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PubMed1985

Sylvian lipoma causing auditory hallucinations: case report.

A sylvian fissure lipoma that caused auditory hallucinations, frequent olfactory auras, and occasional visual hallucinations is reported. The patient had been diagnosed as suffering from a functional psychosis for more than a decade, with symptoms severe enough to warrant frequent psychiatric attention, including institutional care. The computed tomographic findings are discussed. The literature is reviewed and therapeutic options are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Some observations on hallucination: clinical application of some developments of Melanie Klein's work.

The analysis of a psychotic patient is used to illustrate the importance of certain developments of Melanie Klein's work. The case presentation focuses upon the formal qualities of the patient's communications, many of which were amalgamations of profoundly incompatible elements, particularly a subtle destructiveness which parasitized seemingly impartial reports about her state of mind. These communications embodied important object relationships. The patient used her communications to conjure up psychic disintegration. As a result of her involvement in 'chuntering' her preoccupations would become increasingly violent, cruel and sexualized. The patient's equivocal communications generate confusion. This is central to the patient's experience of self-destruction as persecution. A number of ideas are advanced concerning the origins of the patient's hallucinations. These include her relish at the introduction of sensory distortions. Questions are raised about the nature of certain types of hallucination, the origins and intractability of concrete thinking, about verbalization and about the typology of psychotic patients.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strategies for managing auditory hallucinations.

Auditory hallucinations are frequently experienced as distressing and intrusive. Although neuroleptic medication helps a considerable number of people, many obtain little benefit and continue experiencing voices long after discharge from hospital. Recent years have witnessed the development of a number of psychological techniques for helping individuals manage their voices. This paper reviews some of the recent literature and describes how a number of these strategies can be used to help individuals gain control over their hallucinations and so reduce the level of distress experienced.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Phenomenological differences of hallucinations between schizophrenic patients in Penang & Kelantan.

Two hundred and seventy patients with schizophrenia (104 patients in Kelantan and 166 patients in Penang) were interviewed using the Present State Examination to elicit the differences in the phenomenology of their hallucinations. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the phenomenology of hallucinations between the Malays of Penang and Kelantan and also among some Chinese patients. These findings indicate that culture does affect the phenomenology of schizophrenia, even among people of the same race but of different regions.

China↗
PubMed1996

Visual phenomena, disturbances, and hallucinations.

The visual system and its processing of sensory information can be affected in a variety of ways that may be either normal or associated with numerous disorders and diseases. Visual images produced by the intrinsic components of the eyes are often normal and are known as entoptic phenomena. In contrast, the visual system may be disrupted by various disorders and pathologic processes, which can result in metamorphopsia, transient loss of vision, and positive scotomas. Such disruptions can be secondary to retinal and optic nerve disease, migraines associated with visual auras, and cerebrovascular and neurologic diseases; they can also be side effects of certain drugs. In addition, the visual system may process incoming sensory information in such a way that what is seen is perceived incorrectly, i.e. illusion; or the visual system may produce images of things not really there, i.e. hallucination. Various types of visual phenomena, disturbances, and hallucinations are discussed. The numerous visual presentations need to be differentiated so that appropriate treatment, management, and patient education can be rendered.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1997

Intimidation at the helm: superego and hallucinations in the analytic treatment of a psychosis.

On the basis of the development in the course of analytic treatment of a young male patient in a state of hallucinatory terror, the author discusses in this paper the nature of the psychotic superego. He shows how the process of recomposition of the self after a psychotic breakdown involves the transition from a terrorising and destructuring type of superego to one more reminiscent of that seen in depressive illness. The author describes this process against the background of the variations in the auditory hallucinations that began during the analysis. In the first phase of the analysis the patient is helped to free himself from the intimidating power of the hallucinatory superego, while the second phase centres on the patient's own involvement in producing the hallucinations. The author shows how the analysis mitigated the destructive hate resulting from unbearable psychic pain and describes how insight and transformation gradually ensued in the hallucinatory state. The resulting restoration of an internal psychic space is stated to be essential to the reconstitution of a whole and separate self. After drawing an interesting parallel between the psychotic superego and the attitude of God in the Old Testament story of Job, the author places his thesis in the context of the ideas of Klein, Bion and Rosenfeld.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A rating scale for psychotic symptoms (RSPS) part I: theoretical principles and subscale 1: perception symptoms (illusions and hallucinations).

The authors present a new rating scale for the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia and related psychoses. The scale links specific symptoms of psychopathology to dysfunction and overactivity of dopaminergic mechanisms underlying the processes of reward and selective attention. The Rating Scale for Psychotic Symptoms (RSPS) is a 44-item rating instrument with a seven-point severity scale for each item. Psychotic symptoms are classified into three groups: Pathological amplification of mental images (perception symptoms) (subscale 1), Distraction symptoms (including catatonia and passivity experiences) (subscale 2), and Delusions (subscale 3). A dimensional, rather than a categorical, conceptualization of psychosis is assumed. Rating is accomplished through a manual and a semi-structured interview (SSCI-RSPS). In this first of two papers, general issues about the construction of the scale and the derivation of symptom groups are discussed. Dopamine-mediated modification of cortico-striatal synapses is seen as being of critical importance in all three groups of symptoms. In this first paper, we present subscale I (perception symptoms), which includes both amplified perceptual images (illusions) and hallucinations. A total of seven illusions and 11 hallucinations are rated as individual items.

