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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[The HVR genotypes and their relationship with the resistance of methicillin-resistant staphylococci].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the HVR-PCR genotype of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci in local hospitals and compare it with the antibiograms, with aview to selecting effective antibacterial agents, moreover, to discuss preliminarily its role in molecular epidemiology. METHODS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of 86 MRSA, 10 MRSE(Mc'S. epidemidis), 5 MSSE(Mc'S. epidemidis), 8 MRSH(Mc'S. haemolyticus) and 5 MSSH(Mc'S. haemolyticus) clinical isolates collected from 4 local hospitals were tested by serial two-fold agar dilution method; their DNA were extracted by moved basic lytic method, whose polymerase chain reaction(PCR) products amplified, based on the size of mec-associated hypervariable region(HVR) were analyzed by PAG vertical and agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: MRSA, MRSE and MRSH were grouped into 4, 3 and 2 HVR genotypes respectively according to the size of the PCR products. The PCR products amplified from 9 of 10 MRSE isolates were the same as the products amplified from MRSA isolates. MRSA strains in this study were mainly HVR genotypes A and D, which accounted for 52.32% and 39.53%; Genotypes B and C were the most multi-drug resistant, but genotype D was multi-sensitive. The I genotype of MRSE was multi-drug resistant, but its genotype III was multi-drug sensitive. The genotype a of MRSH was more resistant than genotype b. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HVR-PCR genotype method is an easy and fast method for epidemiological investigation of nosocomial infections caused by MRSA, and it is helpful for clinical selection of antibacterial agents. This method can compare the mec determinants of MRSA and Mc'CNSt isolates and hence to search for the origin of the mec determinant.

Complementarity Determining Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

No association of the mitochondrial genotype (Mt5178A/C) with six cancers in a Japanese population.

To examine an association between the mitochondrial DNA (mt5178) genotype and various cancers, we genotyped 1120 non-cancer controls and 930 cancer cases including esophageal, stomach, colorectal, lung, breast and malignant lymphoma in a sample of Japanese patients. The mt5178A/C was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP). The frequency of mt5178A/C within the non-cancer and cancer groups, and age distribution of subjects with mt5178A and C were investigated. Odd ratios (ORs) of the mt5178A and C genotypes were also examined. The frequency of mt5178A was 39.1% in non-cancer subjects while frequencies in those having cancer included 39.0% in breast, 37.4% in colorectal, 45.1% in esophageal, 38.0% in lung, 41.5% in malignant lymphoma, and 38.8% in stomach cancer. There was no significant difference in the frequency of the mt5178 genotype among the six types of cancer studied. There was also no significant difference in the frequency of the mt5178 genotype between non-cancer and cancer subjects regardless of total age with the exception that ages 40-49 years (the frequency of the mt5178A was higher in cancer subjects). There was a significant interaction term between age and the mt5178 genotype in older (age>=60) lung cancer patients. The cumulative frequency of mt5178C increased more markedly than that of mt5178A after age 40 in non-cancer subjects, and after age 50 in cancer subjects ORs of the genotype were not significant for all cancers combined or for any individual site of cancer. In the present study, the mt5178 genotype seems to have no association with any of the cancers examined here. But an interaction term between the mt5178 genotype and aging on cancer was suggested with the Japanese population under study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Genotyping of HBV DNA in Shenzhen and clinical manifestations].

OBJECTIVE: To detect HBV DNA and its genotypes. METHODS: The 6 isoforms of HBV DNA was detected out using of different probes by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Nucleic Acid hybridization. RESULTS: Of 150 HBV DNA positive patients who lived in Shenzhen, 50 samples (33%) are type B, 36 samples (24%) are type C, 13 samples (9%) are type D, 3 samples is type F, 1 sample is type A, 48 samples (31%) are mixed type. The ALT value was significantly higher in genotype B than in genotype C. HBe positivity were higher in genotype B than genotype C. HBeAg positivity were higher in genotype C than in genotype B. There are not obvious relations between genotype and age or sex. CONCLUSION: In the detected samples, the major genotype of HBV DNA is type B, several are type C, D. The type E haven't been found. There are some relations between all kinds of genotypes and the severity of hepatitis B.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in the Czech Republic].

