Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Fat Substitutes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Population-wide analysis of a QTL affecting milk-fat production in the Israeli Holstein population.

A population-wide linkage disequilibrium on bovine chromosome 14 between microsatellite ILSTS039 and DGAT1, a putative quantitative trait locus affecting milk production traits, was found in the Israeli Holstein population. A total of 394 bulls were genotyped for both DGAT1 and ILSTS039, and 1747 cows were genotyped for ILSTS039. The ILSTS039 allele termed "225," and the DGAT1 K allele (substitution of a lysine residue with alanine), were associated with decreased milk production, and increased fat production and fat and protein percent. The number of 225 ILSTS039 and K DGAT1 alleles per individual were the same for 80% of the bulls genotyped. From the effects associated with cows homozygous for the 225 allele, the effect of the quantitative trait locus appears to be approximately codominant. The substitution effect was 0.16% fat. Genotype probabilities for the quantitative gene were determined for the entire Israeli Holstein milk-recorded population, including 507,725 cows and 1442 bulls, using segregation analysis. Overall frequency of the allele that increased fat percent was 8.9% in cows and 15.5% in bulls. The frequency of this allele decreased from 1981 until 1990, from 15 to 5%, and since has increased to 10%. The effects estimated on the population-wide analyses of both cows and bulls were similar to the effect associated with DGAT1 in the daughters of genotyped bulls. Modified animal model evaluations were computed for the entire population with the effect of this gene included in the model. The correlations between the modified and standard animal model evaluations for all traits were > 0.99.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1999

Fatty acids in substitute formulas for cow's milk allergy.

BACKGROUND: The role of dietary fats in food-related allergic symptoms is increasingly being investigated, since the pivotal role of fat-derived inflammatory substances, e.g., leukotrienes, has been realized. The objective of this study was to describe the fatty acid composition of several commercially available infant formulas that are used as substitutes for adapted cow's milk formulas. METHODS: Samples of nine formulas (two soy, two extensively hydrolyzed casein, three extensively hydrolyzed whey, and two amino-acid-based formulas) and human milk as control were analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS: The quantity of fatty acids in the formulas was within the breast-milk range. The percentage of energy derived from fat was below the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition recommendations in two cases, but, in the others, it roughly met the recommendations. The percentage of energy derived from linoleic acid was as recommended in all but two cases, where it was higher than recommended. As indicated by a quality indicator, the linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid ratio, altogether four formulas were within either the recommendations or the analyzed breast-milk range. In three cases, it was 1.5-2.5 and in two cases 4-5 times higher than recommended. CONCLUSIONS: There are recommendations for infant formulas to meet nutritional requirements of fat intake, and the analyzed formulas are in most cases within the suggested ranges. However, little is known of requirements in allergic or inflammatory conditions, and whether these described fatty acid compositions are pro- or anti-inflammatory.

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of PPARgamma in high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.

It has been well demonstrated that insulin resistance plays an important role in the clustering of coronary risk factors through the progression of atherosclerosis in animal models of insulin resistance. In humans, a high-fat diet is the major cause of obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in high-fat diet induced-obesity and insulin resistance by gene targeting and case-control study using the common PPARgamma2 polymorphism in human subjects. Homozygous PPARgamma-deficient embryos died at 10.5-11.5 dpc due to placental dysfunction. Heterozygous PPARgamma-deficient mice were protected from the development of insulin resistance due to adipocyte hypertrophy under a high-fat diet and the phenotypes were abrogated by PPARgamma agonist treatment. Heterozygous PPARgamma-deficient mice showed overexpression and hypersecretion of leptin despite the smaller size of adipocytes and decreased fat mass, which may explain these phenotypes at least in part. This study reveals a hitherto unpredicted role for PPARgamma in high-fat diet-induced obesity due to adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance, which requires both alleles of PPARgamma. A Pro12Ala polymorphism has been detected in the human PPARgamma2 gene. Since this amino acid substitution may cause a reduction in the transcriptional activity of PPARgamma, this polymorphism may be associated with decreased insulin resistance and decreased risk of Type 2 diabetes. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed a case-control study of the Pro12Ala PPARgamma2 polymorphism. In an obese group, subjects with Ala12 were more insulin sensitive than those without. The frequency of Ala12 was significantly lower in the diabetic group, suggesting that this polymorphism protects against Type 2 diabetes. These results revealed that both in mice and humans, PPARgamma is a thrifty gene mediating Type 2 diabetes.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1991

Effects of diet and phenotype on adipose cellularity and 5'-deiodinase activity of liver and brown adipose tissue of diabetic SHR/N-cp rats.

