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PubMed1984

Parasites found in the mouths of inhabitants of three villages of South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

Infection rates of parasites in the oral cavity were compared for two study areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Penguiran and Sungai Baru, two adjacent villages, were considered a single study area and were inhabited by 151 individuals ranging from 2 to 70 years. Tanah Intan, the second study area, had a population of 265 persons who also ranged from 2 to 70 years. The standard of living was low in all the villages (average of 450 U.S. dollars per family per year). Teeth and gums were examined by standard diagnostic techniques. Material from infected gums was examined for parasites. Of the 373 individuals studied, 49 were infected with Entamoeba gingivalis, 1 with Entamoeba histolytica, 19 with Trichomonas tenax, and 14 with Candida sp. The infection rates in the first study area were substantially lower than in the second study area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A survey of scrub and murine typhus in the Ancol section of Jakarta, Indonesia.

Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from L. (L.) arenicola chiggers and three species of rats in an area of scrub and sedge along the Bay of Jakarta. This is the only finding in Indonesia of a cycle of the agent of scrub typhus associated with L. (L.) arenicola. A serologic survey of nearly 300 persons living in two kampungs near the site at which rickettsiae were recovered revealed one individual with antibodies to R. tsutsugamushi. Murine typhus, with a seropositivity rate of 6.5%, may be endemic at low levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Plague in Central Java, Indonesia.

Plague in man occurred from 1968 to 1970 in mountain villages of the Boyolali Regency in Central Java. Infected fleas, infected rats, and seropositive rats were collected in villages with human plague cases. Subsequent isolations of Yersinia pestis and seropositive rodents, detected during investigations of rodent plague undertaken by the Government of Indonesia and the WHO, attested to the persistence of plague in the region from 1972 to 1974.Since 1968, the incidence of both rodent and human plague has been greatest from December to May at elevations over 1000 m. Isolations of Y. pestis were obtained from the fleas Xenopsylla cheopis and Stivalius cognatus and the rats Rattus rattus diardii and R. exulans ephippium. The major risk to man has been fleas infected with Y. pestis of unique electrophoretic phenotype. Infected fleas were collected most often in houses.Introduced in 1920, rodent plague had persisted in the Boyolali Regency for at least 54 years. The recent data support specific requirements for continued plague surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A study on vectors of Bancroftian filariasis in West Flores, Indonesia.

A brief survey was conducted in a filariaendemic village of Robek, West Flores, Indonesia, to identify the mosquito fauna, to determine the vector of W. bancrofti, and to update information on the bionomics of An. subpictus. A total of 6 genera and 22 species were collected. Five species of culicines collected, have not been previously recorded from Flores. Dissections of wild caught mosquitoes consisted of 592 anophelines, and 70 culicines did not reveal any filarial infection. An. subpictus was a potential vector of bancroftian filariasis in the Robek area, as 11.3% of this species that fed on carriers were found to harbour W. bancrofti larvae. Larvae of An. subpictus were collected in lagoons, rice fields, swamps and ground pools. Breeding sites are exposed to sunlight, contain fresh or brackish water, with or withour vegetation. They have been found primarily associated with An. aconitus, An. annularis, An. barbirostris, Cx. vishnui and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus. The time for a female to become fully engorged with human blood is 3-10 minutes. This species is a night biter, attacking man and animals from twilight to dawn. Its peak of biting activity is between 0100-0300 hrs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Dengue with haemorrhage and shock in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Pediatric patients with fever and haemorrhage were studied in Jakarta, Indonesia between May 1973 and January 1974. Eighty-one of 104 demonstrated unequivocable evidence of dengue with clinical findings similar to those reported associated with dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand. The majority of patients had extremely high antibody titers against dengue measured by both hemagglutination-inhibition and by plaque reduction neutralization tests and all four types of dengue virus were isolated. Eight of the patients died.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Medical education in Indonesia: primary care and community health.

