Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GINSENG”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Methyl jasmonate elicitation enhanced synthesis of ginsenoside by cell suspension cultures of Panax ginseng in 5-l balloon type bubble bioreactors.

The effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) elicitation on the cell growth and accumulation of ginsenoside in 5-l bioreactor suspension cultures of Panax ginseng were investigated. Ginsenoside accumulation was enhanced by elicitation by MJ (in the range 50-400 microM); however, fresh weight, dry weight and growth ratio of the cells was strongly inhibited by increasing MJ concentration. The highest ginsenoside yield was obtained at 200 microM MJ. In the second experiment, 200 microM MJ was added on day 15 during the cultivation. The ginsenoside, Rb group, and Rg group ginsenoside content increased 2.9, 3.7, and 1.6 times, respectively, after 8 days of MJ treatment. Rb group gisnsenosides accumulated more than Rg group ginsenosides. Among Rb group ginsenosides, Rb1 content increased significantly by four times but the contents of Rb2, Rc and Rd increased only slightly. Among Rg group ginsenosides, Rg1 and Re showed 2.3-fold and 3.0-fold increments, respectively, whereas there was only a slight increment in Rf group ginsenosides. These results suggest that MJ elicitation is beneficial for ginsenoside production using 5-l bioreactor cell suspension cultures.

Acetates↗
PubMed2005

American ginseng berry extract and ginsenoside Re attenuate cisplatin-induced kaolin intake in rats.

PURPOSE: Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent, causes significant nausea and vomiting. It is postulated that cisplatin-induced oxidant stress may be responsible for these symptoms. We tested whether pretreatment with American ginseng berry extract (AGBE), an herb with potent antioxidant capacity, and one of its active antioxidant constituents, ginsenoside Re, could counter cisplatin-induced emesis using a rat pica model. METHODS: In rats, exposure to emetic stimuli such as cisplatin causes significant kaolin intake, a phenomenon called pica. We therefore measured cisplatin-induced kaolin intake as an indicator of the emetic response. Rats were pretreated with vehicle, AGBE (dose range 50-150 mg/kg, IP) or ginsenoside Re (2 and 5 mg/kg, IP). Rats were treated with cisplatin (3 mg/kg, IP) 30 min later. Kaolin intake, food intake, and body weight were measured every 24 h for 120 h. Additionally, the free radical scavenging activity of AGBE was measured in vitro using ESR spectroscopy. RESULTS: A significant dose-response relationship was observed between increasing doses of pretreatment with AGBE and reduction in cisplatin-induced pica. Kaolin intake was maximally attenuated by AGBE at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Food intake also improved significantly at this dose (P<0.05). Pretreatment with ginsenoside Re (5 mg/kg) also decreased kaolin intake (P<0.05). In vitro studies demonstrated a concentration-response relationship between AGBE and its ability to scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with AGBE and its major constituent, Re, attenuated cisplatin-induced pica, and demonstrated potential for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Significant recovery of food intake further strengthens the conclusion that AGBE may exert an antinausea/antiemetic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Polyethylene glycol and abscisic acid improve maturation and regeneration of Panax ginseng somatic embryos.

Embryogenic culture was initiated from mature zygotic embryos of Panax ginseng. Multiple somatic embryos formed and proliferated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.26 microM) and kinetin (0.046 microM). Mature as well as immature somatic embryos grew into plantlets lacking roots on the same media. Histomorphological analysis of somatic embryos treated with abscisic acid (ABA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) showed a slight improvement in the root meristem organization of torpedo-stage embryos (embryos were more compact and their cells exhibited a lower degree of vacuolation). Shoot regeneration of non-treated somatic embryos was 31% while that for somatic embryos treated with PEG 4000 and ABA was 70%. Moreover, 75% of plants regenerated from PEG- and ABA-treated embryos formed roots while plants from non-treated embryos did not form roots.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2005

High efficiency plant production of North American ginseng via somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon explants.