1. Groups of lean and obese male SHR/N-cp rats were fed isoenergetic diets containing 54% carbohydrate as cornstarch (CS) or sucrose (SU) plus other nutrients from 5 weeks of age, and measures of adiposity, thyroxine 5' deiodinase (T4-5'DI) activity, and tissue and plasma triiodothyronine (T3) content determined at 9.5 months of age. 2. Body weights (BW) of obese greater than lean, and were greater when fed the SU than CS diet in both phenotypes. Phenotype effects (obese greater than lean) were present for fat pad weights and adipose cellularity in most primary adipose tissue depots, and diet effects (SU greater than CS) were present for epididymal and retroperitoneal depots in both phenotypes. 3. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) and IBAT:BW ratios of obese greater than lean, and diet effects (SU greater than CS) were present for lean but not obese rats. Liver T4-5'DI activity and plasma and tissue T3 of lean greater than obese, while IBAT 5'DI activity of obese greater than lean in the CS diet. 4. These results indicate that obesity occurs in the SHR/N-cp rat as the result of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose tissue, and that isoenergetic substitution of simple for complex carbohydrate exaggerates fat accretion in lean but not obese rats. Moreover, the obesity occurs in spite of greater mass, cellularity, and T4-5'DI activity of IBAT, consistent with a thermogenic defect in the obese phenotype of this strain.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Heating patterns produced by shortwave diathermy applicators in tissue substitute models.

To be a deep-heating modality, shortwave diathermy applicators have to heat the musculature more than the subcutaneous fat. In this study, commercially available and prototype shortwave diathermy applicators were tested using tissue substitute models which allow rapid thermographic scanning of the initial linear transient temperature rise in the subcutaneous fat and muscle. The specific absorption rates (SAR) of the electromagnetic radiation were calculated throughout the tissues. Great differences were found in the deep-heating capability of these applicators. Some of the applicators heated the subcutaneous fat more than the muscle, while others were more efficient in heating the musculature.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Human fatty acid synthesis is reduced after the substitution of dietary starch for sugar.

Using new nonisotopic and isotopic methods, we showed previously that fatty acid synthesis was markedly stimulated in weight-stable normal volunteers by a very-low-fat formula diet with 10% of energy as fat and 75% as short glucose polymers. In this study, we determined whether fatty acid synthesis was equally stimulated by a very-low-fat solid diet made with foods consumed typically. Four normal volunteers consumed the same very-low-fat formula diet for 25 d and then an isoenergetic solid food diet with 10% of energy as fat and 75% as starch, simple sugars, and fiber for 25 d. To measure fatty acid synthesis, the fatty acid compositions of the diets were matched to the composition of each subject's adipose tissue and compared with the composition of VLDL-triacylglycerol. In all subjects, the large increases in newly formed palmitate and decreases in linoleate in VLDL-triacylglycerol were quickly reversed by the solid food diet, and the fraction of de novo synthesized fatty acids in fasting VLDL-triacylglycerol decreased from 30-54% to 0-1%. In a second group of subjects, the stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by the formula diet with 75% glucose polymers was similarly reduced by a formula diet with amounts of fat, starch, and sugar chosen to mimic those of the solid food diet, but persisted after the addition of fiber or a diet with 75% sugar. In conclusion, an increase in fatty acid synthesis and palmitaterich, linoleate-poor VLDL-triacylglycerol induced by very-low-fat, high-sugar diets may be reduced by the substitution of dietary starch for sugar with potentially beneficial effects on cardiovascular health.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Association of a lysine-232/alanine polymorphism in a bovine gene encoding acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) with variation at a quantitative trait locus for milk fat content.

DGAT1 encodes diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (EC ), a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the final step of triglyceride synthesis. It became a functional candidate gene for lactation traits after studies indicated that mice lacking both copies of DGAT1 are completely devoid of milk secretion, most likely because of deficient triglyceride synthesis in the mammary gland. Our mapping studies placed DGAT1 close to the region of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on bovine chromosome 14 for variation in fat content of milk. Sequencing of DGAT1 from pooled DNA revealed significant frequency shifts at several variable positions between groups of animals with high and low breeding values for milk fat content in different breeds (Holstein-Friesian, Fleckvieh, and Braunvieh). Among the variants was a nonconservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A), with the lysine-encoding allele being associated with higher milk fat content. Haplotype analysis indicated the lysine variant to be ancestral. Two animals that were typed heterozygous (Qq) at the QTL based on marker-assisted QTL-genotyping were heterozygous for the K232A substitution, whereas 14 animals that are most likely qq at the QTL were homozygous for the alanine-encoding allele. An independent association study in Fleckvieh animals confirmed the positive effect of the lysine variant on milk fat content. We consider the nonconservative K232A substitution to be directly responsible for the QTL variation, although our genetic studies cannot provide formal proof.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2006