Curriculum changes in medical schools in nonindustrialized countries are being aimed at producing graduates who have a better understanding of the assessment and management of community health problems. The rationale for such changes exists in the context of appropriately balancing a country's limited resources with unmet medical needs in rural and poverty areas. Indonesia's efforts to improve its medical students' qualitative and quantitative participation in community health activities are discussed. Student and faculty problems in the community health program of Udayana University Medical School in Denpasar, Bali, are cited. Knowledge gained from community health programs in Indonesian medical schools should be examined by U. S. medical educators who are seeking to improve the community orientation of American medical students.

Community Medicine↗
PubMed1980

Intestinal and blood parasites in the Torro Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Approximately 300 blood and fecal specimens were examined in a parasitologic survey of indigenous inhabitants of the small isolated Torro Valley in the mountains of Central Sulawesi. Schistosoma japonicum was not found although the parasite is endemic in the neighboring Lindu and Napu valleys. Hookworm infection (71%) was the most common helminthiasis. The prevalences of ascariasis (3%) and trichuriasis (2%) are low for Indonesia in general but similar to those found in nearby mountainous areas of Sulawesi. Intestinal protozoa endemic to the area are: Entamoeba histolytica (8%). E. coli (23%). Endolimax nana (9%), Iodamoeba butschii (9%) and Giardia lamblia (14%). Plasmodium vivax infections were found in 4% and P. falciparum in 2% of persons examined. Brugia malayi microfilaremia was found with a prevalence of 25%. The high rate of splenic (54%) and hepatic (22%) enlargement found on examination of 206 persons of all ages is considered to be a result of combined effects of endemic malaria and hereditary ovalocytosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Cysticercosis in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Six new cases of cysticercosis and three previously reported cases in Surabaya have been examined in order to determine the age, sex, religion, sites of location and size of cyst. The host response was also discussed. A comparative study was also conducted with other centres in Indonesia. The relative high prevalence of cysticercosis in Bali and the probable influencing factors was also presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Brugia malayi in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia: the effect of environmental changes of filarial endemicity.

A survey was conducted in Kresek, West Java, Indonesia and 813 persons from six villages examined for filariasis. Only eight had microfilaremia and one male person had elephantiasis. Comparing results obtained approximately ten years earlier and the present survey, there was a marked decrease in the microfilarial rate in Kresek, especially in Penameng, during the interim. There was no drug treatment, insecticide application or any dramatic population movement. The development of a well-organized irrigation system and the conversion of the swamps into rice-fields resulted in a decrease of breeding sites for Mansonia mosquitoes and subsequently a decrease in filariasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Feeding practices, nutritional status and mortality in pre-school children in rural East Java, Indonesia.

During the dry season of 1975 and 1976 two nutrition surveys were carried out in nine regencies of the province of East Java, Indonesia. The objective was to assess the geographical prevalence, magnitude and severity of nutritional deficiencies, especially among mothers and children. In this paper childfeeding practices, nutritional status of pre-school children and child mortality are reported. In the rural areas surveyed breastfeeding is commonly practiced for a prolonged period. In the regencies along the south and north coast of East Java 90%, respectively 94% of children aged 19-24 months were still breastfed; in Sidoarjo, a relative 'surplus' area, the corresponding figure was 73% and on the island of Madura 51%. Even in age-group 25-47 months 34% still were nursed in Blitar-Trenggalek regency, 54% in Tuban-Lamongan, 23% in Sidoarjo and 15% in Madura. The variation in the breastfeeding period between the regencies is a matter of further investigation. In these rural areas the roles as competitor of powdered milk is a minor one. It was intriguing that 9% of the pregnant women still nursed their youngest child. Supplementary food was introduced at a very early age, i.e. in the first week. This was, however, insufficient to maintain adequate growth after the age of six months. According to weight-for-age severe malnutrition was diagnosed in respectively 1%, 4% and 10% of age-groups 0-5 months, 6-11 months and 1-3 years. The anthropometric data suggest that lack of calories is more influential than the deficit in protein. Age-specific mortality, according to age at death was about 21% in the perinatal and 16% in the neonatal period; from 1-11 months (inclusive) it was 31%, from 1.5 years 19% and till 12 years 8%.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Intestinal and blood parasites of man on Alor Island Southeast Indonesia.