An efficient in vitro protocol for plant production of North American ginseng has been established. The pretreatment of cotyledon explants with 1.0 M sucrose at 4 degrees C resulted in an improvement of embryo quality and, combined with a higher sucrose content (7%) in induction medium, improved the embryogenesis frequency from 40% to 75% and the number of embryos per explant from 10 to 21. The frequency of secondary embryogenesis from somatic embryo-derived tissues cultured on MS medium with 1.0 mg l(-1) 2, 4-D and 1.0 mg l(-1) NAA is up to 90%. Somatic embryos can further develop to maturity on SH medium supplemented with 1% activated charcoal and half of them can germinate. About 85% of the germinated embryos will convert into plants with well-developed taproot systems on 1/2 SH medium with 0.5% activated charcoal. The growth chamber and field establishment rates were 95.6 and 93.7%, respectively. The plants transplanted to growth chambers and field plots appear normal.

Cotyledon↗
PubMed2006

Copper-induced changes in the growth, oxidative metabolism, and saponin production in suspension culture roots of Panax ginseng in bioreactors.

Roots of Panax ginseng exposed to various concentrations of Cu (0.0, 5, 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0 microM) accumulated high amounts of Cu in a concentration-dependent and duration-dependent manner. Roots treated with 50 microM Cu resulted in 52% and 89% growth inhibition after 20 and 40 days, respectively. Saponin synthesis was stimulated at a Cu concentration between 5 and 25 muM but decreased at 50 microM Cu. Malondialdehyde content (MDA), lipoxygenase activity (LOX), superoxide ion (O2*-) accumulation, and H2O2 content at 5 and 10 microM Cu-treated roots were not increased but strongly increased at 50 microM Cu resulting in the oxidation of ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) to dehydroascorbate (DHA) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), respectively indicating a clear oxidative stress. Seven well-resolved bands of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected in the gel and an increase in SOD activity seemed to be mainly due to the induction of Fe-SOD 3. Five to 10 microM Cu slightly induced activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) but inhibited monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activities. No changes in catalase (CAT) activity and in activity gel were found up to 25 microM Cu, but both G-POD and CAT activities were inhibited at 50 microM Cu. Glutathione metabolism enzymes such as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase activities (GPx) were activated at 5 and 10 microM Cu but were strongly inhibited at 50 microM Cu due to the Cu accumulation in root tissues. The strong depletion of GSH at 50 microM Cu was associated to the strong induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GGT) activity. These results indicate that plant could grow under Cu stress (5-25 microM) by modulating the antioxidant defense mechanism for combating Cu induced oxidative stress.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2005

The Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC-gene-induced somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis in Panax ginseng transformed calluses.

Expression of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC gene in Panax ginseng callus cells results in formation of tumors that are capable to form roots. The selection of non-root forming tumor clusters yielded the embryogenic 2c3 callus line, which formed somatic embryos and shoots independently of external growth factors. Although the 2c3 somatic embryos developed through a typical embryogenesis process, they terminated prematurely and repeatedly formed adventitious shoot meristems and embryo-like structures. A part of the shoots and somatic embryos formed enlarged and fasciated meristems. This is the first indication of the rolC gene embryogenic effect and, to our knowledge, the first indication that a single gene of non-plant origin can induce somatic embryogenesis in plants.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2007

Paenibacillus ginsengisoli sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province, South Korea.

A Gram-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, motile, spore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 1638T, was isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in Pocheon province (South Korea), and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. It grew well on nutrient agar medium, utilized a fairly narrow spectrum of carbon sources and tolerated 10% NaCl. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase tests but negative for the degradation of macromolecules such as casein, collagen, starch, chitin, CM-cellulose, xylan and DNA. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 50.7 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (44%) and C16:0 (25%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil 1638T fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising Paenibacillus species and joined Paenibacillus anaericanus DSM 15890T with a bootstrap value of 100%. These two strains shared 99.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other. The phylogenetic distance from any other validly described species within the genus Paenibacillus was less than 96.2%. DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain Gsoil 1638T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor, Paenibacillus anaericanus, was 62%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 1638T (= KCTC 13931T = LMG 23406T = CCUG 52472T) was classified in the genus Paenibacillus as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2004

Adventitious root growth and ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng cultures as affected by methyl jasmonate.