Behavioral Symptoms↗
PubMed1998

Visual hallucinations in a case of reversible hypertension-induced brain oedema.

Visual hallucinations are commonly associated with seizures, drug effects, psychiatric disorders, or visual loss as 'release' phenomena. We report the case of a previously healthy 65-year-old woman, who was admitted to hospital with intermittent headache episodes accompanied by complex visual hallucinations. During these episodes the patient's blood pressure was 220/120 mmHg. In between symptomatic episodes she had no complaints and felt healthy. The neurological and ophthalmological examinations were normal but cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple white matter abnormalities in the parieto-occipital regions. Rapid reversal of the symptoms and imaging abnormalities occurred concurrently with lowering of blood pressure. The history and the findings were similar to those recently described in the clinicoradiological 'posterior leukoencephalopathy' syndrome. Different pathogenic mechanisms are discussed. Copyright 1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Muscial hallucinations in deafness.

Formed auditory hallucinations associated with acquired deafness have seldom been reported in the English literature. In the past year we have had the unusual opportunity of examining two deaf patients whose complaint when first seen was that of hearing music.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Hallucinations, sleep fragmentation, and altered dream phenomena in Parkinson's disease.

In a series of consecutively randomized outpatients who had Parkinson's disease (PD), we examined the association of three behaviors: sleep fragmentation, altered dream phenomena, and hallucinations/illusions. Using a log-linear model methodology, we tested the independence of each behavior. Sixty-two percent of the subjects had sleep fragmentation, 48% had altered dream phenomena, and 26% had hallucinations/illusions. Eighty-two percent of the patients with hallucinations/illusions experienced some form of sleep disorder. The three phenomena were not independent. The interaction between sleep fragmentation and altered dream phenomena was strongly statistically significant. Likewise, a significant interaction existed between altered dream phenomena and hallucinations/illusions. No interaction occurred between sleep fragmentation and hallucinations/illusions. Sleep fragmentation, altered dream phenomena, and hallucinations/illusions in PD should be considered distinct but often overlapping behaviors. The close association between altered dream phenomena and hallucinations suggests that therapeutic interventions aimed at diminishing dream-related activities may have a specific positive impact on hallucinatory behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Retinal involvement in dementia with Lewy bodies: a clue to hallucinations?

Visual hallucinations are a core feature of dementia with Lewy bodies. Their pathophysiology is not well understood, because neither clinical nor histological data have shown their basic mechanisms. Here, we report the presence of pale inclusions in the outer plexiform layer of the retina in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies. These inclusions are related to cytoskeletal disorganization of the cones at ultrastructural level and modifications of the immunohistochemical pattern of distribution of synucleins in the retina. These modifications may participate in the visual impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies.

Brain↗
PubMed1991

The solar wind and hallucinations--a possible relation due to magnetic disturbances.

Data from the 19th century on hallucinations and magnetic disturbances were found to exhibit a direct and statistically significant correlation. The aa magnetic index over the period 1868-89 and concurrent visual hallucinatory activity were found to co-vary (Spearman coefficient = .64; P less than .05). Magnetic influences on the pineal hormone, melatonin, are suggested as a possible source of variation.

Hallucinations↗
PubMed2006

Neuropsychological deficits in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations.

Recent neuropathological and neuroimaging studies suggest the involvement of several temporal regions in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with visual hallucinations (VH). We examined 24 nondemented PD patients with VH, 21 PD patients without VH, and 21 healthy controls using a battery of tests assessing different aspects of temporal lobe function. PD patients with VH showed poorer performance in language, verbal learning, semantic fluency, and visuoperceptive functions compared to controls and PD patients without VH. Differences in verbal learning and visuoperceptive functions were independent of general cognitive status, disease severity, and depression. We suggest that a wide range of neuropsychological deficits can contribute to the emergence of VH in PD.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Hallucination and visual disturbances in transurethral prostatic resection.

The successful treatment of a patient who developed the TUR syndrome is described. Glycine 2.2% in water was used as irrigating fluid. Initial symptoms were visual disturbances and hypertension. Repeated blood chemistry analyses revealed elevations in the serum concentrations of most non-essential amino acids. Later on the patient experienced vivid hallucinations.

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

The diagnostic value in assessing mood congruence in delusions and hallucinations and their relationship to the affective state.

An examination was carried out on 140 schizophrenics, 34 schizoaffective manics, 6 schizoaffective depressives, 59 unipolars, and 30 bipolars to determine the variables of affective states and mood-congruent and mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms. These patients had been admitted to a hospital in Zürich and were systematically diagnosed, using both clinical and computer-derived systems. Forty-eight patients (18%) had both mood-congruent and incongruent psychotic symptoms. However, the affective disorders usually showed mood-congruent symptoms and the schizophrenics the mood-incongruent types. The schizoaffectives were likely to show both types. There was a marked dissociation between affective states and mood congruence in the schizophrenics. Though the majority of these patients showed depressive syndromes, they were quite unlikely to have mood-congruent symptoms. Likewise, 25% of the schizophrenics had manic-like syndromes, which contrasted with the fact that they rarely had mood-congruent psychotic delusions and hallucinations.

Adult↗