A survey of blood and intestinal parasites in a coastal and a mountainous area of the remote island of Alor, southeastern Indonesia revealed widespread infection with pathogenic intestinal protozoa and helminths, malaria and filaria. Amoebiasis (31.2%), ascariasis (35.3%) and hookworm infections (28.6%) were common, reflecting primitive sanitation and hygiene. Trichuriasis rates (6.8%) were less than expected perhaps due to the prolonged dry season and soil factors in the area. Timor filariasis was found in coastal villagers (10.5%), but not in persons living at an elevation of 500 meters; a low rate of bancroftian filariasis (1.8%) was found in both areas. Malaria, caused by P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae was mesoendemic. Soil-transmitted and vector-borne parasitic infections are an important health problem in the populations examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

A study of small mammals in the Ciloto field station area, West Java, Indonesia, with special reference to vectors of plague and scrub typhus.

From June 1977 to June 1978 a study of smal mammals was carried out in the Ciloto field station area, West Java, Indonesia by the WHO Vector Biology and Control Research Unit-II. The objectives of the investigations were to determine the diversity and density of rodent species, to find potential plague and scrub typhus vectors and to study their host-parasite relationships. In the 13 month period a total of 6 species of murids were identified; two species of campestral rats (R. tiomanicus and R. argentiventer), one species of peri-domestic (R. exulans), one species of domestic (R.r. diardii), and two species of forest rats (R. bartelsii and R. bukit). In addition, three species of insectivores (Suncus murinus, Hylomys suillus and Crocidura monticola), and one species of carnivore were found. Of the three habitats studies (mixed, ricefield and lalang), 10 species of small mammals were found in the mixed while four species of commensal murids were found in both the ricefield and the lalang. Of the four commensal murid species R. exulans had the highest density. R. tiomanicus was common but not abundant, and least common was R. argentiventer. R.r. diardii was occasionally found in the field. The mean litter size of gravid R. tiomanicus was 7.1, R. exulans 4.3, R. argentiventer 7.5 and R.r. diardii 9. Male R. tiomanicus, R. argentiventer and R.r. diardii with spermatozoa present in animals over 55 gm. Animals of less than 50 gm had no sperm. In R. exulans spermatozoa were present in specimens weighing 24-66 gm. No sperm were detected in those below 20 gm. The flea index of Xenopsylla cheopis and Stivalius cognatus as determined for R. tiomanicus was 0.3 and 2.3;l for R.r. diardii 2.2 and 1.7; for R. exulans 0.3 and 0.5; and for R. argentiventer 0.4 and 1.7 respectively. S. cognatus had a significantly higher density than X. cheopis among the campestral and peridomestic rats, but the density of X. cheopis was significantly in the domestic rat. Overall infestation rates were equally high in both mixed and lalang habitats, but low in the ricefield. Flea indices were highest in the mixed habitat, lower in lalang, and lowest in ricefield. The putative vector of scrub typhus (Leptotrombidium (L.) deliense) was quite prevalent on campestral rats, less so on domestic ones and least on peridomestic. Overall infestation rates were equally high in both mixed and lalang habitats and low in the ricefield. Chiggers load per animal was significantly higher in the mixed habitat, lower in lalang and lowest in the ricefield.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Filarid parasites of South Kalimantan (Borneo) Indonesia. Wuchereria kalimantani sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the silvered leaf monkey, Presbytis cristatus Eschscholtz 1921.

On the basis of morphological characteristics of adult and microfilarial stages, Wuchereria kalimantani sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) is described. The parasites were recovered from the inguinal lymph nodes and testes of silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) from a rubber estate, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. Adult males are characterized by having more than 24 caudal papillae, a left spicule with a simple lamina, four pairs of sessile caudal papillae, a blunt tail, a mean overall length of 41 mm, and sheathed microfilariae with a nude tail tip; accordingly, the parasite is placed in the genus Wuchereria. This is the second species of Wuchereria described on the basis of both adult and embryonic forms, and is the first such species that has been found to infect primates naturally.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Toxoplasma antibodies in Obano, Irian Jaya, Indonesia.

