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PubMed1997

Processing of facial expressions of emotion and alexithymia.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to examine emotional responsiveness in alexithymia. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design was followed with the alexithymia variable being manipulated by subject stratification based on Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20-H. METHOD: Alexithymics (N = 12) and non-alexithymics (N = 12) were asked to match, label and verbally describe photographs displaying facial emotions along with TAT card II. RESULTS: Alexithymics did not differ from non-alexithymics in emotional matching and labelling tasks but had significant difficulty in verbally describing emotional expressions as evident by less duration of utterance, greater response latency and increased linguistic-type speech disruptions. Speech disruptions did not produce a group difference for TAT card II. CONCLUSION: Such difficulty in alexithymics may be associated with their inability to use emotional words in the appropriate context.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The Noh mask effect: vertical viewpoint dependence of facial expression perception.

Full-face masks, worn by skilled actors in the Noh tradition, can induce a variety of perceived expressions with changes in head orientation. Out-of-plane rotation of the head changes the two-dimensional image characteristics of the face which viewers may misinterpret as non-rigid changes due to muscle action. Three experiments with Japanese and British viewers explored this effect. Experiment 1 confirmed a systematic relationship between vertical angle of view of a Noh mask and judged affect. A forward tilted mask was more often judged happy, and one backward tilted more often judged sad. This effect was moderated by culture. Japanese viewers ascribed happiness to the mask at greater degrees of backward tilt with a reversal towards sadness at extreme forward angles. Cropping the facial image of chin and upper head contour reduced the forward-tilt reversal. Finally, the relationship between head tilt and affect was replicated with a laser-scanned human face image, but with no cultural effect. Vertical orientation of the head changes the apparent disposition of facial features and viewers respond systematically to these changes. Culture moderates this effect, and we discuss how perceptual strategies for ascribing expression to familiar and unfamiliar images may account for the differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Sonoanatomy of the muscles of facial expression.

Primary anatomic studies served for identification and differentiation of the individual mimetic muscles. As a second step, we investigated the clinical potential of ultrasound imaging to visualize the mimetic musculature in 15 volunteers. This examination technique was used to diagnose pathological alterations, especially associated with facial palsy. The excellent sonographic visualization of the mimetic musculature indicates that this technique may be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis and differentiation of facial palsy, as well as in planning plastic surgery and reconstructive procedures, and in follow-up care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A multimethod, multichannel assessment of affective flattening in schizophrenia.

Flat affect was examined across multiple contexts (during interviews and emotional films), multiple channels of expression (facial and vocal), and different assessment techniques (clinical ratings, observational ratings of facial expression, and acoustic analyses) in 23 medication-free schizophrenic patients. Patients participated in three different interviews during which either clinical ratings were made or their voices were audiotaped for later acoustic analyses. Patients were also videotaped while they viewed positive and negative emotional films. The videotapes were then coded for the frequency, intensity, and duration of positive and negative facial expressions. Results indicated that general clinical ratings were related across different interviews. However, only those items specific to affective flattening bore significant relationships to vocal and facial expressiveness. Vocal expressiveness and negative facial expressiveness were related, but vocal expressiveness was not related to positive facial expressiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Right brain, left brain; left face, right face: hemisphericity and the expression of facial emotion.

Research on the asymmetry of facial expressions is reviewed in terms of neuroanatomy, qualitative and quantitative measures of asymmetrical expression, method of expression elicitation (spontaneous, posed, imagery-based), type of expression (happy, sad, etc.), and expression rating procedures. Neuroanatomical evidence indicated that contralateral control of facial musculature exists only for the lower face and that different motor pathways are responsible for spontaneous versus posed expressions. Empirical research on the differential assignment of qualitative trait attributes to facial regions was judged to be meagre and data on quantitative differences in the asymmetry of facial expressions was inconclusive because of the wide variability in methodology across past investigations. Specific suggestions for future investigations in this area are offered and alternative conceptualizations of hemisphericity and facial asymmetry proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Beyond threat: amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect.

