Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Growth and Development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Two Delta9-stearic acid desaturases are required for Aspergillus nidulans growth and development.

Unsaturated fatty acids are important constituents of all cell membranes and are required for normal growth. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives also influence asexual (conidial) and sexual (ascospore) sporulation processes. To investigate the relationship between fatty acid metabolism and fungal development, we disrupted the A. nidulans sdeA and sdeB genes, both encoding Delta9-stearic acid desaturases responsible for the conversion of palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) to palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1). The effects of sdeA deletion on development were profound, such that growth, conidial and ascospore production were all reduced at 22 and 37 degrees C. Total fatty acid content was increased over 3-fold in the DeltasdeA strain, reflected in up-regulation of the expression of the fasA gene encoding the alpha chain of the fatty acid synthase, compared to wild type. Stearic acid accumulated approximately 3-fold compared to wild type in the DeltasdeA strain, while unsaturated fatty acid production was decreased. In contrast, disruption of sdeB reduced fungal growth and conidiation at 22 degrees C, but did not affect these processes at 37 degrees C compared to wild type. Interestingly, ascospore production was increased at 37 degrees C for DeltasdeB compared to wild type. Total fatty acid content was not increased in this strain, although stearic acid accumulated 2-fold compared to wild type, and unsaturated fatty acid production was decreased. Combining the DeltasdeA and DeltasdeB alleles created a synthetic lethal strain requiring the addition of oleic acid to the medium for a modicum of growth. Taken together, our results suggest a role for sdeA in growth and development at all temperatures, while sdeB is involved in growth and development at lower temperatures.

Aspergillus nidulans↗
PubMed1992

[Study of dento-maxillo-facial growth and development on anterior deep bite with linguoversion of upper incisors during permanent dentition].

By means of computer-X-ray cephalometric system to study the dento-maxillo-facial growth and development was performed in 65 patients of anterior deep bite with lingoversion of upper incisors. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) 35 cases aged 12-16 years and (2) 30 cases aged 17-26 years. The same number of the subjects with normal occlusion were used as control group. The findings were as follows: 1. Besides the dento-maxillo-facial growth and development was abnormal vertically, the posterior anterior discrepancy of the growth trend is also one of the main problems in this kind of malocclusion. 2. The growth of the alveolar bone was inhibited anteriorly by the upper incisors; 3. The deformed mandible has the growth trend to rotate forward and upward in Counterclock wise direction so that it is wise to treat of early.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Growth and development of the bone mass of two strains of inbred rats.

The experiments reported in this paper were designed to gain information on the growth and development of the bone mass of the rat and to recognize genetically determined features of the growth phenomenon. The experimental model involved the study of the axial (AX, head excluded) and appendicular (AP) skeletons of two strains of inbred rats ('m' and 'e') from the 3rd to the 27th week of age. The contribution of the skeleton to body weight differed between strains ('m' greater than 'e'). The development of the skeleton was in phase with body growth (peak growth rate = 7th week of age). The AP skeleton of these strains of rats differed in the kinetics of matrix mineralization ('m' faster than 'e') and in the ash/matrix ratio of adult animals ('m' greater than 'e'). The AX skeleton, on the other hand, showed a constant ash/matrix ratio from the 4th to the 27th week of age, without significant differences between strains. The anatomical volume of the femur was found to differ significantly between strains at an earlier age (4th week) than its dry weight (7th week). The AP and AX skeleton of 'e' rats mature simultaneously attaining their peak calcium mass at 36 weeks of age. The maturation of the AP and AX skeletons of 'm' rats, on the other hand, are dissociated and attain full maturity at approximately 39 and 57 weeks, respectively. The curves of specific growth rates (g of Ca (or matrix) per week/g of skeletal Ca (or matrix] of the AP and AX skeletons indicate that there exist separate metabolic controls for the growth of Ca and matrix masses. Absolute measurements (Ca, organic matrix, ash or total dry weights, bone volume) unambiguously established that 'm' rats have greater bone mass than 'e' ones. Relative measurements favoured 'm' (ash/matrix ratio of AP skeleton), 'e' (femoral weight/volume ratio, percentage of metaphyseal trabecular bone volume) or gave no significant differences between strains (ash/matrix ratio of AX skeleton). These results indicate that the AP and AX skeletons have important metabolic differences and that their growth and development are under genetic control.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Retardation of growth and development of rats induced by inhibition of protein synthesis at early postnatal ontogenesis].