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was genotyped based on sequencing and analysis of nucleotide sequences of HBV S gene in sera samples from 176 patients with viral hepatitis B from all over the Czech Republic. The most frequent genotype A was detected in 118 (67.1%) of the patients, followed by genotype D found in 50 (28.4%) of the patients. Genotypes B and C were identified in 6 (3.4%) and 2 (1.1%) of the patients, respectively. The incidence of genotype A statistically significantly increases with age. There is no statistically significant correlation between genotypes A and D and gender or locality (region). Genotypes B and C, found mainly in South East Asia, were first detected in the Czech Republic. Detection of these genotypes in both foreigners and Czech population is suggestive not only of import but also of transmission of these genotypes in the Czech Republic. Fylogenetic analysis documents dissimilarity levels between HBV isolates. Based on the amino sequence derived, the percentages of HBV subtype determinants d (68.6%) and y (31.4%) were established. The gene S sequencing analysis proved suitable for HBV genotyping.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus isolate genotypes from chronically infected Lebanese patients: a hospital-based study.

To assess percentages of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in infected Lebanese patients referred to St. George Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon, 77 infected cases were studied. Of those, 27 were hemodialysis patients. Genotyping was performed by nested PCR of the HCV core-region with specific primers, followed by DNA enzyme-immunoassay using HCV type and subtype-specific probes. Single genotype infections were detected in 52 patients (67.5%). In these cases, types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were detected in 19.5%, 32.5%, 5.1% and 10.4% of the cases respectively. Twenty-five (32.5%) samples showed mixed genotype infections. Single genotype distribution was significantly different among dialysis and non-dialysis patients. In the dialysis group, genotype 2 was predominant (80%, p < 0.001). In single HCV genotype-infected patients, subtype 1b was frequently detected in nondialysis cases (34.4%) whereas this genotype was found in only 5% of dialysis cases. Genotypes 5 and 6 were not detected in any of the cases studied. This pilot hospital-based study provides evidence for the diversity of HCV genotypes in the Lebanese population and establishes differences in distribution depending on the risk group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Affects of HBV genotypes (B/C) on the levels of serum and intrahepatic HBsAg].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of HBV genotypes on the level of HBsAg in serum and hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B patients without antiviral therapy. METHODS: Seventy-six chronic hepatitis B inpatients were enrolled into this study, and liver biopsies and histologic diagnosis were performed, and serum samples were collected at the time point of liver biopsy. PCR-RFLP method was adopted to determine the genotype of hepatitis B virus and Abbott Architect HBsAg assay was used to quantify the serum HBsAg. Immunostaining for antigens in liver tissues with monoclonal antibody (for HBsAg) or polyclonal antibodies (for HBcAg) was carried out in consecutive slides. The percentages of hepatocytes for HBsAg stain, hepatocytes for HBcAg nuclear stain and hepatocytes for HBcAg cytoplasm stain were estimated in the ranges of 0 (negative), < or = 1%, 1+; 2% - 5%, 2+; 6% - 25%, 3+; 26% - 50%, 4+; and > 50%, 5+. The distributions of positive cells in slides are described as single or isolated, cluster or widespread. Surface gene was directly sequenced with the serum HBV DNA from 6 patients with genotype B and 8 with genotype C HBV infection, respectively. RESULTS: Four HBV genotypes were detected in 76 patients: 47 patients with B, 21 with C, 3 with D and 5 were infected by genotype B mixed with C HBV infection. Age, gender, serum HBV DNA level, ALT, AST or histological evaluation (grades and stages scores) were not different between the patients infected with genotype B or C HBV. The level of serum HBsAg was not significantly different between the patients infected with genotype B or C HBV, but the proportions of hepatocytes stained with HBsAg was greater in patients with C type HBV infection than B (P < 0.01). In the liver slides from the patients infected HBV genotype B, HBsAg was stained frequently in single or isolated hepatocytes (22/47), and widespread HBsAg-positive hepatocytes were often seen in the patients with C type HBV (8/21), P < 0.01. In the patients with B type HBV, serum HBsAg was positively correlated with serum HBV DNA (r = 0.674, P = 0.000), proportion of hepatocytes with HBcAg in nucleus (r = 0.534, P = 0.000) and in cytoplasm (r = 0.405, P = 0.004). In the patients with C type HBV infection, serum HBsAg had positive correlation only with serum HBV DNA (r = 0.503, P = 0.017). Proportion of HBsAg positive hepatocytes was positively correlated only with the proportion of HBcAg cytoplasm positive hepatocytes in the patients with B type HBV (r = 0.318, P = 0.029) and no correlation with serum HBsAg, HBV DNA, or proportions of hepatocytes with HBcAg in nucleus. Analysis of the first 40 amino acid sequences of surface antigen showed that variations most existed at amino acid 3, 4, 5 and 8. CONCLUSION: Proportion of HBsAg in hepatocytes is significantly greater in the patients with C type HBV than those with B type HBV. Positive correlation between serum HBsAg and viral replication was seems to be more significant in the patients with HBV genotype B infection.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of DNA sequence hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes to identify hepatitis C virus genotypes].

