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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Gender differences in the perception of drug user treatment: assessing drug user treatment for youthful offenders.

The present study sought to determine whether gender-specific differences existed in the perception of drug user treatment services delivered at a residential substance misuse treatment program operated by a large youth correctional agency in the western United States. Hypothesized gender differences in perceptions of treatment services and treatment-related needs were confirmed in a number of areas such as treatment engagement, counseling needs, and postrelease concerns. Findings of this exploratory study underscore the need to consider gender-specific issues in correctional substance misuse treatment for young offenders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Lateral fluid percussion brain injury: a 15-year review and evaluation.

This article comprehensively reviews the lateral fluid percussion (LFP) model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in small animal species with particular emphasis on its validity, clinical relevance and reliability. The LFP model, initially described in 1989, has become the most extensively utilized animal model of TBI (to date, 232 PubMed citations), producing both focal and diffuse (mixed) brain injury. Despite subtle variations in injury parameters between laboratories, universal findings are evident across studies, including histological, physiological, metabolic, and behavioral changes that serve to increase the reliability of the model. Moreover, demonstrable histological damage and severity-dependent behavioral deficits, which partially recover over time, validate LFP as a clinically-relevant model of human TBI. The LFP model, also has been used extensively to evaluate potential therapeutic interventions, including resuscitation, pharmacologic therapies, transplantation, and other neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies. Although a number of positive studies have identified promising therapies for moderate TBI, the predictive validity of the model may be compromised when findings are translated to severely injured patients. Recently, the clinical relevance of LFP has been enhanced by combining the injury with secondary insults, as well as broadening studies to incorporate issues of gender and age to better approximate the range of human TBI within study design. We conclude that the LFP brain injury model is an appropriate tool to study the cellular and mechanistic aspects of human TBI that cannot be addressed in the clinical setting, as well as for the development and characterization of novel therapeutic interventions. Continued translation of pre-clinical findings to human TBI will enhance the predictive validity of the LFP model, and allow novel neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatment strategies developed in the laboratory to reach the appropriate TBI patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reproductive health and AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa: the case for increased male participation.

Reproduction is a dual commitment, but so often in much of the world, it is seen as wholly the woman's responsibility. She bears the burden not only of pregnancy and childbirth but also the threats from excessive child bearing, some responsibility for contraception, infertility investigation and often undiagnosed sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS. Failure to target men in reproductive health interventions has weakened the impact of reproductive health care programmes. The paper proposes that sophisticated and dynamic strategies in Africa and elsewhere which target women's reproductive health and research (such as control of STDs including AIDS, family planning, infertility investigation) require complementary linkage to the study and education of men. Men's perceptions, as well as determinants of sexual behavioural change and the socioeconomic context in which STDs, including AIDS, become rife, should be reviewed. There is a need to study and foster change to reduce or prevent poor reproductive health outcomes; to identify behaviours which could be adversely affecting women's reproductive health. Issues of gender, identity and tolerance as expressed through sexuality and procreation need to be amplified in the context of present risks in reproductive health. Researchers and providers often ignore the social significance of men. This paper reviews the impact of male dominance, as manifested through reproductive health and sexual decisions, against the background of present reproductive health problems. A research agenda should define factors at both macro and micro levels that interact to adversely impinge on reproductive health outcomes. This should be followed up by well-developed causal models of the determinants of positive reproductive health-promoting behaviours. Behaviour specific influences in sexual partnership include the degree of interpersonal support towards prevention, for example, of STDs, unwanted pregnancy or maternal deaths. Perceived efficacy and situational variables influencing male compliance in, say, condom use, form part of the wider study that addresses men. Thus preventive reproductive health initiatives and information should move from the female alone to both sexes. Women need men as partners in reproductive health who understand the risks they might be exposed to and strategies for their prevention.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Protective dietary factors and lung cancer.