Adventitious roots of ginseng were treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) up to 150 microM and cultured for 40 days. Up to 100 microM MJ inhibited the root growth but increase ginsenoside accumulation. In a two-stage bioreactor culture, total ginsenosides, after elicitation with 100 microM MJ peaked after 10 days at 48 mg g(-1) dry wt and then dropped sharply. Of the two groups of ginsenosides (Rb and Rg), higher amounts of Rb accumulated in the adventitious roots.

Acetates↗
PubMed2007

Stimulation of saponin production in Panax ginseng hairy roots by two oligosaccharides from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Two oligosaccharides, a heptasaccharide (HS) and an octasaccharide (OS), isolated from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, stimulated the growth and saponin accumulation of Panax ginseng hairy roots at 5-30 mg l(-1). HS and OS at 30 mg l(-1), fed separately to hairy root cultures at 10 days post-inoculation, increased the root biomass dry weight by more than 70% to approximately 20 g l(-1) from 13 g l(-1) and the total saponin content of roots by more than 1-fold to approximately 3.5% from 1.6% (w/w). The results suggest that the two oligosaccharides may have plant growth-regulatory activity in plant tissue cultures.

Cell Proliferation↗
PubMed2005

A natural compound (ginsenoside Re) isolated from Panax ginseng as a novel angiogenic agent for tissue regeneration.

PURPOSE: The primary challenge for tissue engineering is to develop a vascular supply that can support the metabolic needs of the engineered tissues in an extracellular matrix. In this study, the feasibility of using a natural compound, ginsenoside Re, isolated from Panax ginseng in stimulating angiogenesis and for tissue regeneration was evaluated. METHODS: Effects of ginsenoside Re on the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were examined in vitro. Additionally, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration in a genipin-fixed porous acellular bovine pericardium (extracellular matrix; ECM) incorporated with ginsenoside Re implanted subcutaneously in a rat model were investigated. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was used as a control. RESULTS: It was found that HUVEC proliferation, migration in a Transwell plate, and tube formation on Matrigel were all significantly enhanced in the presence of bFGF or ginsenoside Re. Additionally, effects of ginsenoside Re on HUVEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation were dose-dependent and reached a maximal level at a concentration of about 30 microg/ml. The in vivo results obtained at 1 week postoperatively showed that the density of neocapillaries and the tissue hemoglobin content in the ECMs were significantly enhanced by bFGF or ginsenoside Re. These results indicated that angiogenesis in the ECMs was significantly enhanced by loading with bFGF or ginsenoside Re. At 1 month postoperatively, vascularzied neo-connective-tissue fibrils were found to fill the pores in the ECMs loaded with bFGF or ginsenoside Re. CONCLUSIONS: The aforementioned results indicated that like bFGF, ginsenoside Re-associated induction of angiogenesis enhanced tissue regeneration, supporting the concept of therapeutic angiogenesis in tissue-engineering strategies.

Angiogenesis Inducing Agents↗
PubMed1990

Further structural studies of anti-complementary acidic heteroglycans from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.

