first symptoms of dermatitis on her wrists and lower arms. On the 1st patch test session, epoxy resin and the remainder of the standard series were negative, while a plastics and glues series gave an allergic reaction to 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The 2nd test session revealed allergic reactions to several acrylics, several epoxy compounds and 3 ink components. According to the material safety data sheets, 1 ink hardener contained DDM, but the causative agent in 1 ink and 1 ink hardener remained uncertain. The manufacturers of the 2 inks kindly provided us with their components for further patch tests. 2 of these components gave allergic reactions: triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA). Our case report shows that the manufacture of circuit boards involves exposure to highly sensitizing chemicals. DDM, TGIC and 2-HEMA should be remembered as silk-screen printers' potential contact sensitizers in the manufacture of circuit boards.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMed1984

[A nationwide survey on the use of organic solvents in Japan].

A total of 1,179 organic solvent products used as thinners, paint, degreasers, inks, adhesive and others, were collected nationwide from factories of various sizes and kinds in Japan, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Solvent components per sample, frequency of each solvent component, and contents of each component were analyzed and classified by use. Paints, inks, and adhesives which contained nonvolatile substances were analyzed by head space techniques. Seventy-seven percent of all samples, 93% of paints, 85% of thinners, 73% of adhesives, and 52% of degreasers contained mixed organic solvents. The average numbers of solvent components per sample were 4.14 (max. 13) in thinner, 3.29 (max. 7) in paint, 2.23 (max. 5) ink, 2.19 (max. 6) in adhesive, 1.71 (max. 6) in degreaser, when gasoline was excluded. Toluene, xylene, methylalcohol, isopropylalcohol, ethylacetate, methylethylketone, industrial gasoline were widely used in the above-mentioned products. Toluene was the most popular component in the solvent products, excluding degreasers. Many kinds of solvent components were used in thinner and paint. However, toluene, xylene and industrial gasoline were their main components and contents per sample were very high. Acetates, alcohols, ketones and glycols were frequently detected in solvent products, but their contents per sample were relatively low, because these solvent components were usually used as subordinate solvents. The chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and industrial gasoline were the most popular components in degreasers. 1,4-dioxane was detected in a relatively large number of the samples, but its content per sample was very low, because it is usually used as an additive to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Toluene was the most popular component in ink solvents, too. In addition, isopropylacohol, methylalcohol, methylethylketone were frequently detected in inks. Toluene was also the most popular component in adhesives, and n-hexane was also frequently detected in them. In order to prevent poisoning by industrial solvents, special attention should be paid to toluene and xylene, which are frequently and largely used for wide purposes, trichloroethylene which is largely used as a degreaser and has a severe toxicity, n-hexane which is frequently used in adhesives and has a high volatility and severe neurotoxicity, and other popular and toxic solvents. The severely toxic solvents such as benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and carbon disulfide were detected in few samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adhesives↗

PubMed1996

Pathologic margin involvement and the risk of recurrence in patients treated with breast-conserving therapy.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the microscopic margins of resection and ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR) after breast-conserving therapy for carcinomas with or without an extensive intraductal component (EIC) has not been adequately defined. METHODS: Of 1,790 women with unilateral clinical Stage I or II breast carcinoma treated with radiation therapy as part of breast-conserving therapy, 343 had invasive ductal histology evaluable for an extensive intraductal component (EIC), had inked margins that were evaluable for an review of their pathology slides, and received > or = 60 Gray to the tumor bed; these 343 women constitute the study population. The median follow-up was 109 months. All available slides were reviewed by one of the study pathologists. Final inked margins of excision were classified as negative > 1 mm (no invasive or in situ ductal carcinoma within 1 mm of the inked margin); negative-1 mm, or close carcinoma < or = 1 mm from the inked margin but not at the margin); or positive (carcinoma at the inked margin). A focally positive margin was defined as invasive or in situ ductal carcinoma at the margin in three or fewer low-power fields. The first site of recurrent disease was classified as either ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR) or distant metastasis/regional lymph node failure. RESULTS: Crude rates for the first site of recurrence were calculated first for all 340 patients evaluable at 5 years, then separately for the 272 patients with EIC-negative cancers and the 68 patients with EIC-positive cancers. The 5-year rate of IBR for all patients with negative margins was 2%; and for all patients with positive margins, the rate was 16%. Among patients with negative margins, the 5-year rate of IBR was 2% for all patients with close margins (negative < or = 1 mm) and 3% for those with negative > 1 mm margins. For patients with close margins, the rates were 2% and 0% for EIC-negative and EIC-positive tumors, respectively; the corresponding rates for patients with negative margins > 1 mm were 1% and 14%. The 5-year rate of IBR for patients with focally positive margins was 9% (9% for EIC-negative and 7% for EIC-positive patients). The 5-year crude rate of IBR for patients with greater than focally positive margins was 28% (19% for EIC-negative and 42% for EIC-positive patients). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with negative margins of excision have a low rate of recurrence in the treated breast, whether the margin is > 1 mm or < or = 1 mm and whether the carcinoma is EIC-negative or EIC-positive. Among patients with positive margins, those with focally positive margins have a considerably lower risk of local recurrence than those with more than focally positive margins, and could be considered for breast-conserving therapy.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1997

