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PubMed1998

Assessing perceived agency adherence to the values of community inclusion: implications for staff satisfaction.

Measures of staff members' knowledge (N = 518) of the values of community inclusion, perception of agency adherence to community inclusion, and satisfaction with relevant components of their jobs were developed. Staff represented 130 agencies in a state-wide program of individualized community living supports for adults with developmental and/or mental disabilities. Results suggest relatively high levels of knowledge about values of inclusion and perceived agency adherence to the inclusion philosophy among employees regarding the need to provide individuals who have disabilities with opportunities for engaging in community daily activities and their rights for services. Employees, however, had significantly less knowledge of and noted less agency adherence to activities intended to provide consumers with opportunities to make choices. Staff who perceived more agency adherence to the philosophy of inclusion were more satisfied with their jobs.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Complex polysaccharide inclusions in skeletal muscle adjacent to sarcomas in two dogs.

Inclusions of periodic acid-Schiff-positive, amylase resistant material were found within skeletal muscle fibers adjacent to an osteosarcoma in the proximal femur of an 8-year-old intact female Cocker Spaniel dog (dog No. 1) and adjacent to a synovial cell sarcoma of the stifle joint in a 7-year-old spayed female Bouvier des Flandres dog (dog No. 2). Inclusions were pale blue-gray with hematoxylin and eosin stain and formed irregular inclusions, replacing up to approximately 80% of the fiber diameter. Inclusions from dog No. 2 were of non-membrane-bound granular to filamentous material that occasionally formed discrete, elongate electron-dense masses. The features of these inclusions were similar to those of materials previously described as complex polysaccharide, polyglucosan bodies, amylopectin, and Lafora bodies. Evidence for a generalized metabolic disorder was not found in these two dogs, suggesting that storage of complex polysaccharide can occur as a relatively nonspecific response to metabolic alterations in skeletal muscle in a variety of conditions.

Amylopectin↗
PubMed2003

Micro-Raman densimeter for CO2 inclusions in mantle-derived minerals.

We investigated the applicability of Raman microprobe spectroscopy for determining the density of CO2 in fluid inclusions in minerals of mantle-derived xenolith samples. A separation (delta) between two Raman bands of CO2 due to Fermi resonance can be a reliable densimeter for CO2 fluid. The relationship between the density of CO2 (g/cm3) and delta (cm-1) can be expressed as: d = -0.03238697 delta 3 + 10.08428 delta 2 - 1046.189 delta + 36163.67. This equation was obtained from the Raman data on CO2 fluid with densities from 0.1 to 1.21 g/cm3, including super critical fluids at 58-59 degrees C. The delta value was constant with increasing temperature from room temperature to 200 degrees C. This indicates that the Raman densimeter is not affected by a possible rise in temperature, an artifact induced by the high flux of the incident laser. The minimum size of measurable inclusions is 1 micron, and the precision in the determination of delta is 0.1 cm-1, corresponding to 0.02 g/cm3 for inclusions of 1 micron in size. The precision can be better for larger inclusions. The micro-Raman densimeter can determine the density of CO2 fluid inclusions over a wide range. In particular, densities of gas and mixtures of gas and liquid phases, which cannot be measured by microthermometry, can be determined.

Calibration↗
PubMed2005

Inclusion criteria for clinical trials in sepsis: did the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine consensus conference definitions of sepsis have an impact?