Treatment of rats with aurantine for 7-30 days reduces the growth and development of animals, and especially of skeletal muscles. Low relative weight of muscles in aurantine-treated animals was accompanied by low resting and action membrane potentials. Incorporation of labelled uridine and lysine into muscles, heart, brain and liver was decreased. Retardation in the growth and development of skeletal muscles resulted into unfavourable shift of the ratio body weight/surface and led to prevalence of catabolic processes over anabolic ones (increased oxygen consumption, heart and respiration rate in experimental animals). These changes are probably related not only to the inhibition of protein synthesis, but to disturbance of regulatory mechanisms, which reveals itself in an increased norepinephrine content of the brain stem and in the increased cholinesterase activity in cardiac pacemaker.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Postnatal depression and infant growth and development in low income countries: a cohort study from Goa, India.

BACKGROUND: Postnatal depression is a recognised cause of delayed cognitive development in infants in developed countries. Being underweight is common in South Asia. AIMS: To determine whether postnatal depression contributes to poor growth and development outcomes in Goa, India. METHODS: Cohort study for growth outcomes with nested case-control study for developmental outcomes. A total of 171 babies were weighed and measured at 6-8 weeks following birth. The following measures were used: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for maternal mood, and sociodemographic and infant health variables. Outcome measures were: weight (<5th centile), length (<5th centile), and Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian Infants scores at six months. RESULTS: Postnatal depression was a strong, and independent, predictor of low weight and length and was significantly associated with adverse mental development quotient scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the first time that postnatal depression, a potentially treatable disorder, is a cause of poor growth and development in South Asia.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Growth and development of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

This study examines the growth and development of 37 preterm infants, 20 with respiratory distress syndrome and 17 with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The groups were balanced by sex, parity, family configuration, and socioeconomic status and were studied at either 12 or 18 months after hospital discharge. Findings indicate that infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia are at greater risk for growth retardation in their second year than infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, results from cognitive, sensorimotor, and language measures (the Bayley, Uzgiris-Hunt, and Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language scales) demonstrate that infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia perform significantly less well than infants with respiratory distress syndrome. The group performance of the infants with respiratory distress syndrome suggests that their developmental scores are comparable to those of average, healthy full-term infants of the same age. In contrast, the group of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia performed in the low-average to delayed range. Moreover, regression analyses show that type of respiratory illness explains more of the variance in cognitive outcomes than such neonatal factors as birth weight or gestational age. Thus, this study demonstrates that infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia are at high risk for developmental problems in their second year, and that the contribution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia to explanations of differential cognitive outcomes cannot be reduced to between-group differences in perinatal status.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A teratocyte gene from a parasitic wasp that is associated with inhibition of insect growth and development inhibits host protein synthesis.

After parasitization, some wasps induce hosts prematurely to initiate metamorphic development that is then suspended in a postwandering, prepupal state. Following egression of the parasite larva, the host remains in this developmentally arrested state until death. Teratocytes, cells released at egg hatch from extra-embryonic serosal membranes of some wasp parasites, inhibit growth and development when injected into host larvae independent of other parasite factors (e.g. venom, polydnavirus). Synthesis of some developmentally regulated, abundantly expressed Heliothis virescens host proteins is inhibited in hosts parasitized by Microplitis croceipes and by teratocyte injection. A cDNA encoding a 13.9 kDa protein (TSP14) that inhibited protein synthesis, growth and development was isolated from a protein fraction secreted by teratocytes. TSP14 appears to be responsible, in part, for the teratocyte-mediated inhibition of host growth and development. Interestingly, this cDNA encoded a cysteine-rich amino acid motif similar to that described from Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus, a mutualistic virus that enables wasp parasitization of lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, TSP14 inhibited protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and wheat germ extract translation systems. We hypothesize that some wasp parasites inhibit translation as a general means to regulate and redirect lepidopteran host physiology to support endoparasite development.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Microcomputed tomography imaging of skeletal development and growth.

Skeletogenesis is an exquisitely orchestrated and dynamic process, culminating in the formation of highly variable and complex mineralized structures that are optimized for their function. While cellular and molecular biology studies have provided tremendous recent progress toward understanding how patterns of bone formation are regulated, high resolution imaging techniques such as microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) can provide complementary quantitative information about the progressive changes in three-dimensional (3-D) skeletal morphology and density that occur during early skeletal development and postnatal growth. Furthermore, recently developed in vivo micro-CT systems promise to be a powerful and efficient tool for noninvasively monitoring normal skeletogenesis, as well as for evaluating the effects of genetic or environmental manipulation. This review focuses on the use of micro-CT imaging and analysis to better understand normal and abnormal skeletal development and growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Issues and advances in adolescent growth and development.