BACKGROUND: Recent development of an assay based on the hybridization of the amplification product obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the RNA of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with specific probes for each viral genotype ("reverse-hybridization"), has permitted to have a rapid, simple and reproductible technique to identify the different genotypes of HCV. The identification of HCV genotypes seems to be important given their different pathogenic capacity and response to interferon therapy. METHODS: We prospectively studied 221 patients with HCV infection defined by the detection of viral RNA in serum by "nested-PCR". HCV genotype was determined by "reverse-hybridization" using specific oligonucleotide-probes for each genotype corresponding to the 5, UTR. RESULTS: HCV 1b genotype was predominant in 221 patients studied (180/221, 81%), followed by 1a (10%) and by 3 and 4 (4% respectively). Two patients presented mixed infection (1a/1b). No case of infection by genotypes 2 and 5 was found. The predominance of 1b genotype was more evident in adults than in children (83 vs 62%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HCV 1b is the predominant genotype among our patients with hepatic disease induced by HCV. The reverse-hybridization assay is a simple and rapid technique that permit the identification of the most important genotypes of hepatitis C virus.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparative evaluation of four genotyping methods for hepatitis C virus.

Four most widely accepted genotyping methods for hepatitis C virus (HCV) were applied to 40 HCV RNA isolates obtained from Slovenian patients in order to determine the concordance and applicability of various genotyping systems. The four methods are: (i) amplification of the core region with genotype-specific primers; (ii) nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the core region followed by hybridization to HCV type-specific probes; (iii) reverse hybridization with the line probe assay Inno LiPA (Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) using type-specific probes for the 5' non-coding region (NCR); and (iv) restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNA amplified from the 5' NCR. Additionally, in isolates with discordant results nucleotide sequence analysis of a part of the NS-5 region was performed. Both genotyping methods based on the analysis of the 5' NCR were found more sensitive than those methods based on the analysis of the HCV core region. None of the four genotyping methods correctly classified all Slovenian HCV RNA isolates. PCR with genotype-specific primers was identified as entirely unsuitable for genotyping of Slovenian HCV RNA isolates. The remaining genotyping methods could clearly differentiate between HCV genotypes, but were not entirely reliable for HCV subtyping. The specificity of genotyping methods, which are based on the 5' NCR or the core region, was occasionally hampered, due to a lack or excess of sequence variation in their respective target regions.

Genotype↗
PubMed2006

Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution among intravenous drug user and the general population in Hong Kong.

