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PubMed1995

[Prescription habits of Peruvian doctors and factors influencing them].

A study to determine what sources of information influence the prescription habits of Peruvian physicians, how those habits are modified by experience, and how appropriate the prescribed drug treatment is for certain common ailments was carried out from September 1991 to December 1992. A questionnaire was administered to 800 physicians in two urban fringe areas of Lima and Chimbote. Of those doctors, 184 had established practices and 309 were recent graduates. The questionnaire asked what sources of information determined prescribing behavior, what medicines were and were not indispensable in outpatient clinical practice, and what drug treatments were appropriate for iron deficiency anemia and lower urinary tract infections in women. The answers showed that knowledge acquired in medical school had little influence on the prescribing habits of either group of doctors. More than two-thirds stated that their principal source of pharmacologic information was the scientific literature: 69.9% of the practicing physicians and 79.9% of the recent graduates, with the difference between the groups being statistically significant (P < 0.01). The drugs that were indispensable in ambulatory practice were correctly identified by 28.8% of the physicians, while 28.9% correctly answered the question on what groups of drugs should not be prescribed. The differences between the two groups were not significant. On the other hand, 60% of the established physicians and 52% of the recent graduates gave the right answers to the questions on treatment of iron deficiency anemia and urinary tract infection, and there was no significant difference between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1994

[Prevention and treatment of sleep disorders through regulation] of sleeping habits].

Healthy sleeping habits is a complex balance between behaviour, environment and circadian rhythm. The quality of sleep can be improved by behaviour, e.g. eating tryptophan and carbohydrate rich foods, physical exercise in the afternoon or a cold shower just before going to bed. Total sleep time is maximal in thermoneutrality and decreases above and below the thermoneutrality zone. Thermoneutrality is reached for an environmental temperature of 30-32 degrees C without night clothing or of 16-19 degrees with a pyjama and at least one sheet. Noise also modifies sleep structure and above 50dB shortens total sleeping time. Although subjects do become subjectively accustomed to noise, vegetative cardiovascular reactivity to environmental noise remains unchanged. The spontaneous circadian awake/sleep cycle is 25 hours, slightly longer than the body temperature cycle, but when subjects are exposed to environmental synchronization, the two cycles coincide. In individuals undergoing temporal isolation, the two rhythms become independent often leading to subjective discomfort and fatigue. Certain factors including age can favour internal desynchronization. Other factors may include social contact, stress due to mental work load, and constant lighting which could lengthen the awake/sleep cycle. Caffeine blocks the receptors of adenosine, and thus its effects of inhibiting neurotransmission. Intake 30 to 60 minutes before sleeping shortens total sleep time and increases the duration of stage 2 and shortens stage 3 and 4. Alcohol may act as a relaxing, sedative agent when consumed just before sleeping but can also lead to night-time awakening due to sympathetic activation which does not return to baseline levels until the blood alcohol levels have returned to 0. Nicotine has a biphasic effect on sleep: at low concentrations, it leads to relaxation and sedation and at high concentrations inhibits sleep. A careful study of sleeping habits is the first step in evaluating complains of insomnia or hypersomnia. Before relying on drugs, treatment should start with attention to the sleep environment and personal habits.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1994

[The attitude of Nal'chik schoolchildren toward harmful habits].

Questionnaires were used to study the attitude of 4594 Nal'chik schoolchildren (86% of the representative population sample) to harmful habits to establish the incidence of the latter ones. 38.2% of the boys and 11.8% of the girls smoked, among them 24.2 and 2.7% respectively smoked on a regular basis (one cigarette a week). 39.5% of the boys and 25% of the girls took alcoholic drinks. This number did not include 11.4% of the boys and 3.6% of the girls who drank before but discontinued drinking completely for the last 12 months. The causes of tobacco-smoking and alcoholization turned varied, with the main of them being a wide prevalence of harmful habits among the adult population and extremely low knowledge of a real influence exerted by tobacco-smoking and alcohol on human body. It is significant that about 20% of the questioned failed to give a conclusive answer to the items of the questionnaire. In addition to the lack of health education, this may lead to an increase in the spread of harmful habits among schoolchildren. Based on the data obtained attempts are made to carry out a goal-oriented work aimed at the formation of a healthy way of life among school-children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The areca nut chewing habit and oral squamous cell carcinoma in South African Indians. A retrospective study.