The three potent anti-complementary polysaccharides, GL-PI, GL-PII, and GL-PIV, isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, were subjected to base-catalysed beta-elimination in the presence of sodium borodeuteride or enzymic digestion with endo-alpha-D-(1----4)-polygalacturonase. beta-Eliminative degradation of GL-PI and GL-PII each gave neutral (IN and IIN) and acidic (IA and IIA) fractions. Each fraction N consisted of Ara, Rha, Gal, and Glc, whereas each fraction A comprised a large proportion of GalA in addition to Rha, Gal, Glc, and GLcA. Methylation analysis and g.l.c.-m.s. showed that each fraction IN and IIN contained Rha-(1----2)-Rha-ol-1-d, Rha-(1----4)-Rha-ol-1-d, Ara-(1----4)-Rha-ol-1-d, Gal-(1----4)-Rha-ol-1-d, Gal-(1----6)-Gal-ol-1-d, and GlcA-(1----4)-Rha-ol-1-d, and that IA and IIA contained Rha----Rha-ol-1-d, HexA----Rha-ol-1-d, and HexA----Rha----Rha-ol-1-d. Methylation analysis indicated that IN and IIN also contained high-molecular-weight 6-linked galactan and 4-linked glucan, and that IA and IIA consisted mainly of 2-linked Rha, 4-linked GalA, and terminal and 6-linked Gal. IIA contained more 2-linked Rha than IA. Endo-alpha-D-(1----4)-polygalacturonase-mediated digestion of GL-PIV produced a high-molecular-weight fraction (PG-1) which was rich in neutral sugars, fragments of intermediate size (PG-2), and oligosaccharides (PG-3). PG-1 contained a rhamnogalacturonan core, galactan (which mainly comprised terminal, 6-linked, and 4,6-disubstituted Gal), and 4-linked glucans. PG-2 contained (1----4)-linked alpha-galacturonan partially branched at position 2 or 3 and a rhamnogalacturonan core in addition to small proportions of Gal and Glc. PG-3 contained large proportions of oligogalacturonides.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Characterisation of an anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharide from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.

Structural characterisation of an anti-ulcer polysaccharide (GL-BIII), purified from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, was studied. Methylation analysis indicated that GL-BIII consisted mainly of terminal Arap, 4- or 5-substituted Ara, 2,4-disubstituted Rha, 4- and 6-substituted Gal, and 3,6-disubstituted Gal. Single radial gel diffusion using beta-glucosyl-Yariv antigen indicated that GL-BIII contained a small proportion of a beta-(1-->3,6)-galactan moiety. GL-BIII also contained terminal, 4-substituted, and 3,4-disubstituted GalA, and terminal and 4-substituted GlcA. Base-catalysed beta-elimination suggested that some 2-substituted Rha in GL-BIII was attached to position 4 of a 4-substituted uronic acid. Both mild acid hydrolysis and endo-alpha-(1-->4)-polygalacturonase digestion of GL-BIII did not give fragments consisting mainly of GalA. Methylation analysis and GC-MS analysis of acidic oligosaccharides liberated by partial acid hydrolysis indicated that GL-BIII contained a GalA-(1-->4)-Rha unit in addition to longer acidic units consisting of 2-substituted Rha and 4-substituted GalA. Lithium-mediated degradation of GL-BIII followed by borohydride reduction gave small amounts of fractions containing long and intermediate neutral oligosaccharide-alditols and a large amount of a fraction containing short oligosaccharide-alditols. The long neutral oligosaccharide-alditol fraction mainly comprised 4- or 5-substituted Ara, terminal Galf, 6-substituted Glc, and 2-substituted Man, whereas the intermediate oligosaccharide-alditol fraction consisted mainly of terminal and 6-substituted Galp, 6-substituted Glc, and 2-substituted Man. Methylation analysis and GC-MS analysis of the short oligosaccharide-alditol fraction suggested that it contained at least 14 kinds of di- to tetra-saccharide-alditols such as Gal-(1-->2)-Rha-ol, Gal-(1-->4)-Rha-ol, Ara-->Ara-ol, and Ara-->Ara-->Ara-ol.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by ginseng hairy root cultures.