Lymphatic system of the mouse diaphragm: morphology and function of the lymphatic sieve.

BACKGROUND: The diaphragm has a unique system that collects peritoneal fluid and carries it into the lymphatic system. However, our understanding of the morphology and function of this system is still incomplete. METHODS: Twelve C57BL/6 mice of 13 to 25 weeks of age were used without regard to sex. In one series of experiments, the diaphragm was isolated and fixed 10-15 minutes after injection of india ink into the peritoneal cavity and then the peritoneal mesothelium was peeled off from the submesothelial connective tissue. The lymphatic vessels attached to the mesothelial strip were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The diaphragm was also observed in plastic-embedded semithin and ultrathin sections. In another series of experiments, the diaphragm was stained by 5'-nucleotidase histochemistry (Wachstein and Meizel, 1957a. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 27:13-23), and several microdrops of india ink were placed on the peritoneal or pleural surface to reveal the profile of the lymphatic vessels. RESULTS: The lymphatic vessels on the peritoneal side of the diaphragm were flattened. They usually ranged from several to 100 microns in width and from close to zero to a few micrometers in thickness. In other words, they formed extremely flat lumina, differing from the more usual tubular lymphatic vessels. Several lymphatic vessels extended radially and parallel to one another from the central tendon to the thoracic wall, with numerous connecting branches, forming an area of lymphatic vessels. The india ink that had been injected intraperitoneally and the staining with 5'-nucleotidase revealed that there were seven to nine such lymphatic areas in one hemisphere of the diaphragm. The lymphatic areas spread in parallel with the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm and all the areas together appeared to occupy more than half the surface area of the sternocostal part of the diaphragm. Each area was a relatively distinct functional unit with respect to the draining of india ink. Microdrops of india ink placed on the pleural surface did not enter the lymphatic vessels, while those placed on the peritoneal surface immediately entered the peritoneal lymphatic vessels and migrated to the pleural lymphatic vessels via the transmuscular lymphatic branches. CONCLUSIONS: The peritoneal lymphatic vessels of the diaphragm have extremely flat lumina that spread in parallel with the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm and form a lymphatic sieve that covers approximately half or more of the surface area of the sternocostal region for drainage of fluid and particulate matter from the peritoneal cavity. The lymphatic system has been characterized by the presence of openings (= stomata) to the peritoneal cavity and the amplitude of the lumina (= lacunae). However, the fundamental characteristic of the system is the extremely flat lumen (= vadum), which facilitates the formation of the lymphatic sieve.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Pulsed arterial infusions. Chemotherapeutic implications.

To simulate the intra-arterial infusion of chemotherapy, ink was infused at a steady rate through a vascular catheter inserted in a transparent tube carrying water at a rate similar to that of arterial blood. The ink ran in one or two discrete streams for 10 to 15 cm before mixing with the water, and there were substantial differences in the concentrations of ink in the water collected from side holes made at various distances from the catheter tip. If the ink was delivered in short pulses, however, it mixed with the water 2 to 3 cm beyond the catheter tip, and the samples collected from the side holes showed similar concentrations of ink. A similar situation may be encountered when chemotherapeutic agents are infused into patients. Therefore, pulsation may produce a more homogeneous drug distribution in the infused tissue. The in vitro data was substantiated in patients by the following: (1) the intra-arterial administration of technetium 99m(99mTc)labeled macroaggregated albumin (MAA) by both steady and pulsed infusions; and (2) changes in the severity of inflammatory skin reactions frequently associated with intra-arterial chemotherapy of the extremities. Improved isotope distribution was noted in 19.3% of the liver and 40% of the extremity studies. Reduced skin reactions were observed in approximately 90% of the extremities receiving pulsed chemotherapeutic infusions.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed1992

The microcirculation of bone and marrow in the diaphysis of the rat hemopoietic long bones.