The amygdala has been consistently isolated as a key neural substrate for processing facial displays of affect. Recent evidence from human lesion and functional neuroimaging studies have begun to challenge the notion that the amygdala is reserved for signals of threat (fear/anger). We performed a 4 T fMRI study in which 20 subjects viewed a contemporary set of photographs displaying 6 different facial expressions (fearful, disgusted, angry, sad, neutral, happy) while performing a task with minimal cognitive demand. Across subjects, the left amygdala was activated by each face condition separately, and its response was not selective for any particular emotion category. These results challenge the notion that the amygdala has a specialized role in processing certain emotions and suggest that the amygdala may have a more general-purpose function in processing salient information from faces.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Studying the dynamics of emotional expression using synthesized facial muscle movements.

Synthetic images of facial expression were used to assess whether judges can correctly recognize emotions exclusively on the basis of configurations of facial muscle movements. A first study showed that static, synthetic images modeled after a series of photographs that are widely used in facial expression research yielded recognition rates and confusion patterns comparable to posed photos. In a second study, animated synthetic images were used to examine whether schematic facial expressions consisting entirely of theoretically postulated facial muscle configurations can be correctly recognized. Recognition rates for the synthetic expressions were far above chance, and the confusion patterns were comparable to those obtained with posed photos. In addition, the effect of static versus dynamic presentation of the expressions was studied. Dynamic presentation increased overall recognition accuracy and reduced confusions between unrelated emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Now you see it, now you don't--the confusing case of confusion as an emotion: commentary on Rozin and Cohen (2003).

P. Rozin and A. B. Cohen (2003) contend that confusion is an emotion because it is valenced, it has a distinct facial expression, and it has a distinct internal state. On the basis of these criteria, they call for further study of this unstudied stateand challenge emotion researchers to consider "confusion" to be an emotion. The author agrees with Rozin and Cohen (2003) that confusion is an affective state, is valenced, has an (internal) object, may be expressed facially, and that laypersons may, under certain circumstances, consider it an emotion. However, its expression is likely to be an expressive component of emotions for which goal obstruction is central. Further, confusion may also not be as commonly considered an emotion by laypersons, as Rozin and Cohen contend. Finally, confusion is not unstudied, only most of the time it is not emotion researchers who do the researching.

Confusion↗
PubMed2000

Context effects of facial appearance on attitudes toward mentally handicapped persons.

The influence of facial appearance on social attitudes was examined by exposing participants to the faces of three target persons with or without deviant facial features, posing happy, angry or sad facial expressions, or a mixture of these expressions. When they displayed negative emotional expressions, facially deviant targets were judged more negatively than non-deviant targets. Irrespective of emotional expression and level of personal experience, participants expressed more negative attitudes toward mentally handicapped persons in general after exposure to deviant faces than after exposure to non-deviant faces, or in the absence of exposure. However, correlational analyses suggested that only at low levels of personal experience were attitudes influenced by previously formed impressions of deviant exemplars. Results are discussed in terms of the motivational relevance of physical features in stigmatization, and context and exemplar effects in stereotyping and attitude measurement. Practical implications are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effect of face familiarity on age decision.

The present experiment was planned to check whether the extraction of apparent age is affected by face identity (familiarity) or not. According to the traditional view, age estimation should be carried out independently of face identity, because it is one of the visually derived semantic codes (like gender and ethnicity). However, little is known about its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, some recent studies have cast doubt on the parallel thesis regarding facial expression, facial speech, ethnicity, and gender. Given the promising results of a pilot experiment (n=24), 16 Caucasian participants were enrolled in an "age decision" task on morphed faces derived from one old and one young source-face, in the proportion 70:30. The respondents had previously been familiarised with half the source faces by a learning procedure (associating the face, surname, occupation and city of residence of the person displayed), while the remaining half were unfamiliar. The results showed that age decision was affected by face familiarity, at least when the task was perceptually difficult enough. This adds support to the thesis that the identification of identity and the extraction of visually derived semantic codes are not made independently from each other. The status of age, within the visually derived semantic codes, is also discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Ethnic categorisation of faces is not independent of face identity.