BACKGROUND: Over the last 25 years, a growing number of clinical trials have evaluated novel sepsis therapies. To promote uniformity in inclusion criteria for patient enrollment, the American College of Chest Physicians and Society of Critical Care Medicine first published consensus conference definitions for sepsis in 1992. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To characterize (1) the utilization of specific criteria for patient enrollment in sepsis clinical trials and (2) the impact that the consensus conference definitions have had on these criteria. DESIGN: We used MEDLINE to identify clinical trials in sepsis from 1976 to 2001. Clinical trials published after the consensus conference (ACC; from 1993 to 2001) were compared with trials published before the consensus conference (BCC; from 1976 to 1992). RESULTS: We identified 176 clinical trials (ACC, 119 trials; BCC, 57 trials). Clinical trials published ACC were more likely to utilize or reference a previously published standard for inclusion criteria (65% vs 11%, respectively; p < 0.001). The consensus conference definitions were the standards used in 69% of these trials. The utilization of specified values for WBC count, temperature (T), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) was significantly increased in the ACC group compared to the BCC group, as follows: WBC count, 62% vs 26%, respectively (p < 0.001); T, 89% vs 56%, respectively (p < 0.001); HR, 77% vs 26%, respectively (p < 0.001); and RR, respectively 76% vs 28% (p < 0.001). ACC, clinical trials were less likely to require blood culture positivity (4 of 119 trials [3%] vs 9 of 57 trials [16%], respectively; p < 0.006) and were more likely to incorporate markers of acute organ dysfunction (81 of 119 trials [68%] vs 28 of 57 trials [49%], respectively; p < 0.03) in the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Since 1992 there has been a significant increase in the utilization of predefined sepsis criteria for patient enrollment in clinical trials, and this increase can be attributed to the existence of consensus conference definitions. (2) Compared to inclusion criteria BCC, inclusion criteria ACC were less reliant on blood culture positivity and were more likely to incorporate markers of organ dysfunction.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2006

NUB1 suppresses the formation of Lewy body-like inclusions by proteasomal degradation of synphilin-1.

NUB1 is a potent down-regulator of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8, because it targets NEDD8 to the proteasome for proteolytic degradation. From results in this study, we found that NUB1 physically interacts with synphilin-1 through its NEDD8-binding site, implying that NUB1 also targets synphilin-1 to the proteasome for degradation. Synphilin-1 is a major component of inclusion bodies found in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative alpha-synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. In this study, we immunostained sections of brains from patients with Parkinson's disease and other alpha-synucleinopathies and demonstrated that NUB1, as well as synphilin-1, accumulates in the inclusion bodies. To define the role of NUB1 in the formation of these inclusion bodies, we performed a co-transfection assay using cultured HEK293 cells. This assay showed that NUB1 suppresses the formation of synphilin-1-positive inclusions. Further, biochemical assays revealed that NUB1 overexpression leads to the proteasomal degradation of synphilin-1. These results and our previous observations suggest that NUB1 indeed targets synphilin-1 to the proteasome for its efficient degradation, which, because of the resultant reduction in synphilin-1, suppresses the formation of synphilin-1-positive inclusions.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2002

Impact of vitamin and mineral supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on finishing pig growth performance, fecal mineral concentration, carcass characteristics, and the nutrient content and oxidative stability of pork.

A study was conducted to determine if supplement withdrawal (omission of dietary vitamin and trace mineral premixes and a two-thirds reduction in dietary inorganic phosphorus) for 28 d preslaughter and the feeding of wheat middlings (dietary concentrations of 5, 15, and 30% from weaning to 16, 16 to 28, and 28 kg to slaughter, respectively) affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal mineral concentrations ofthe pig, as well as the nutrient content and oxidative stability of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Crossbred pigs (n = 64) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design (with or without supplement withdrawal, and with or without wheat middlings). Supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion did not influence average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, gain/feed, or carcass traits, except for a decrease (P < 0.01) in the ADG of pigs from 28 to 65 kg when fed wheat middlings. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations. In diets containing full vitamin and mineral supplementation, wheat middling inclusion decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations and increased (P < 0.01) fecal Mn. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of riboflavin, niacin, and P in the longissimus dorsi muscle, but did not affect longissimus dorsi thiamin, vitamin E, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ca concentrations. Inclusion of wheat middlings increased (P < 0.04) longissimus dorsi thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin E concentrations and decreased (P < 0.04) Cu concentrations. However, wheat middling inclusion did not affect (P > 0.05) longissimus dorsi Ca, P, Fe, and Zn concentrations. Dietary treatment did not affect either Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase activity in the longissimus dorsi. The results from this study indicate that supplement withdrawal and dietary wheat middling inclusion alter pork nutrient content and fecal mineral concentration, but not the oxidative stability of pork.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Analytical study of photodegradation of inclusion complexes of nimodipine with alpha-, gamma-cyclodextrin, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, and hydroxypropyl-beta-Cyclodextrin.