Five new compounds (three esters and two glycosides) and seven previously reported compounds were isolated as biotransformation products of digitoxigenin by ginseng hairy root cultures. The new esters and glycosides were elucidated as digitoxigenin stearate, digitoxigenin palmitate, digitoxigenin myristate, 3-epidigitoxigenin beta-D-gentiobioside and digitoxigenin beta-D-sophoroside using 1H and 13CNMR and FAB mass spectral data. Biotransformations involving esterification (of stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid) and glycosylation (of gentiobiose and sophorose) of digitoxigenin have been demonstrated for the first time in the plant cell and tissue cultures. The hairy roots showed high glycosylation ability to the digitoxigenin molecule.

Angiotensinogen↗
PubMed1992

A bidesmosidic oleanolic acid saponin from Panax pseudo-ginseng.

A novel triterpenoid saponin, pseudo-ginsenoside-RI3, isolated from the rhizomes of Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus var. angustifolius has been characterized as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1----2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl (1----6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-olean-12-en-28-oic acid ester by physicochemical methods.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1995

Dammarane saponins from Panax ginseng.

From the dried roots of Panax ginseng two new minor dammarane saponins named koryoginsenoside-R1 and -R2 were isolated, along with fourteen known saponins. On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence, the structure of the new saponins were elucidated as 6-O-[trans butenoyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl dammar-24-en-3 beta,6 alpha,12 beta,20(S)-tetrol and 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[beta-D- glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] dammar-22-en-3 beta,12 beta, 20(S),- 25-tetrol, respectively.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cultured ginseng cells.

Nine compounds, including a new compound (digitoxigenin beta-D-glucoside malonyl ester), were isolated as biotransformation products of digitoxigenin by cell suspension cultures of Panax ginseng (Pg-3 cell line). At the same time, two known products were identified by TLC and HPLC.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of cocaine induced reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice.

Daily repeated administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg, over a 7-day period) developed reverse tolerance to the ambulation-accelerating effect of cocaine. Intraperitoneal administration of ginseng total saponin (GTS, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight) prior to and during chronic administration of cocaine inhibited the development of reverse tolerance. Dopamine receptor supersensitivity was also developed in reverse tolerant mice that had received the same cocaine. The development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity was evidenced by the enhanced hypothermic response to apomorphine (1 mg/kg) and the enhanced ambulatory activity of apomorphine (4 mg/kg). GTS also prevented the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the chronic administration of cocaine. These results provide that GTS may be useful for the prevention and therapy of the adverse action of cocaine. It is concluded that the development of reverse tolerance to the ambulation-accelerating effect of cocaine may be associated with the enhanced dopamine receptor sensitivity because both phenomena were blocked by GTS.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Crude saponin extracted from Vietnamese ginseng and its major constituent majonoside-R2 attenuate the psychological stress- and foot-shock stress-induced antinociception in mice.

Effects of Vietnamese ginseng (VG) crude saponin and majonoside-R2, a major saponin constituent, on the psychological stress- and foot shock stress-induced antinociception in the tail pinch test were examined in mice. VG crude saponin (6.2, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg, P.O.) attenuated psychological stress- but not foot shock stress-induced antinociceptive response, whereas majonoside-R2 (3, 6.2, and 12.5 mg/kg, P.O. and i.p.), as well as naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.), suppressed both psychological stress- and foot shock stress-induced antinociception. Pretreatment with the crude saponin (12.5 mg/kg, P.O.) or majonoside-R2 (6.2 mg/kg, P.O.) for 5 days followed by the treatment in combination with stress for next 5 days did not affect the development of adaptation to foot shock stress, but they significantly suppressed the antinociceptive action of the stress measured on the first, second, and third day during the stress exposure period. Majonoside-R2 (6.2 mg/kg, P.O.) but not the crude saponin (12.5 mg/kg, P.O.) significantly blocked the development of adaptation to psychological stress. These results suggest that VG crude saponin has the suppressing effect on psychological stress- and foot shock stress-induced antinociception and that majonoside-R2 is important for the action of the saponin.

Adaptation, Psychological↗