Since the first report of a protective effect of dietary vitamin A on lung cancer risk was issued in 1975, a succession of retrospective (case-control) and prospective (cohort) epidemiological studies have examined the association. Food frequency questionnaires have been used to assess dietary intake of food groups and to generate indices of specific dietary components, in particular retinol and carotene. Serum levels of retinol, carotenoids, and other micronutrients have been determined as well, and related to risk of lung cancer. The dietary studies have been notably consistent, finding an approximate 50% reduction in risk associated with high compared to low consumption of carotene-containing fruits and vegetables. Unresolved issues include gender differences, histological specificity and the interaction with cigarette smoking as well as the role of other possible protective factors found in these foods--indoles, vitamin C, trace minerals. Most studies in which serum beta-carotene was assayed in prospectively collected blood samples have found lower levels of beta-carotene in people who subsequently developed lung cancer. Unlike carotene, blood retinol levels do not reflect dietary intake under normal conditions and, as might be expected, have failed to show a consistent relation with risk of lung cancer. Although epidemiological studies have not strongly supported the role of preformed retinol as a protective agent, animal studies have provided convincing evidence that retinol and synthetic retinoids are protective against epithelial tumours including those of the lung. A number of on-going clinical trials are testing the efficacy of retinol, beta-carotene, synthetic retinoids and alpha-tocopherol for preventing cancer of the lung, especially in high risk groups such as heavy smokers, miners and asbestos workers. It is hoped that these trials will help explain the nature of the observed protective effect of fruit and vegetables.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1992

Use of positive-negative deviant analyses to improve programme targeting and services: example from the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition Project.

This paper describes the characteristics of southern rural Indian children who grow best (positive deviants) and worst (negative deviants) as compared to median growers. A 100 each of positive and negative deviants and 120 median growers were selected after analysing the 12-month growth patterns (weight-for-age) of 2954 children enrolled in the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition Project (TINP), a major health and nutrition intervention project covering nearly one million children in rural south India. The determinants of poor growth that have been left unaddressed by 6 years of TINP exposure are delineated to address the question of what more needs to be done. Further, the rationale for differential targeting of services to negative deviants and to median growers is discussed, as are the implications for programme evaluation. Data indicate that the next generation of projects targeted at the most needy (negative deviants) should address the issues of gender discrimination in childcare, of breastfeeding, of diarrhoeal disease, and of maternal empowerment. Such interventions will, however, not improve the growth of median growers in the direction of positive deviance. Instead, programmes targeted at the median growers need to support the hygienic use of nonbreast milk supplements. Improving family wealth will also improve the nutritional status of the median growers, but less so than for the negative deviants.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2002

Pleasure or utility? Different conditions for boys and girls with disabilities in information and communication technology.

This study focuses on differences between the ways in which we look at girls' and boys' computer activities. It is evident that the gender varieties per se generate different conditions for boys and girls. Generally, children with disabilities have great difficulty defining their needs and wishes. Pedagogues, habilitation staff and parents are needed as support for both boys' and girls' development. If technology is to be part of this development, we must pay attention to it. Research within this area highlights the differences and patterns that occur. The study stresses the expectations and experiences that parents of children with disabilities have of computer-based activities for their children, with a focus on gender-related issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Gender and survival after AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The relation between gender and survival after a diagnosis of AIDS was studied in a cohort of patients with HIV infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the study period, 124 of 617 patients (20%) developed AIDS. Of this group, 91 patients were men and 33 were women. There were no gender related differences regarding the access to antiretroviral therapy or to prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Survival was shorter among women (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.43; p < .001) after adjustment for age and AIDS-defining condition. Adjusting for CD4+ and CD8+ counts reduced the difference between genders (HR = 3.33; p = .017). These results suggest that survival after an AIDS diagnosis may be shorter among women than men in Brazil. Further studies are needed to determine the factors that may be negatively influencing the prognosis of women with AIDS in Brazil.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