A retrospective study (1983-1989) of oral squamous carcinomas and concomitant oral habits was undertaken in South African Indians from Natal. Information came from hospital records and interviews with patients, families and friends. There were 143 oral squamous carcinomas; these occurred in a ratio of 1:1,6 for men and women respectively. Squamous carcinomas of the cheek (buccal mucosa, alveolar sulcus and gingiva) occurred most frequently, especially in women (57/89--64%), while in men tongue cancer predominated (22/54--41%). Ninety-three per cent of women (83/87) and 17% of men (9/54) habitually chewed the areca nut. Thirty-nine of 57 women (68%) with cheek cancer and 21/25 (84%) with tongue cancer only chewed the nut (no tobacco, snuff or smoking). Analyses confirmed an association between nut chewing and cheek cancer. The odds ratio (OR) for oral cancer in women 25 years and older who only chewed the nut was 43,9 and the attributable risk (AR) 0,89 (89%). With tobacco the OR increases to 47,42 and the AR to 0,91 (91%). The data showed that the areca nut habit with or without tobacco use is important in the development of oral squamous carcinoma. Elimination of this habit can reduce the risk in these women substantially (89-91%) if all other factors remain the same.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between sporting activity and smoking habits in young adults.

The authors investigated the relationship between sporting activity and smoking habits in young Italian men. One thousand, one hundred fifty-three men, age 20 years, completed a self-administered questionnaire on their smoking habits and sporting activity patterns. Five hundred sixty subjects (53%) were found to be smokers, with a high prevalence of heavy smokers (33.6%). Four hundred sixty-four (44%) of the examined subjects were sportsmen. In the group of young men not engaged in sports, the rate of smokers was significantly higher. Non-sportsmen started smoking earlier than sportsmen, and the prevalence of heavy smokers was significantly higher in the non-sportsmen group than in the sportsmen group. Finally, the young men not engaged in sports were more likely to be habitual smoke inhalers than sportsmen. These results suggest that sporting activity may indirectly influence smoking habits.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Smoking habits in French adolescents.

A survey on adolescent smoking habits was carried out among 2,587 girls and boys, mostly aged between 11 and 16 and belonging to 16 schools representative of the 'département' of Rhône in France, in order to evaluate present smoking behaviour as well as estimate the influence of parents, friends and sociodemographic factors in acquiring or maintaining the habit. Students were surveyed in schools using a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. Analysis was carried out using both the univariate and logistic methods, aiming at a precise quantification and description of the smoking habit, as well as an identification of predictors of smoking, separately for girls and boys, and also for triers only, occasional and regular smokers. Smoking regularly increases with age and from the age of 14 becomes slightly more prevalent among girls than boys. The influence of peer smoking (group of friends and best friend) seems stronger than parental smoking, although determinants of smoking differ moderately for girls and boys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Social inequalities as a risk of ischemic heart disease--a matter of smoking habits? 17 years' follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study].

The Copenhagen Male Study is a prospective, cardiovascular cohort study initiated in 1970 and consisting of 5249 employed men aged from 40 to 59 years. A total of 4710 men, who had reported their tobacco habits and were initially free of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), had their mortality and morbidity recorded over a 17-year period: 585 men suffered a first incident of ischaemic heart disease, and 248 cases were fatal. There was a strong social gradient in the risk of IHD, Kendall's Tau B = 0.12, p < 0.001. After adjusting for age, blood pressure, physical activity, body mass index and alcohol consumption in a multiple logistic regression equation, men in the lowest social class had a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of IHD of: RR = 3.6 (2.5- 5.3) compared to men in the highest social class. We determined whether differences in smoking habits could explain at least some of this large increase in risk. Adjusting for the above factors as well as the form of tobacco smoked, the amount of tobacco smoked and presence or absence of inhalation had very little effect on the estimate: the relative risk was 3.5 (2.4-5.2). There was no social gradient in age at the start of smoking. When comparing social class V to social class I according to smoking habits, the relative risk was 7.7 (2.6-22.4) in cigarette smokers, 6.0 (1.1-32.1) in pipe smokers, 3.5 (1.7-7.1) in mixed smokers, 2.25 (0.4-12.9) in cheroot smokers, 3.8 (2.4-5.9) in all smokers, 1.95 (0.8-4.6) in exsmokers and 4.7 (1.01-22.2) in never smokers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Alcohol consumption in relation to food intake and smoking habits in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey.