The inclusion behavior of alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD), gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-betaCD), and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M-betaCD) with nimodipine (NM) in solution and in the solid state was investigated. Inclusion complexes of nimodipine with cyclodextrins (at a molar ratio of 1:1) in the solid state were obtained by the kneading method. Photochemical stability of NM in the solid inclusion complexes was assessed by IR spectrometry. The modified derivatives of beta-CD and alpha-CD were found to slow the photodegradation rate, whereas in the presence of gamma-CD the photodegradation of NM was a bit faster than in the corresponding physical mixture. Photochemical degradation of NM in liquid inclusion complexes was monitored by UV spectroscopy. According to the slowing effect on photodegradation of NM in the inclusion complexes, the studied cyclodextrins can be ordered as gamma-CD < alpha-CD < HP-betaCD < M-betaCD.

Calcium Channel Blockers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glandular inclusions in inguinal hernia sacs: a clinicopathological study of six cases.

Glandular inclusions in inguinal hernia sacs are not frequent. We present six cases of inguinal hernia with this finding, which represents an incidence of 2.6% in males and shows a predominance in the prepubertal stage. Five patients showed cryptorchidism and two cases were related to congenital malformations of the single umbilical artery type and 47,XY chromosome disorder with chromosomal marker. The most important differential diagnosis must be made with normal histological structures such as the vas deferens or epididymis. The mean diameter of the inclusions was 0.1988 mm and there was a significant difference in size between the inclusions and the vas deferens, but not the epididymis. Differentiation from the latter is based on the absence of a well-developed muscular coat in the wall of the inclusions. It is important to recognize that these inclusions can occur in hernia sacs because of the clinical and medicolegal implications that arise if they are confused with true epididymis or vas deferens. They may arise from paratesticular embryonal remnants.

Actins↗
PubMed1998

Attitudes of a group of primary school teachers towards the educational inclusion of hearing-impaired learners in regular classrooms.

Research has clearly demonstrated a link between the attitudes of regular education teachers and the success of inclusion of learners with special educational needs. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the attitudes of a group of junior primary school teachers from the Gauteng area towards the inclusion of hearing-impaired children into regular classes. A survey research design was employed which utilized a questionnaire as the research tool. Analysis of results indicated that the teachers surveyed were relatively positive in their attitudes towards inclusion. Greater exposure to disability in terms of training and experience was related to more positive attitudes. Similarly, more positive attitudes were related to greater perceived competence in teaching hearing-impaired pupils. All of the teachers surveyed felt that speech-language pathologists and audiologists (SLPs & As) should be involved in facilitating inclusion of hearing-impaired children. Many of the respondents expressed concern regarding their lack of training, knowledge and skills. The findings from the research project highlight the need for an adequate training and support system for teachers prior to the implementation of an inclusive educational policy, and the potential role of SLPs & As in this regard.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

Perianastomotic colonic tumors after inclusion of titanium or Lactomer in the anastomotic suture line. An experimental study in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to find out if there are differences in the incidence of colonic tumors at the anastomosis after the inclusion of titanium or the absorbable material Lactomer in the anastomotic suture line. METHODS: Experimental study with 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats, assigned to 1 of 3 study groups: control (colonic anastomosis with interrupted suture); inclusion of titanium (8 mg) in the anastomotic suture line; and inclusion of Lactomer (8 mg) in the anastomotic line. After pharmacological carcinogenesis with 1-2 dimethylhydrazine, perianastomotic tumors were studied in the 20th postoperative week. RESULTS: The inclusion of titanium in the anastomotic line led to more tumors, a larger anastomotic tumoral area and a larger percentage of tumoral area than Lactomer (p < 0.05). The inclusion of Lactomer may have a protective effect against the induction of cancer in the anastomotic area. CONCLUSIONS: Titanium, a material used in mechanical instruments for digestive tract anastomoses, is not an innocuous material. Its presence in the anastomotic line can promote colonic carcinogenesis after induction. The use of mechanical staplers for colonic anastomoses should be relegated to difficult anastomoses that cannot be sewn manually.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed2000