Variations in postprandial ghrelin status following ingestion of high-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein meals in males.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of postprandial acylated ghrelin to changes in macronutrient composition of meals in healthy adult males. METHODS: A randomized crossover study was performed. Ten healthy adult males were recruited. All subjects received, on separate occasions, a high-carbohydrate (HC), a high-fat (HF), and a high-protein (HP) meal. Blood samples were collected before and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min following the ingestion of each meal. Plasma acylated ghrelin as well as serum insulin, glucose, and triglycerides were measured. RESULTS: The levels of acylated ghrelin fell significantly following the three meals. The HC meal induced the most significant decrease in postprandial ghrelin secretion (-15.5 +/- 2.53 pg/ml) as compared with HF (-8.4 +/- 2.17 pg/ml) and HP (-10.0 +/- 1.79 pg/ml) meals (p < 0.05). However, at 180 min, the HP meal maintained significantly lower mean ghrelin levels (29.7 +/- 3.56 pg/ml) than both HC (58.4 +/- 5.75 pg/ml) and HF (45.7 +/- 5.89 pg/ml) meals and lower levels than baseline (43.4 +/- 5.34 pg/ml) (p <0.01). The postprandial insulin levels increased to significantly higher levels following the HC meal (+80.6 +/- 11.14 microU/ml) than following both HF (37.3 +/- 4.82 microU/ml) and HP (51.4 +/- 6.00 microU/ml) meals (p < 0.001). However, at 180 min, the mean insulin levels were found to be significantly higher following the HP meal (56.4 +/- 10.80 microU/ml) as compared with both HC (30.9 +/- 4.31 microU/ml) and HF (33.7 +/- 4.42 microU/ml) meals (p < 0.05). Acylated ghrelin was also found to be negatively correlated with circulating insulin levels, across all meals. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the nutrient composition of meals affects the extent of suppression of postprandial ghrelin levels and that partial substitution of dietary protein for carbohydrate or fat may promote longer-term postprandial ghrelin suppression and satiety. Our results also support the possible role of insulin in meal-induced ghrelin suppression.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

An amino acid substitution in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with increased fatty acid binding, increased fat oxidation, and insulin resistance.

The intestinal fatty acid binding protein locus (FABP2) was investigated as a possible genetic factor in determining insulin action in the Pima Indian population. A polymorphism at codon 54 of FABP2 was identified that results in an alanine-encoding allele (frequency 0.71) and a threonine-encoding allele (frequency 0.29). Pimas who were homozygous or heterozygous for the threonine-encoding allele were found to have a higher mean fasting plasma insulin concentration, a lower mean insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rate, a higher mean insulin response to oral glucose and a mixed meal, and a higher mean fat oxidation rate compared with Pimas who were homozygous for the alanine-encoding allele. Since the FABP2 threonine-encoding allele was found to be associated with insulin resistance and increased fat oxidation in vivo, we further analyzed the FABP2 gene products for potential functional differences. Titration microcalorimetry studies with purified recombinant protein showed that the threonine-containing protein had a twofold greater affinity for long-chain fatty acids than the alanine-containing protein. We conclude that the threonine-containing protein may increase absorption and/or processing of dietary fatty acids by the intestine and thereby increase fat oxidation, which has been shown to reduce insulin action.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Use of air displacement plethysmography for estimating body fat in a four-component model.