This study describes the distribution of hepatitis C genotypes among 106 intravenous drug users and 949 non-drug users in Hong Kong. Genotypes were identified by multiplex RT-PCR targeting the core region of viral genome. The accuracy of this typing system in identifying genotypes 1b and 6a was assessed by phylogenetic analysis. The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes amongst non-drug users was 63.6% for genotype 1b, 23.6% for 6a, 4.5% for 1a, 3.9% for 3a, and 3.1% for 2a; whereas amongst the intravenous drug users, it was 58.5% for genotype 6a, 33.0% for 1b, 5.7% for 3a, 0.9% for 1a, and 0.9% for 2a. The proportion of genotype 6a was significantly higher (P < 0.001), whereas that for genotype 1b was significantly lower (P = 0.001) for the intravenous drug user group. Multivariate analysis revealed significant independent associations for the distribution of HCV genotypes 1b and 6a with age, sex, and intravenous drug user status. The co-circulation of a common (1b) and a rare (6a) HCV genotype in Hong Kong provides a unique opportunity for future studies to compare their transmission efficiency, clinical course, and response to treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The link between angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with COPD.

OBJECTIVE: The insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. In patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, the homozygous ACE DD genotype is more prevalent than the non-DD genotype. However, the relationship of ACE gene polymorphism to secondary pulmonary hypertension remains unclear, and ethnicity may be one of the factors that can modulate the effects of ACE genotypes reported in different studies. We hypothesized that in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) the presence of the D allele in the ACE gene polymorphism is associated with increased pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bodyplethysmography was used to assess lung function in 66 consecutive patients with COPD; pulmonary artery pressures were determined using echocardiography. ACE gene I/D polymorphism was identified with the polymerase chain reaction. 118 healthy persons served as the control group. All patients and controls were Caucasian. Genotype II was identified in 15 patients with COPD, genotype ID in 31 and genotype DD in 20. In the control group, genotype II was identified in 19 persons, genotype ID in 68 and genotype DD in 31. The distribution of ACE gene polymorphism did not differ between patients and the control group. RESULTS: In patients with COPD, no differences were seen between the three genotype groups in mean age, smoking history, hemoglobin concentrations or ventilometric or blood gas variables. Both systolic and mean Ppa differed significantly between the II, ID and DD groups (Systolic Ppa: 24.4 +/- 2.2 versus 31.3 +/- 2.5 and 36.7 +/- 3.9 mm Hg, respectively, ANOVA, p < 0.05; Mean Ppa: 13.0 +/- 1.5 versus 17.5 +/- 1.4 and 21.2 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, respectively, ANOVA, p < 0.05). In multiple linear regression analysis, the I/D ACE gene polymorphism (p < 0.05), SaO2 (p < 0.05) and the duration of COPD (p < 0.02) were independent predictors of systolic and mean Ppa. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that I/D ACE gene polymorphism is linked to pulmonary artery pressure in Caucasian patients with COPD.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Genotypes of the cytochrome p450 isoform, CYP2C9, and the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 conjointly determine stable warfarin dose: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic range and wide inter-individual dosing requirements that may be related to functional variants of genes affecting warfarin metabolism (i.e., CYP2C9) and activity (i.e., vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-VKORC1). We hypothesized that variants in these two genes explain a substantial proportion of variability in stable warfarin dose and could be used as a basis for improved dosing algorithms. METHODS: Consecutive consenting outpatients (n = 213) with stable INR (2-3) for >1 month were enrolled. Buccal DNA was extracted using a Qiagen mini-column and CYP2C9*2 and VKORC1 genotyping performed by the Taqman 3' nuclease assay. Sequencing for CYP2C9*3, genotyping was done using Big Dye v3.1 terminator chemistry Dose by genotype was assessed by linear regression. RESULTS: Weekly warfarin dose averaged 30.8 +/- 13.9 mg/week; average INR was 2.42 +/- 0.72. CYP2C9*2/*3 genotype distribution was: CC/AA (wild-type [WT]) = 71.4%, CT/AA = 18.3%, CC/AC = 9.4%, and CT/AC = 1%; VKORC1 genotypes were CC (WT) = 36.6%, CT = 50.7%, and TT = 12.7%. Warfarin doses (mg/week) varied by genotype: for CYP2C9, 33.3 mg/week for WT (CC/AA), 27.2 mg/week for CT/AA (P = 0.04 vs. WT), 23.0 mg/week for CC/AC (P = 0.003), and 6.0 mg/week for CT/AC (P < 0.001), representing dose reductions of 18-31% for single and 82% for double variant carriers; for VKORC1: 38.4 mg/week for WT (CC), 28.6 mg/week for CT (P < 0.001 vs. WT), 20.95 mg/week for TT (P < 0.001). In multiple linear regression, genotype was the dominant predictor of warfarin dose (P = 2.4 x 10(-15)); weak predictors were age, weight, and sex. Genotype-based modeling explained 33% of dose-variance, compared with 12% for clinical variables alone. CONCLUSION: In this large prospective study of warfarin genetic dose-determinants, carriage of a single or double CYP2C9 variant, reduced warfarin dose 18-72%, and of a VKORC1 variant by 65%. Genotype-based modeling explained almost one-half of dose-variance. A quantitative dosing algorithm incorporating genotypes for 2C9 and VKORC1 could substantially improve initial warfarin dose-selection and reduce related complications.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Hepatitis A viral genotypes and clinical relevance: Clinical and molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from northern India.

Viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a worldwide disease; in most cases, it causes an acute self-limited illness. The nucleotide sequence analysis of HAV has classified the virus in seven different genotypes, which include human (I-III and VII) and simian (IV-VI) groups. Most human strains belong to the genotype I, which has been divided into sub-genotypes IA and IB. The present study has been carried out to determine the prevalence of HAV genotypes from northern India and to correlate with their clinical characteristics. Peripheral venous blood collected from 546 cases of acute viral hepatitis was employed for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the serological detection of hepatitis A-C and E viruses. A nested reverse transcription RT-PCR was performed to detect HAV genome, and the positive samples were sequenced to determine the HAV genotypes. Of 73 (13.4%) cases positive for IgM anti-HAV, 29 (39.7%) were positive for HAV RNA. Genotyping was done for 27 (93%) positive cases by direct nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 15 (55.6%) isolates belonged to genotype 1A, while 12 (44.4%) isolates to IIIA genotype. The results suggest that both genotypes IA and IIIA are almost equally prevalent in northern India. A significant difference was observed with respect to the mean liver-function profile between the IgM anti-HAV-positive and the IgM anti-HAV-negative (includes hepatitis B (153), hepatitis C (57), hepatitis E (153) and unclassified (136)) cases. There is a need for further research on HAV transmission and genotype distribution in Indian sub-continent.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Spatial and chronological differences in hepatitis B virus genotypes from patients with acute hepatitis B in Japan.

Genotypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were determined in 485 patients with acute hepatitis B from all over Japan. They were A in 92 (19%), Ba in 26 (5%), Bj in 32 (7%), C in 330 (68%) and D in 5 (1%). Sexual contacts were the main route of transmission in them. Overall, HBV persisted in only 5 of the 464 (1%) followed patients. Genotypes C accounted for more than 68% in northern as well as southern areas, contrasting with genotype A accounting for 34% in and around the Metropolitan areas. During 24 years from 1982 to 2005, genotype A increased from 5% to 33%, while genotype B gradually decreased from 26% to 8%. Fulminant hepatitis was significantly more frequent in infection with genotype Bj (41%) than those with the other genotypes (p<0.01). The core-promoter double mutation (T1762/A1764) and precore stop-codon mutation (A1896) were more frequent in patients with fulminant than acute self-limited hepatitis (57% versus 15% and 58% versus 10%, respectively, p<0.01 for both). In conclusion, genotype A distributes unevenly over Japan, prevails in younger patients through sexual transmission and has increased with years. Furthermore, fulminant outcome was more frequent in patients with genotype Bj than those with the other genotypes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Genotypic control of high-frequency adventitious shoot regeneration via somatic organogenesis in loblolly pine.