The differences between individuals in tempo of growth, leading to early or late appearance of puberty, are of great importance at adolescence. Late developers, and particularly those who are genetically small as well as late, often suffer acutely and may keep scars of their suffering for years afterward. These individuals need sympathetic support and counseling, which can only be forthcoming from someone who understands thoroughly the auxology of adolescence and is able to tell the adolescent precisely and correctly what will happen in the next six months, one year, and two years. Educating the counselors, and educating the children before they enter adolescence, is a task of importance and immediacy. The physiologic mechanism of tempo is entirely unknown at present, and the major job of research is to remove this ignorance. Close collaboration is needed with pediatric endocrinologists and endocrinologists working with nonhuman primates. A prime need here is for the building of further auxologic and endocrinologic tools and the development of testable models of growth regulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF): an Mpl ligand and cytokine that regulates thrombopoiesis.

Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a ligand for the Mpl receptor related to thrombopoietin (TPO). MGDF stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, and is highly selective to cells bearing the Mpl receptor. Studies done in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans have confirmed that MGDF can increase platelet counts in normal and chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-treated subjects. Platelet function and physiology remain normal after MGDF administration, with no effect on platelet aggregation. Pegylated recombinant human MGDF (PEG-rHuMGDF) was used clinically with initial success. Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy showed dose-dependent increases in platelet counts and increases in bone marrow megakaryocytes. Clinical development of PEG-rHuMGDF was halted owing to the formation of neutralizing antibodies in some patients and normal volunteers who received the drug. The application of exogenous recombinant Mpl ligands should be explored in the setting of randomized clinical trials and the findings extended to mobilization of CD34+ stem cells, ex vivo expansion techniques, and use in platelet abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The growth and development of twins compared with singletons at ages 9 and 11.

The growth and development of 9 and 11-year old twins who have been studied at birth, and at ages 3, 5, and 7 years was compared with that of a large group of singletons. The twins were not significantly different to the singletons in language development, reading, spelling or Performance IQ. They remained significantly shorter, lighter and had smaller head circumferences. This difference was shown to have been fairly consistent from age 3. The twins had significantly lower Verbal and Full Scale IQ, but in view of a lack of disadvantage in educational progress this was not considered to be of any practical importance.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1998

Expression and function of the megakaryocyte growth and development factor receptor in acute myeloid leukemia blasts.

The receptor for megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), also known as thrombopoietin, has recently been cloned. MGDF stimulates platelet production and maturation both in vitro and in vivo. MGDF may thus have a role in attenuating the thrombocytopenia associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its therapy. However, there is concern that MGDF might induce AML blast proliferation and thereby increase the risk of treatment failure. To address this concern, we studied the expression of c-mpl mRNA and c-Mpl protein by blasts from AML patients. In addition we examined the in vitro effect of MGDF as well as the combined effect of MGDF and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or stem cell factor (SCF) on leukemic blast proliferation, recruitment into S-phase, induction of programmed cell death and activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. Our results demonstrate that blasts from a substantial proportion of cases of AML express the receptor at either the mRNA or protein level. Moreover, the function of the MGDF receptor was demonstrated by activation of STAT proteins following exposure to MGDF. Nevertheless, blast proliferation in response to MGDF was rare, and the proliferative effect of MGDF was less than that of G-CSF or SCF. Furthermore, MGDF did not prevent programmed cell death induced by cytarabine. Finally, there appeared to be no correlation between receptor expression by AML blasts and functional response to MGDF. Based on these data, it would appear that clinical trials of MGDF may be undertaken safely in patients with AML.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Intubation of weight-selected chicks with soybean oil or residual yolk: effect on early growth and development.

Experiments were conducted to study the role of residual yolk on growth and development of chicks during the 1st wk after hatch. Surgical removal of the yolk sac at hatch reduced early body weight gains. Intubating chicks with a mixture of soybean meal and soybean oil or with residual yolk obtained from chicks at hatch increased body weights and enhanced development of the liver and pancreas. Whereas intubation with residual yolk reduced absorption of yolk sac contents, absorption was similar for chicks that consumed mash ad libitum or were intubated with the soybean meal-soybean oil diet. After cessation of yolk intubation, absorption of residual yolk resumed. Removal of the yolk sac decreased amylase and lipase activity in the pancreas. In the intestinal chyme, activity of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin was reduced by yolk sac removal. Intubation with yolk increased enzyme activity (amylase excepted) in the pancreas or intestinal chyme only in chicks that had their yolk sacs removed. There was evidence that contents of the yolk sac did not enter the intestine via the yolk stalk, but were absorbed directly via the blood.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative chemopreventive activity of ibuprofen and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide against the development and growth of rat mammary adenocarcinomas.