The nature of the microcirculation of the diaphyseal portion of long bones and the adjacent bone marrow is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to describe the blood supply in the diaphyseal cortex and the relationship of the bone vascular circulation to that of the bone marrow in the growing rat. India ink-gelatin was infused in the arterial system of 3-month-old rats and the vascularization was determined from histological sections. In some studies the periosteal circulation was blocked but the nutrient and metaphyseal arteriole systems were left intact. In the growing rat, most of the vascular flow appears to be centripetally through the diaphyseal cortex and this appears to be the primary blood supply for the adjacent bone marrow. The India ink traversed the cortex and entered the marrow through osteal canals at the endocortical surface. At the marrow-endocortical bone surface interface, ink exiting from the osteal canals filled the adjacent marrow sinusoids in what appeared as "bush-like" structures. From the bone marrow the ink appeared to drain into the central vein. Some arterioles from the nutrient system were found to penetrate the inner two thirds of the cortical bone and then re-enter the bone marrow. The centripetal flow of blood and the importance of the cortical flow for perfusion of the hemopoietic tissue was further documented when periosteal flow was obstructed. In this situation, the cortical bone and adjacent bone marrow were not perfused while the nutrient system and central vein were filled with ink.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Script crossing in scanning electron microscopy].

A case of mixed script in which ball point-pen ink was contaminated with typewriting prompted a survey of the literature and a systematic SEM study of mixed script with various writing instruments or inks. Mixed scripts produced with the following instruments or inks were investigated: pencil, ink/India ink, ball-pint pen, felt-tip pen, copied script and typewriter. This investigation showed SEM to be the method of choice for visualizing overlying scripts produced by different writing instruments or inks.

Crime↗

PubMed2006

Design and development of a highly stable hydrogen peroxide biosensor on screen printed carbon electrode based on horseradish peroxidase bound with gold nanoparticles in the matrix of chitosan.

The design and development of a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) on a polyvinyl chloride substrate as a disposable sensor is described. Six configurations were designed on silk screen frames. The SPCEs were printed with four inks: silver ink as the conducting track, carbon ink as the working and counter electrodes, silver/silver chloride ink as the reference electrode and insulating ink as the insulator layer. Selection of the best configuration was done by comparing slopes from the calibration plots generated by the cyclic voltammograms at 10, 20 and 30 mM K(3)Fe(CN)(6) for each configuration. The electrodes with similar configurations gave similar slopes. The 5th configuration was the best electrode that gave the highest slope. Modifying the best SPCE configuration for use as a biosensor, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was selected as a biomaterial bound with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in the matrix of chitosan (HRP/AuNP/CHIT). Biosensors of HRP/SPCE, HRP/CHIT/SPCE and HRP/AuNP/CHIT/SPCE were used in the amperometric detection of H(2)O(2) in a solution of 0.1M citrate buffer, pH 6.5, by applying a potential of -0.4V at the working electrode. All the biosensors showed an immediate response to H(2)O(2). The effect of HRP/AuNP incorporated with CHIT (HRP/AuNP/CHIT/SPCE) yielded the highest performance. The amperometric response of HRP/AuNP/CHIT/SPCE retained over 95% of the initial current of the 1st day up to 30 days of storage at 4 degrees C. The biosensor showed a linear range of 0.01-11.3mM H(2)O(2), with a detection limit of 0.65 microM H(2)O(2) (S/N=3). The low detection limit, long storage life and wide linear range of this biosensor make it advantageous in many applications, including bioreactors and biosensors.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2005

Sea hares use novel antipredatory chemical defenses.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that chemical defenses protect prey from predation and have often assumed that these defenses function by repelling predators. Surprisingly, few have investigated the mechanisms whereby predators are affected by these defenses. Here, we examine mechanisms of chemical defense of sea hares (Aplysia californica), which, when attacked by spiny lobsters (Panulirus interruptus), release defensive secretions from ink and opaline glands. We show that ink-opaline facilitates the escape of sea hares by acting through a combination of novel and conventional mechanisms. Ink-opaline contains millimolar quantities of amino acids that stimulate chemoreceptor neurons in the spiny lobster's nervous system. Ink stimulates appetitive and ingestive behavior, opaline can elicit appetitive behavior but can also inhibit ingestion and evoke escape responses, and both stimulate grooming. These results suggest that these secretions function by "phagomimicry," in which ink-opaline stimulates the feeding pathway to deceive spiny lobsters into attending to a false food stimulus, and by sensory disruption, in which the sticky and potent secretions cause high-amplitude, long-lasting chemo-mechanosensory stimulation. In addition, opaline contains a chemical deterrent that opposes appetitive effects. Thus, chemical defenses may act in more complex manners than palatability assays of prey chemistry may suggest.

Amino Acids↗