Mature zygotic embryos of 24 genotypes of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were used as explants to establish an adventitious shoot regeneration system through somatic organogenesis. Callus formation frequencies of 18.2 (genotype 11-1103) -77.7% (genotype 7-100) have been induced from mature zygotic embryos of all genotypes tested on callus induction medium (basal salts) containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), and kinetin. Adventitious shoot regeneration via organogenesis with the frequency of 5.4 (genotype 11-1103 and 7-2) -77.2% (genotype 8-1082) was obtained from callus and tissue cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos of 24 genotypes of loblolly pine. The highest mean number of 18 adventitious buds per piece of callus 0.5x0.5 cm(2) in size was obtained from genotype 8-1082. Elongation of adventitious buds was achieved on TE medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1 mg/l BA. After rooting, regenerated plantlets were established in soil. These results suggested that adventitious shoot regeneration via somatic organogenesis was influenced by the genotypes. The in vitro regeneration procedure established in this investigation could be used for clonal micropropagation of some genotypes of loblolly pine, as well as for establishing a transformation system in coniferous species.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combined analysis of cytokine genotype polymorphism and the level of expression with allograft function in African-American renal transplant patients.

Cytokine gene polymorphism and expression levels were evaluated in a group of African-American patients who had undergone renal transplantation. It was hypothesized that possession of specific cytokine alleles might be influential in predisposing the recipient to allograft rejection. Thus, we sought to establish a relationship between cytokine gene polymorphism, the levels of cytokine expression, and the outcome of allograft function. Cytokine genotypes and mRNA transcript levels of IL-2, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, IL-10, IL-6 and IFN-gamma were determined using peripheral blood cells. Genomic DNA samples from 77 transplant recipients and 77 controls were tested by a multiplex PCR with specific primers for the above cytokines. The frequency distributions of cytokines were analyzed in respect to the clinical characterization, including delayed graft function (DGF), rejection episodes (REs) and stable graft function (SGF). The mRNA transcript level was tested both at pre- and early post-transplantation (day 1 and day 4) with primers for coding regions of the above cytokines in a RT-PCR assay. The majority of recipients with successful graft function were matched with their donors for only three out of the six HLA alleles. We have shown that the TGF-beta1 T/C G/G high producer and IFN-gamma T/A intermediate producer genotypes were associated with allograft rejection, whereas low IFN-gamma producer and high IL-10 producer genotypes were significantly protective of the allograft. There was some correlation between the TGF-beta1 high producer genotype and DGF, but it was not statistically significant. Overall, 77% of those who experienced REs carried the TGF-beta1 T/C G/G, high producer genotype as compared with 52% who experienced DGF, 39% with SGF (P<0.01, RR=2.0), and 27.3% of controls (P<0.003, RR=2.6). The IFN-gamma T/A intermediate producer genotype was found in 69.2% of patients with REs as compared with 26.8% of patients with SGF (P<0.008, RR=2.85). The IL-10, ATA/ATA low producer genotype was found in 38.5% of recipients with REs and 14.6% of recipients without REs (P<0.04, RR=0.53). Expression levels of mRNA transcript were correlated with genotype data, except for the TGF-beta1 high producer genotype where there was no significant difference between the level of mRNA transcript at pre- and post-transplantation. Low DRbeta1 and high DPbeta1 expression by recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells before transplantation was associated with more SGF, whereas high DRbeta1 and low DPbeta1 expression at pretransplantation was associated with more REs (DRbeta1, P<0.001 and DPbeta1, P<0.05, respectively). We concluded that, dual analysis of cytokine genotype and expression levels by peripheral cells may be an important clue to understanding the contribution of the recipient's immune response to an allograft pre- and post-transplantation. Identification of peripheral markers diagnostic of rejection could allow advance anticipation of clinical outcome, and might reduce the need for tissue biopsy.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Distribution of hepatitis C genotype and co-infection rate with hepatitis G in Saudi Arabia.