The chemopreventive effects of Ibuprofen on the development and growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced rat mammary tumors were examined. A well known breast cancer chemopreventive retinoid, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) was also included in this study for comparison. At 7 days prior to receiving a single intragastric dose of 15 mg DMBA, rats were fed a control chow diet, as well as diets containing either 1000 mg/kg diet of Ibuprofen or 1.5 mmol/kg diet of 4-HPR. Ibuprofen and 4-HPR markedly increased tumor latency. At 112 days post DMBA intubation, tumor incidence was 86% in control rats as compared to 74% and 62% in rats receiving Ibuprofen, and 4-HPR diets respectively (p < 0.05). Ibuprofen and 4-HPR reduced tumor burden and tumor volume almost to the same extent. The control rats had an average of 2.26 tumors/rat compared to 1.42 and 1.46 tumors/rat in the Ibuprofen or 4-HPR groups respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, average tumor volume was 3.25 cm3 in the control rats compared to 0.86 cm3 and 0.83 cm3 in rats receiving Ibuprofen and 4-HPR diets respectively (p < 0.05). These results suggest that Ibuprofen may have potential in the chemoprevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

Growth and development of children born to patients after cancer therapy.

Eighteen children born to parents who had previously received chemotherapy or radiotherapy were examined for physical health, growth, and development. The immunologic and the hematologic status of these children was also evaluated. Their ages ranged from birth to 15 years. The children had a careful history and physical examination to detect any abnormal symptoms or signs, and the parent's previous treatment was carefully documented. Four sets of parents had children while one of the parents was on active treatment (2 male and 2 female). Of the male patients, one patient's wife had a baby that was "small for gestational age" at birth and had transient failure to thrive; the other child was normal. Of the female patients, one offspring was small for gestational age at birth and the other was normal, but both continued to have failure to thrive for up to 17 months and 26 months, respectively. Ten parents procreated after being treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, to whom 14 children were born. One child was a stillbirth with multiple congenital abnormalities, and another child had trisomy 13-15 and died 6 months later. The other 12 children were normal at birth, but one child is under the 5th percentile for growth at twelve months of age. In all children studied, immune function test, complete blood count, and viral titers were considered normal for age. In our study, we found that three out of four children born to parents who were on chemotherapy had failure to thrive. Of the 14 children born to parents who conceived after being off chemotherapy, 11 were found to be normal in growth and development. These results imply that there is a high risk of complications in children born to parents who procreated while receiving chemotherapy. Further studies are needed to develop better guidelines for counseling cancer patients who want to have children.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

Auxin polar transport in Arabidopsis under simulated microgravity conditions--relevance to growth and development.

Activity of auxin polar transport in inflorescence axes of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under simulated microgravity conditions was studied in relation to the growth and development. Seeds were germinated and allowed to grow on an agar medium in test tubes on a horizontal clinostat. Horizontal clinostat rotation substantially reduced the growth of inflorescence axes and the productivity of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotypes Landsberg erecta and Columbia), although it little affected seed germination, development of rosette leaves and flowering. The activity of auxin polar transport in inflorescence axes decreased when Arabidopsis plants were grown on a horizontal clinostat from germination stage, being ca. 60% of 1 g control. On the other hand, the auxin polar transport in inflorescence axes of Arabidopsis grown in 1 g conditions was not affected when the segments were exposed to various gravistimuli, including 3-dimensional clinorotation, during transport experiments. Pin-formed mutant of Arabidopsis, having a unique structure of the inflorescence axis with no flower and extremely low levels of the activity of auxin polar transport in inflorescence axes and endogenous auxin, did not continue its vegetative growth under clinostat rotation. These facts suggest that the development of the system of auxin polar transport in Arabidopsis is affected by microgravity, resulting in the inhibition of growth and development, especially during reproductive growth.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2004

[Influence of temperature and light on the growth and development of Tenodera angustipennis and related preying functional responses].

Tenodera angustipennis was raised under laboratory conditions to study the influence of temperature and light on the growth and development of its nymphs. The functional responses of T. angustipennis to Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae and adults and to Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) were also studied. The results showed that temperature remarkably affected the growth and development of T. angustipennis, but light did not. The Holling models could well describe the functional responses of T. angustipennis to P. xylostella and L. erysimi.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A prospective 15-year follow-up study of kwashiorkor patients. Part I. Physical growth and development.

A series of 221 infants admitted to hospital with kwashiorkor between 1958 and 1960 has been followed up for 15 years. Seventy-two (32%) died of malnutrition either at the time of first admission or shortly thereafter. The subsequent physical growth and development of the survivors remaining in Cape Town has been compared with that of 89 of their siblings who had never had kwashiorkor, but grew up in the same environment. No differences were noted between the two groups, but considered together they demonstrated a pattern of retarded growth and delayed development. This suggests an adaptive mechanism suited to survival in poor socio-economic circumstances. The years of poor growth in childhood and early adult life are not associated with an undue mortality, and malnutrition exacts its toll of morbidity and mortality in the early years of life. It is to this age group that intervention with short-term solutions (food subsidization and supplementation) should be applied with the expectation of demonstrable benefit. The long-term solution depends on advancing socio-economic conditions, bringing better nutrition and enlightened health practices; this will eventually lead to improved standards of growth and development.

Aging↗