PURPOSE: To compare measurements of body density (D(b)) obtained from air displacement plethysmography (AP) and hydrostatic weighing (HW) and to determine the accuracy of substituting D(b) via AP (D(b)-AP) for D(b) via HW (D(b)-HW) in estimating body fatness (%Fat(4C)) and the composition and density of the fat-free mass (Dffm) from a four-component model (fat, mineral, water, and protein). METHODS: D(b) was measured in 50 young adults using AP and HW. Total body water via deuterium dilution, bone mineral content via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and D(b) were used to estimate %Fat(4C). RESULTS: D(b)-AP and D(b)-HW were highly correlated (r = 0.89, SEE = 0.008 g x mL(-1)), but D(b)-AP (1.065 +/- 0.003 g x mL(-1)) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than D(b)-HW (1.058 +/- 0.003 g x mL(-1)), resulting in a mean difference of 2.8%fat. Differences between %Fat(4C-AP) (17.8 +/- 1.2%) and %Fat(4C-HW) (19.3 +/- 1.2%) were significant (P < 0.05), but the SD of the differences (2.3%) was low. When D(b)-AP was used in a four-component model in place of D(b)-HW, the calculated Dffm was significantly higher (1.109 +/- 0.002 vs 1.105 +/- 0.002 g x mL(-1)) based on a higher (P < 0.05) protein fraction (22.0 +/- 0.4% vs 20.6 +/- 0.4%) and lower (P < 0.05) water (71.1 +/- 0.4% vs 72.4 +/- 0.4%) and mineral fractions (7.0 +/- 0.1% vs 7.1 +/- 0.1%). CONCLUSIONS: AP yields a higher D(b) than HW and may not be a valid method for measuring D(b) or estimating %fat using densitometry. However, due to relatively small bias and low individual error, D(b)-AP is an acceptable substitute for D(b)-HW when estimating %fat with a four-component model in young adults.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Medial meniscus replacement by a fat pad autograft. An experimental study in sheep.

The medial meniscus in 15 sheep was replaced by a pediculated infrapatellar fat pad graft and resulted in the development of a macroscopically meniscus-like structure within 6 months. Five additional sheep with a meniscectomy were controls. Degenerative changes in the fat pad autograft were visible after one year. Osteoarthritis of the weightbearing medial compartment was detected after 6 months. A temporary protective effect on the cartilage could be attributed to the autograft, but the long term results indicated that this was not permanent. Fat is not suitable as a meniscal substitute.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins through dietary intake.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) are potentially hazardous compounds. Since food is the major source (> 90%) for the accumulation of PCBs and dioxins in the human body, food habits in women determine the degree of fetal exposure and levels in human milk. In order to investigate an association between dietary intake and PCB and dioxin levels in human milk and PCB levels in maternal and cord plasma, the food intake of 418 Dutch women during pregnancy was recorded using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. After adjusting for covariates, a weak association was found between the estimated dietary intake of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), dioxins, and planar PCBs and their corresponding levels in breast milk. The estimated dietary intake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, dioxins, and planar PCBs was also related to the PCB levels in maternal and cord plasma. Dairy products accounted for about half and industrial oils for about a quarter of the estimated 2,3,7,8-TCDD, dioxin, and the planar PCB intake. It is concluded that the contribution of a pregnancy related diet to PCB and dioxin levels in human milk and to PCB levels in maternal and cord plasma is relatively low. Decrease of exposure to PCBs and dioxins of the fetus and the neonate probably requires long-term reduction of the intake of these pollutants. Substitution of normal cheese by low-fat cheese and the use of vegetable oils instead of fish oils in the preparation of foodstuffs by the food industry could contribute to a reduced intake of PCBs and dioxins.

Diet↗
PubMed2001

Considerations in planning vegan diets: infants.

Appropriately planned vegan diets can satisfy nutrient needs of infants. The American Dietetic Association and The American Academy of Pediatrics state that vegan diets can promote normal infant growth. It is important for parents to provide appropriate foods for vegan infants, using guidelines like those in this article. Key considerations when working with vegan families include composition of breast milk from vegan women, appropriate breast milk substitutes, supplements, type and amount of dietary fat, and solid food introduction. Growth of vegan infants appears adequate with post-weaning growth related to dietary adequacy. Breast milk composition is similar to that of non-vegetarians except for fat composition. For the first 4 to 6 months, breast milk should be the sole food with soy-based infant formula as an alternative. Commercial soymilk should not be the primary beverage until after age 1 year. Breastfed vegan infants may need supplements of vitamin B-12 if maternal diet is inadequate; older infants may need zinc supplements and reliable sources of iron and vitamins D and B-12. Timing of solid food introduction is similar to that recommended for non-vegetarians. Tofu, dried beans, and meat analogs are introduced as protein sources around 7-8 months. Vegan diets can be planned to be nutritionally adequate and support growth for infants.

Child Development↗
PubMed2001

The juvenile hormone binding protein of silkworm haemolymph: gene and functional analysis.