We determined the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and the co-infection rate with hepatitis G (HGV) in 32 Arab patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Twenty two Saudi and ten Egyptian patients were recruited from southern Saudi Arabia, an endemic region for chronic liver disease. HCV genotype was determined by PCR with genotype specific primers in the core region. Hepatitis G virus RNA was detected by the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Five patients were blood donors, 11 patients had chronic hepatitis C infection, 13 had cirrhosis and 3 had cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV genotype 4 was detected in 11 of 22 Saudi patients (50%). HCV genotype 1b was detected in 9 Saudi patients (40.9%) and HCV genotype 1a was detected in 2 Saudi patients (9.1%). Amongst the 10 Egyptian patients, HCV genotype 4 was found in 9 patients (90%)) and genotype 1b in 1 patient (10%). The co-infection rate of HGV was 31% in patients with HCV infection. We conclude that HCV genotypes 4 and 1b are the major pathogenic strains, accounting for greater than 90% of HCV across ethnic groups in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. There was no significant association between HCV genotype, age and severity of liver disease. Co-infection with HGV is common and the significance is indeterminate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Serum lipid profile of patients with genotype 1b hepatitis C viral infection in Japan.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with the development of steatosis in the liver. Recently, infection with genotype 3a HCV has been reported to have a closer association with hepatic steatosis than that with genotype 1 or 2 HCV. Moreover, infection with genotype 3a HCV but not with genotype 1 has been shown to be associated with serum hypocholesterolemia or hypobetalipoproteinemia in European countries. We conducted a case control study to characterize the serum lipid profile in patients infected with genotype 1b HCV, which is the most prevalent HCV genotype in Japan. These patients had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels than those infected with HBV or genotype 2a HCV who had similar liver disease progression and body mass index. Further analysis of serum apolipoproteins revealed that not only apolipoprotein B but also apolipoprotein CII and apolipoprotein CIII levels were significantly reduced, while apolipoprotein AI, AII and E levels were similar in patients infected with genotype 1b HCV and those with HBV or genotype 2a HCV. These results indicate that, in Japan, infection with genotype 1b HCV is a cause of lipid metabolism disturbances, which may be associated with the pathogenesis of hepatitis C liver disease.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Association between the A/A genotype at the lymphotoxin-alpha+250 site and increased mortality in children with positive blood cultures.

INTRODUCTION: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha has been implicated in the hemodynamic manifestations of sepsis. Genetic polymorphisms located in the first intron of the lymphotoxin-alpha gene have been associated with increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We hypothesized that bacteremic children with the high secretor genotype, AA, have higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and a worse outcome. METHODS: Genotypic analysis was performed in children with bacteremia using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme digestion. The serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. RESULTS: Genotypic frequencies at the lymphotoxin-alpha+250 site were 11 of 34 (0.32) AA, 16 of 34 (0.47) GA, and 7 of 34 (0.21) GG. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were 324 +/- 124 pg/mL in bacteremic children with the AA genotype at the lymphotoxin-alpha+250 site compared with 92 +/- 59 pg/mL in bacteremic children with the AG genotype (p < .001) and 92 +/- 21 pg/mL in bacteremic children with the GG genotype (p < .001). Eight of 11 bacteremic children with the AA genotype died compared with 3 of 16 bacteremic children with the GA genotype (p < .001) and zero of seven bacteremic children with the GG genotype (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The AA genotype at the lymphotoxin-alpha+250 site is associated with higher serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and a higher mortality in children with bacteremia.

Journal Article↗