Is the extraction of a visually derived semantic code from faces (ethnicity) affected by face identity (familiarity) or not? The traditional view considers that this operation is made independently of face identity, and in parallel with the recognition of identity. However, some recent studies cast doubt on this parallel thesis regarding other visually derived semantic codes, namely: facial expression, facial speech, apparent age, and gender. Twenty-eight Caucasian participants were enrolled in an 'ethnic-decision' task on morphed faces made of an Asiatic source face and a Caucasian source face, in the proportion of 70%-30%. Half of the original faces were previously made familiar by a learning procedure (associating the face, surname, occupation, and city of residence of the person displayed), while the remaining half were unfamiliar. The results showed clearly that ethnic decision was affected by face familiarity. This adds support to the thesis according to which the identification of identity and the extraction of visually derived semantic codes are not made independently from each other and that the 'parallel-route' hypothesis becomes weakly supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[A case of predominantly right-temporal lobe atrophy with disturbance of identifying familiar faces].

A right-handed 72-year-old man (I.K.) who complained of difficulty identifying familiar faces was investigated on a series of tests of face perception (face matching, recognition of age and sex, and meaning of facial expressions), facial identity (faces of families and famous persons as retrograde ones and his doctor's faces as anterograde ones) and other neuropsychological abilities. His scores of face perception tests were normal or mildly disturbed. His memory performances measured with WMS-R and Rey-Osterrieth figure were normal. But he could identify none of anterograde and retrograde faces and failed to experience any familiarity with those faces. In addition, he could not recognize none of voices of family members and a doctor, despite of being able to recognize about the age and sex of voice. On the other hand, he could describe personalities of his family members and doctors, but knew none of famous people. Memory for personal events in the recent and remote past was well preserved, while that for social events was severely disturbed in both past. In addition to impairment of identification of familiar faces, he had severe problems with identifying famous common buildings and animals. He also presented Gogi (word meaning) aphasia and impairment of semantic memory for some common objects. Tyrrell et al. reported a similar case and McNeil et al. examined the patient on covert recognition of face in detail. On their task, he showed no covert effects and they attributed the result to impairment of face recognition units themselves. Their way of thinking seems to give an explanation of I.K.'s disturbance of anterograde and retrograde memory for faces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Expression is computed separately from facial identity, and it is computed separately for moving and static faces: neuropsychological evidence.

We report data contrasting the processing of facial identity from static photographs, and facial expression from static and moving images, in two patients with face processing impairments. One patient is markedly impaired at perceiving facial identity and he is poor at discriminating facial expression and gender from static photographs of faces. In contrast, he performs normally when required to make judgements of facial expression and gender to faces depicted by sets of moving light dots. The second patient is relatively good at perceiving facial identity, but poor at judging emotional expression from both static and moving faces. The data are consistent with the existence of separate processes for encoding face identity and facial expression, and, furthermore, indicate the separate encoding of expression from moving and static images.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1980

Does sex make a difference? Gender, age, and stimulus realism in perception and evaluation of aggression.

Judged aggressiveness and its justifiability were examined with caricature cartoons and films of people doing comparable things. Effects of viewer gender, interactant gender, and facial expression were examined. Facial expression strongly affected both types of judgment, viewer gender had no influence, and interactant gender contributed slightly. Real-cartoon differences were significant, but accounted for little variance. Major response patterns were similar for films of people and cartoons. In two developmental studies, only facial expression influenced judgments of friendliness-hostility in cartoons, but condemnation of aggression decreased as viewer age increased. Results with films of real children followed those for cartoons. Facial expression influenced judged aggressiveness, but only viewer age affected judged justifiability. Cross-experiment comparisons revealed that facial expression and the facial expression X real-cartoon interaction yielded major differences on both dependent variables. Subject and interactant gender were not significant for major dependent variables. Results of the developmental studies were similar to adults' suggesting that for judgments of simple aggressive acts, sex makes no difference, but facial expression does make a difference.

Adolescent↗