[The contribution of inflammatory cell infiltration to conjunctival inclusion cyst formation].

PURPOSE: The incidence of inclusion cysts was examined histopathologically in conjunctival disorders where inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in the subepithelial connective tissue. METHOD: The incidence of inclusion cysts was examined histopathologically in pterygium, vernal conjunctivitis, pyogenic granuloma and pingueculitis. The specimens of pinguecula were used as control. RESULTS: Inclusion cysts were recognized in 5/55 cases of pterygium, 2/12 cases of vernal conjunctivitis, 1/4 cases of pyogenic granuloma, and 1/2 cases of pingueculitis. On the other hand no inclusion cyst was recognized in 20 cases of pinguecula in which no inflammatory cell infiltration was seen. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory cell infiltration may contribute to the formation of conjunctival inclusion cysts in pterygium, pingueculitis, vernal conjunctivitis and pyogenic granuloma.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perceptual binding of sensory events: the hypothesis of inclusive characteristics].

A solution to the problem of perceptual binding on a new conceptual basis is proposed. It introduces the concept of inclusive sensory characteristics, which is a response of a given perceptual level to the same sensory attributes or characteristics of a lower level, whose spatial organization or specific temporal succession constitutes an adaptively meaningful entirety. The sequence of inclusive characteristics forms a hierarchy: from sensory attributes to higher inclusive characteristics binding sensory data into unified images and scenes. Specific patterns of electric activity, which map inclusive characteristics, are relayed by back projections from upper to lower neuronal levels. This forms a cascade of top-down transfer of excitation, which stimulates neuronal structures whose signals correspond to the higher inclusive characteristic of a given act of perception. It is demonstrated that such mechanisms well agree with the psychological and neurophysiological experimental data and can ensure binding of sensory events at all perceptual levels.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Study of the inclusion compound of rutin with beta-cyclodextrin].

In order to improve the solubility of Rutin in aqueous solution and the stability, the inclusion compound of Rutin with beta-CD was manufacted by saturated aqueous solution method. The formation of the inclusion compound was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and differential scauning calorimetry. The content of Rutin in inclusion compound was determined by UV. The results indicated that the inclusion compound of Rutin with beta-CD was formed. Quantitative analysis demmonstrated that the molecular ratio of Rutin to beta-CD in the complex was 1:1 with the inclusion constant of 283.79 L/mol at 30 degrees C. The dissolubility of Rutin in water has added to 643.19 mg/L (20 degrees C).

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2001

[Study on the inclusion interaction of beta-cyclodextrin with phosphatidylcholine by UV spectra].

A kind of cyclic oligosaccharides, beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was found to possess inclusion ability with phosphatidylcholine (PC). The inclusion compound of beta-CD with PC was studied by elemental analysis of solid inclusion compound and UV spectra of different mole ratios beta-CD/PC in H2O-MeOH solution. The results indicate that two moles of beta-CD include one mole PC to form inclusion compound by Van Der Waals force, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bounds, etc. The selective binding ability of beta-CD with PC has been discussed from the viewpoint of size/shape-fitting and geometry fitting between the host cavity and the gust molecular. The solubility in aqueous solution, the oxidation stability of PC was increased by inclusion with beta-CD.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Controlled release of nifedipine from mucoadhesive tablets of its inclusion complexes with beta-cyclodextrin.