The interrelationships between alcohol consumption, energy and food intake and smoking habits were studied in 1145 men and 1171 women, aged 22-49 years, in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey, in which a 48-h dietary record method was used. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of alcohol consumption on dietary habits and smoking. A strong relationship between alcohol consumption and energy intake was found. The energy derived from alcohol was not compensated for by lower intake of other nutrients. There was no increase in Quetelet's index with increasing alcohol consumption, except for non-smoking men who were heavy drinking on midweek days. Possible explanations for this apparent lack of an overall effect of alcohol calories are discussed. Alcohol consumption was much higher on weekend days than on midweek days. No differences in nutrient intake were found between non-drinkers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers on midweek days. On weekend days, however, there was a slightly higher total fat and saturated fat intake in moderately drinking men. For women cholesterol intake was found to be higher in moderate and heavy drinkers. Finally, a strong positive relationship between alcohol consumption and smoking was observed. It is concluded that the observations with respect to energy and nutrient intake and smoking habits are not indicative of a healthier lifestyle in moderate alcohol users between 22 and 49 years of age. Consequently, the more favourable prognosis of moderate drinkers cannot be ascribed to a more healthy lifestyle.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[General practitioners and smoking. General practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and smoking habits and the relationship between these assessed by a questionnaire study in the county of Aarhus].

The objects of the investigation were to investigate the smoking habits of general practitioners, their assessment of tobacco as a risk factor for ischaemic cardiac disease, attitudes to intervention to stop smoking and to assess whether there was a connection between these. The project was carried out as a questionnaire investigation in the County of Aarhus, where all of the general practitioners received questionnaires. A total of 313 general practitioners replied to the questionnaire which corresponds to 84% participation. 33% of the general practitioners smoked and nine were chain smokers. The majority of the general practitioners accepted that smoking was a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and were prepared to make great efforts to combat smoking. A connection was present between smoking habits and attitudes: Non-smokers considered that smoking was of great significance as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and were prepared to make efforts to alter the smoking habits of their patients. General practitioners doubted the effect of their advice about stopping smoking.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

[Smoking habits of French general practitioners. Results of a representative sample of 1,012 physicians].

General practitioners are in a position to influence the behaviour of the general population, notably as regards their smoking habits. This study aims to estimate the smoking habits of general practitioners in France, taken from a representative sample of 1012 general practitioners. The overall percentage of medical smokers rose in 1987 to 37%. The smoking habits varied according to age; thus if one considers current medical non-smokers, the oldest group are often ex-smokers, while the youngest are usually those who have never smoked. Compared to information obtained in 1980 from the medical population, one notes that there has been a fall in the level of doctors who smoke, whilst the proportion of doctors who have never smoked has risen considerably during the same period, particularly amongst young doctors.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Food habits and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study of the Francophone community in Montreal, Canada.

In a population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer and nutrition among the Francophone population of Montreal (Quebec, Canada), a total of 179 cases and 239 controls matched for age, sex, and language (French) were interviewed between 1984 and 1988. Data on food habits, methods of food preparation and preservation, and related information were obtained through a questionnaire. The study found an increased risk of pancreatic cancer associated with a high consumption of salt [relative risk (RR) = 4.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.20-8.36], smoked meat (RR = 4.68; CI = 2.05-10.69), dehydrated food (RR = 3.10; 95% CI = 1.55-6.22), fried food (RR= 3.84; 95% CI = 1.74-8.48), and refined sugar (RR = 2.81; 95% CI = 0.94-8.45). An inverse association was found with the consumption of food with no preservatives or additives (RR = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.01-0.59), raw food (RR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.10-0.75), and food prepared by presto or high-pressure cooking (RR = 0.35% 95% CI = 0.15-0.81), electricity (RR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.90), or microwave oven (RR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.34-0.92). Cooking with firewood was associated with a significantly higher risk for pancreatic cancer (RR = 4.63; 95% CI = 1.15-16.52). The results of this study suggest that food habits may play an important role in the etiology of cancer of the pancreas among French Canadians in Montreal, whereas other food habits may reduce the risk of this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Food habits during pregnancy among Saudi women.