A total of 188 sera collected from patients of the Enarotali Hospital and persons living in the surroundings of the hospital in the district of Paniai, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, were tested by indirect hemagglutination tests for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Antibody titers equal to or greater than 1 : 256 were considered positive and were detected in 65 or 34.6% of the persons tested. The seropositivity rates were not significantly different between males and females. The prevalence of antibodies did not increase with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Human parasitoses in Bali, Indonesia.

A survey of intestinal and blood parasites of man was conducted on the island of Bali, Indonesia in 1974. A total of 270 stool specimens from three villages were examined. Both Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were found in more than 90% of those examined, and hookworm eggs in 59%. Other intestinal helminth and protozoan parasites found were: Enterobius vermicularis, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, and Iodamoeba bütschlii. Taeniid proglottids, Hymenolepis diminuta and dicrocoeliid-like trematode eggs were each found once. No microfilariae were found in 284 blood smears examined, however, in the village of Kusamba, Plasmodium vivax (3 cases) and Plasmodium falciparum (2 cases) were diagnosed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Serological study for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in Jakarta, Indonesia.

A total of 280 sera from medical students, laboratory personnel from the University of Indonesia and other persons living in Jakarta were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination test. Antibody titers equal to or greater than 1:256 were considered positive and were detected in 35 or 12.5% of the persons tested. The sero-positivity rates were not significant between 178 males (13.5%) and 102 females (10.8%) but were significantly different between persons of Indonesian ancestry (14.3%) and those of Chinese ancestry (2.3%). No correlation could be found between ownership of domestic cats and eating habits and positive titers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Clinical features of timorian filariasis among immigrants to an endemic area in West Flores, Indonesia.

Fifty-nine persons, who immigrated into a Brugia timori endemic area from non-filarial areas on the island of Flores, Indonesia were examined for filariasis after residing in the village for 2 to 10 years. Six persons had B. timori microfilaremia and 31 had filarial disease. The disease seems to affect immigrants from non-filarial areas severely within a relatively short period. Among those residing in the village, for 2 years, the microfilaria rate was 5% and the elephantiasis rate 21%. Selective treatment using 50 mg diethylcarbamazine per Kg body weight was given to all microfilaria (Mf) positive persons. Approximately one year later the Mf-rate by finger stick and Nuclepore filtration was 9% and 18% respectively. There was indirect indications that the Mf-rate might increase with the passage of time. However, the total filarial disease rate remained constant during the one year period. The relationship between these findings and American servicemen exposed to filariasis during World World II is briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections in Kao District, north Halmahera, Indonesia.

A parasitological survey was conducted on the inhabitants of six villages of Kao District, Halmahera Island, North Maluku, Indonesia, in July 1993. A total of 422 fecal samples were examined by using Kato-Katz thick smear, modified Harada-Mori culture and formalin ether concentration techniques. Seven nematode species, ie Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis, Enterobius vermicularis and unidentified rhabditoids of free-living nature, were detected. Trematode and cestode infection was not proven. Necator americanus was the predominant species of hookworm. Soil-transmitted nematode infections were highly prevalent. Among the young inhabitants aged less than 15, positive rates of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections were 32.7, 52.7 and 68.6%, respectively. Among the people aged 15 or more, the positive rate for hookworm (85.9%) was much higher than that for Ascaris and Trichuris (13.5 and 40.5%, respectively). Egg count revealed that more than 90% of inhabitants with Trichuris or hookworm had light infections. The latrines in the surveyed area seemed to have only limited effects on the improvement of the parasitological status because the prevalence of Trichuris infections was much higher in a village where most houses were provided with latrines. These conflicting conditions were considered to have been caused by many factors including the inadequate structure of the latrines.

Adolescent↗