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Mating structure and the cost of deleterious mutation: I. Postponing inbreeding.

Mating structure governs the distribution of alleles in populations and thus the extent to which the phenotypes associated with the alleles are manifested. A mating system which initially achieves more genetic identity within individuals than between individuals enhances the probability that a finite population without reproductive excess will become extinct from a recessive lethal or semidominant lethal mutation; however, such a mating system decreases the number of deaths that will ensue if the population size is maintained by replacement of inviable progeny with individuals engendered from the entire mating pool. This is illustrated with Markov chain models for half-sib and double-first-cousin mating in populations of four individuals and by various techniques for analogous large populations. An appropriate choice of mating strategy can mitigate the effect of deleterious mutations, but the determination of which strategy is appropriate depends on how much reproductive excess is available and on the relative costs assigned to individual deaths and the extinction of a population.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A possible role for imprinted genes in inbreeding avoidance and dispersal from the natal area in mice.

The expression of a subset of mammalian genes is subject to parent of origin effects (POE), most of which can be explained by genomic imprinting. Analysis of mutant animals has demonstrated that a number of imprinted genes influence brain development and behaviour. Here we provide evidence for POE on olfactory related behaviour and sensitivity to maternal odour cues. This was investigated by examining the odour preference behaviour of reciprocal cross F(1) mice made by embryo transfer to genetically unrelated foster parents. We determined that both adult males and females show an avoidance of female urinary odours of their genetic maternal but not paternal origin. This was found not to be due to any previous exposure to these odours or due to self-learning, but may be related to direct effects on the olfactory system, as reciprocal F(1) males show differential sensitivity to female odour cues. Currently the most robust theory to explain the evolution of imprinting is the conflict hypothesis that focuses on maternal resource allocation to the developing foetus. Kinship considerations are also likely to be important in the selection of imprinted genes and we discuss our findings within this context, suggesting that imprinted genes act directly on the olfactory system to promote post-weaning dispersal from the natal area.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Inbreeding and experience affect response to climate change by endangered woodpeckers.

In recent decades, female red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) have laid eggs increasingly earlier in response to a changing climate, as has been observed in several other bird species breeding at north temperate latitudes. Within each year, females that lay earlier are more productive than females that lay later. However, inexperienced females, experienced females who change mates and inbred birds have not adjusted to the changing climate by laying earlier, and have suffered reproductive costs as a result. Failure to respond to global climate change may be a further example of the reduced ability of inbred animals to respond to environmental challenges.

Animals↗