The food habits during pregnancy were studied in Saudi women. The general plan of the study was to interview pregnant women about food cravings and avoidances during pregnancy. A systematic random sample of 321 pregnant women was chosen from three different primary health care centers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. An interview questionnaire was used to collect data related to dietary habits during pregnancy and puerperium. The percentages of women with dietary cravings, pica and aversions were 38%, 8.8% and 66.4%, respectively. Saudi women craved for milk, salty and sour foods, sweets and dates. The avoidances included spicy foods and beverages. The study showed no relations between the literacy level and the food habits during pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Variability of home dietary habits of families living in Bamako (Mali) according to their socioeconomic status].

We investigated the influence of standard of living on the dietary and eating habits of families in Bamako (Mali). Family meals eaten at home at any time of day were studied. Families were selected for the study according to two criteria: the place of residence and the domestic commodities and urban investments. Thus, 24 families were included from affluent and 24 from moderately affluent neighborhoods, and 26 families from poor neighborhoods. All families ate three meals a day, each including staples and sauce. However, the dishes selected for the different meals and their ingredients varied considerably with the family's status. Cereals were the main component of breakfast, but the type varied from one category of family to another. All poor families and 79% of the intermediate group and only 54% of the affluent group ate millet/sorghum. Seventy-five % of the affluent, 13% of the intermediate and none of the poor families drank coffee at breakfast. Fifty % of the affluent, 29% of the intermediate and 19% of the poor families ate rice with nadji sauce at lunch. The quality of the nadji sauce varied with economic status. Tigadeguena sauce was eaten with rice in 17% of the affluent families, 50% of the intermediate group and 12% of the poor families. Very little millet/sorghum was eaten by the affluent at lunch, whereas it was included in lunch by over half the poor and one fifth of the intermediate families. The diversity of dishes was larger at supper, but only in the affluent families which had 2 to 4 different dishes or produce. They included garden vegetable salads and stews, with or without bread. Dinner for the intermediate and poor families was similar to lunch, that is a cereal base and a sauce. Home eating habits also differed according to status. In the affluent families breakfast was eaten alone, whereas in the poor families it was a communal meal. The intermediate group displayed both patterns. Affluent families tried to alternate and diversify their food intake from one meal to another, whereas the diet of the poor was monotonous. Most intermediate families tried to alternate a small range of staples (rice and traditional cereals) although this necessitated reducing the quality of the sauce. Our study shows that eating habits are affected by both cultural factors and standard of living.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Physical activity and leisure time in children. II: Relationship with dietary habits].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between physical activity, leisure time activities and dietary habits in adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have studied 541 girls and 537 boys from 24 schools. Physical activity, leisure time activities and dietary habits were assessed by 3 different questionnaires, taking into account one week of normal activity and diet. RESULTS: Foods such as milk, fish, meat, egg, fruits, vegetables, pasta and snacks were consumed more frequently in children who spent more time doing sport, but difference were not statistically significant. Boys who spent more time watching T.V. ate greater amounts of almost all foods (p < 0.05). In girls, we have observed the same results, but differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Sports and T.V. watching are both related to a greater amount of food intake From our results we can deduce that in order to prevent obesity, and other cardiovascular risk factors, we must improve food intake related with sedentary habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Food habits of rural school children from Chile's metropolitan area. A comparative study. 1989].