Mucoadhesive tablets formulated with nifedipine (N) alone and its inclusion complexes with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) and the mucoadhesive polymers sodium carboxy methylcellulose and carbopol were investigated with a view to the design of oral controlled release tablets of nifedipine. As nifedipine is practically insoluble in water and aqueous fluids, its complexation with betaCD was investigated to improve its solubility and dissolution rate. Complexation of nifedipine with betaCD has markedly enhanced the solubility and dissolution rate of nifedipine. The phase solubility studies indicated the formation of a N-betaCD inclusion complex with a stability constant of 121.9 M(-1). A 20.6 fold increase in the dissolution rate of nifedipine was observed with N-betaCD (1:2) solid inclusion complex. Mucoadhesive tablets formulated employing nifedipine alone gave very low dissolution, whereas those formulated employing its betaCD inclusion complexes gave slow, controlled and complete release spread over a period of 12 h. Drug release from these tablets followed zero order kinetics up to 85-90% release and the release was diffusion controlled. Good controlled release two layered tablet formulations of nifedipine, satisfying the theoretical sustained release requirements based on its pharmacokinetics, were developed using its inclusion complexes with betaCD.

Adhesives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Physical and chemical characterization of allantoin-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex].

Solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs have been improved by the preparation as cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. The aim of this study is to obtain and characterize the inclusion compound allantoin-beta-cyclodextrin. Allantoin is a vegetable drug, poorly water-soluble (1:300), isolated from roots of Symphytum off. The solid inclusion complex was prepared by mixing with a adequate quantity of water and drying at 50 degrees C to the constant weight. It was used a different proportions between allantoin and beta-cyclodextrin (1:4, 3:7). The inclusion complex was characterized with RMN and IR spectrum and compared with results obtained from beta-cyclodextrin and allantoin alone. The experimental results were demonstrated the inclusion of allantoin in the lipophilic cavity of beta-cyclodextrin without physico-chemical changes.

Allantoin↗
PubMed2004

[Study of the effect of aliphatic alcohol on the inclusion interaction of qucertin-cyclodextrin complexes].

The inclusion interaction of qucertin with beta-cyclodextrin and its derivatives was studied by fluorimetry. The formation constants of their inclusion complexes were determined, and the stoichiometry ratio on the formation of the inclusion complexes was determined by equimolar continueous variation method. The effect of aliphatic alcohols with short chains on inclusion process was discussed. The results showed that the inclusion ability of beta-CD and its derivatives was in the order: HP-beta-CD>M-beta-CD>beta-CD. The effect of aliphatic alcohol on complexes was related to the carbon number and volume of alcohol molecules.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2004

[Study on chiral selective inclusion and retention characteristics of cis-trans isomers and enantiomers of sertraline with HP-beta-CD as a mobile phase modifier].

The effect of the inclusion complex formation of cis-trans isomers and enantiomers of sertraline with added hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) in the reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) mobile phase on the retention and selectivity has been investigated. Graphs of 1/k vs [HP-beta-CD] in different experimental conditions gave good linear relationships, indicating the stoichiometry ratio of 1:1. The binding constants between HP-beta-CD and cis-trans isomers and enantiomers of sertraline were calculated by using the liquid chromatographic retention values. Meanwhile, the influences of pH value, buffer ionic strength, concentration of organic modifier and temperature on the binding constant have been studied in detail. Quantitative equations were obtained for the correlations between the binding constants and the above influencing parameters. On the other hand, the thermodynamic parameters of the inclusion complexes were determined for the four inclusion complexes. The study characterized the chiral recognition selectivity between sertraline isomers and HP-beta-CD. It was demonstrated that the chiral selectivity values were in the same sequence as delta(j,i) deltaH and delta(j,i) deltaS and opposite order against the binding constants of inclusion complexes. Both enthalpic and entropic terms were negative for cis-trans isomers and enantiomers of sertraline. It was confirmed that enthalpy-driven separations occurred in consistency with the results. The influence of temperature on retention behavior showed that the process of inclusion was exothermic, in consistency with the calculated thermodynamic parameters.

2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin↗