A cDNA fragment of haemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein (hJHBP) from larvae of Bombyx mori was amplified by RT-PCR using degenerate primers based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified hJHBP and a conserved region near the C-terminus of other lepidopteran hJHBPs. 5'- and 3'-ends were amplified by RACE to yield cDNAs, hJHBP1 and hJHBP2, encoding 225 amino acids with three substitutions. hJHBP-mRNA levels in the fat body were constant in the 4th instar, but decreased in the 5th. JHBP protein was constant until wandering, then declined. Recombinant hJHBP1 expressed in E. coli migrated on SDS-PAGE with a Mr of 32 kDa and showed a Kd of 4.5 x 10-7 M with JH III, both similar to those of native hJHBP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Fine-mapping of quantitative trait loci by identity by descent in outbred populations: application to milk production in dairy cattle.

We previously mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting milk production to bovine chromosome 14. To refine the map position of this QTL, we have increased the density of the genetic map of BTA14q11-16 by addition of nine microsatellites and three single nucleotide polymorphisms. Fine-mapping of the QTL was accomplished by a two-tiered approach. In the first phase, we identified seven sires heterozygous "Qq" for the QTL by marker-assisted segregation analysis in a Holstein-Friesian pedigree comprising 1,158 individuals. In a second phase, we genotyped the seven selected sires for the newly developed high-density marker map and searched for a shared haplotype flanking an hypothetical, identical-by-descent QTL allele with large substitution effect. The seven chromosomes increasing milk fat percentage were indeed shown to carry a common chromosome segment with an estimated size of 5 cM predicted to contain the studied QTL. The same haplotype was shown to be associated with increased fat percentage in the general population as well, providing additional support in favor of the location of the QTL within the corresponding interval.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The sensory properties of products made with microparticulated protein.

The use of microparticulation to develop products that can be substituted for all or part of the fat portion of food products necessitates the sensory evaluation of these food products to discover formulations, which deliver appearance, flavor, and texture properties similar to the original full-fat foods. Specific consumer and technical/expert attributes are discussed and related to each other to provide guidelines by which microparticulates can be evaluated alone and in different food systems.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1981

Consequences of modified fasting in obese pediatric and adolescent patients: effect of a carbohydrate-free diet on serum proteins.

Serum proteins were monitored during three studies of obese adolescents treated with protein-supplemented fasting in a clinical research center. In the first study of nine patients, small but significant decreases were noted for total serum protein, albumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, and complement beta 1c after 4 wk of carbohydrate-free protein-supplemented fast. In a further study of four of these same patients, the substitution of 400 glucose cal for 400 fat cal in a 5th wk of dietary study returned the total protein and retinol-binding protein concentrations to base-line levels. In a 3rd study of four patients, only complement beta 1c was significantly below base-line concentrations after 3 wk on a carbohydrate-containing protein-supplemented fast. There is an apparent metabolic effect of carbohydrate ingestion on maintaining usual concentrations of serum proteins.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Characteristics of thyroid function in experimental protein malnutrition.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of protein malnutrition on thyroid function. Resting oxygen consumption and serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured and correlated with thyroid histology, gain in weight, feed efficiency and carcass energy content in male rats fed isoenergetic diets ad libitum containing 22% (control) or 8% (protein malnourished, PM) casein for 28 or 32 days postweaning. A third group was pair-fed to the PM rats with the control diet. In experiment 2 additional groups were pair-fed to the PM rats with 8% casein diets in which the casein was substituted with different mixtures of carbohydrate and fat. Resting oxygen consumption/body weight (0.75) decreased as body weights increased in all groups, but was consistently greatest in PM rats. In PM rats, plasma T3 was 130% of controls after 11 days of the dietary regimen and averaged 215% of controls from days 18 through 32. In experiment 2 both T3 and T4 concentrations were approximately twice controls in all PM groups. TSH concentrations were within the normal range in all groups throughout. Feed efficiency averaged 36 to 40% of controls and mean weight gain was 30 g after 28 days in the PM groups, compared to 114 and 91 g, respectively, in the pair-fed control rats. Carcass energy content of PM rats after 28 days was significantly lower than in control or pair-fed control rats. Thyroid morphology was compatible with increased secretory activity in all the protein-malnourished groups, compared with normal activity in the control and pair-fed control groups. Thermogenesis, as measured by oxygen consumption, was markedly increased in the PM rats compared to controls. These observations are consistent with a diet-induced thermogenesis in the protein-malnourished rats. In contrast to simple under-nutrition where energy expenditure may be conserved by decreases in thyroid function and thermogenesis, increases in thyroid function and thermogenesis in protein malnutrition could provide an energy balancing mechanism whereby unneeded non-protein energy in the diet could be dissipated as heat, and survival enhanced.

Animals↗