The objective of this study was to investigate the food habits of a representative sample of 651 rural school-age children from Chile's Metropolitan Region and to carry out a comparative study between 1986-1987 and 1989. Food habits were defined as the frequency of consumption of foods expressed as days per week and were determined through a questionnaire administered to school-age children by the investigators and were compared with Model Allowance, established by Chile's Ministry of Health. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured through Graffar's modified method. Statistical procedures included analysis of variance and student "t" test for comparison of the means. The frequency of consumption of most food decreased in 1989 compared with 1986-1987. Most consumed foods (above 90%) were bread and potatoes and between 70-75% of the school-age children consumed milk, meat, yoghurt, poultry, eggs, beans, onions, cabbage, squash, lettuce, bananas, oranges, apples, grapes, biscuits, spaghetti, rice, oil, butter, carbonated beverages and juices, candies, sugar and chocolate. Foods most disliked were fresh cheese (69.3%), radish (62.2%), shellfish (59.4%) and chickpeas (48.8%). Males presented a frequency of consumption of beans, chickpeas (p < 0.05), lentil and chard swiss (p < 0.01) significantly higher than females, but these last ones registered a frequency of consumption of apples, cookies, oil (p < 0.05), onions and candies (p < 0.01) significantly higher than males. The frequency of consumption of most foods, especially milk, fish and bread (p < 0.01) decreased with age. SES had no effect on food habits of the school-age children. These results could be useful in the School Feeding Program (PAE) and in nutrition education related to school population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Lifestyle and health habits of fourth year medical students at the University of Western Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the lifestyle and health habits of two classes of fourth year medical students at the University of Western Australia. DESIGN: Anonymous completion of the Fantastic Lifestyle Assessment Inventory (FLAI) by 173 medical students in 1987 and 1992. RESULTS: Seventy-seven per cent of students had good health habits, but 23% did not. The most common areas of negative health habits were; lack of exercise, frequent consumption of junk food and skipping breakfast. Twenty per cent of students were almost always impatient, 13% always anxious, and 30% reported more than three stressful events in the first year. CONCLUSION: Medical students are taught and examined about healthy lifestyle and health promotion. Those who personally ignore what they know may also be predisposed to ignore health promotion opportunities with their patients. The FLAI can be a useful instrument in raising students' consciousness about these two issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Prescription habits in a primary health care district: approach to an indication-prescription study].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the profile of medical prescription and prescription habits in the most common illnesses in a Primary Health Care district. DESIGN: Descriptive crossover study. SETTING: Algeciras-La Línea (Cádiz) Primary Care district. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A randomised sample of clinical histories stratified by months was selected. This included 338 Paediatrics cases (< 8 years old) and 665 general medical cases (> 8). The therapeutic groups most commonly prescribed for the children were R (45.7%) and J (27.1%) The therapeutic groups most used among the > 8 group were C (17.9%), R (14.8%), N (14.7%) and A (14.3%). Hypertension was the most common chronic pathology in this group (8.9%), treated most often by ACEIs (44.9%). CONCLUSIONS: 1) In our ambit, the most widespread pathology signified the greatest consumption of therapeutic groups. 2) The indication-prescription analysis detected prescription habits that need to be watched: the use of antibiotics and expectorants/mucolytics in ARI and the use of fixed-dose combinations which are hard to justify. Prescription habits in Hypertension treatment and Hyperlipidaemia also merit a consensus analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Results of activities encouraging community participation in dengue control in an outlying neighborhood of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, and the relationship between the population's knowledge and habits].

This study evaluates the results of an educational campaign developed in an outlying neighborhood of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, and the relationship between the population's knowledge and habits. Prior to and after the educational activities, samples were taken to measure level of knowledge concerning dengue and its vectors, breeding sites, and control measures. Potential breeding sites were also counted. Knowledge of the disease and its vectors and breeding sites increased, but the same was not true for control measures focusing on water recipients serving as potential breeding sites. There was no change in the number of breeding sites between the first and second stages of the research. Thus, despite increased knowledge, the local population's habits did not changes. These findings are worrisome, since the main goal of the educational campaign, i.e., the change of habits concerning breeding sites for dengue vectors, has not been achieved.

Brazil↗