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PubMed2003

The impact of new epidemiological information on a risk analysis for the introduction of avian influenza viruses in imported poultry meat.

New Zealand has never experienced an outbreak of avian influenza, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has long been wary of the possibility of introducing high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in imported goods. Besides the potential threat posed to poultry, there are concerns that introduced viruses might have negative effects on already endangered native avian species. Under the framework of the World Trade Organization, the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) agreement requires member countries to base their sanitary measures for imported animal products on the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) standard or on a scientific assessment of risk. This paper presents the New Zealand experience with assessing the risk of avian influenza viruses in imported chicken meat and considers how the assessment of risk has changed in recent years as a result of the advances in understanding of the disease. The currently accepted view that low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses are widespread and that they mutate to virulence after introduction into poultry has important implications concerning the appropriate definition for avian influenza viruses of regulatory concern and has possible implications concerning the significance of viruses present in this country.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1996

Rift Valley fever in Nigeria: infections in humans.

Between 1985 and 1989, a total of 3,121 human sera collected from different population groups in six ecological zones of Nigeria were tested for the presence of antibodies to Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus by the haemagglutination-inhibition test. All reactive sera were further tested by the plaque reduction neutralisation test and specific RVF immunoglobulin M (IgM) assay. A total of 461 sera (14.8%) demonstrated haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody and 390 of the 461 initially reactive sera (84.6%) revealed neutralising antibodies. A significantly higher exposure to the virus was found among livestock workers and wildlife rangers than in other categories of people tested. The rate of positive reactions was higher in adults of 30 years or more than in younger age groups. Of 461 sera tested for specific RVF IgM, 107 gave positive results (23.2%). The highest prevalence of RVF IgM was found among livestock and forestry workers. In the longitudinal survey, an RVF virus infection rate of 6.7% was demonstrated. The infection rate was significantly higher during the wet season than during the dry season of the same year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Ohio drinking water source and cancer rates.

The 88 counties of Ohio were classified as either ground water or surface water counties based on the source of the drinking water used by a majority of the county residents included in the 1963 U.S. Public Health Service Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities. Average cancer mortality rates for surface and ground water counties were compared using analysis of covariance. Mortality rates for stomach, bladder, and all malignant neoplasms were higher for white males in counties served by surface water supplies than in counties served by ground water supplies. Mortality rates for stomach neoplasms were higher for white females in surface water counties. These differences in mortality rates were not attributable to other factors known to be associated with cancer death rates including urbanization, median income, population size, manufacturing activity, and agriculture-forestry-fishery activity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Fatal occupational injury rates: Quebec, 1981 through 1988.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to estimate the death rates from occupational injuries in the province of Quebec for the period 1981 through 1988. METHODS: Worker's compensation files were used to ascertain numbers of deaths, which were used as the numerators in figuring the rates (it was estimated that these files reported 83% of the true number of deaths among men). Annual average estimates of the labor force were used as denominators. RESULTS: From 1981 through 1988, compensation was awarded for 1227 fatal work injuries. Among men (96% of the victims), rates declined from 1981 to 1988 (from 12.7 to 8.1 per 100,000); women's rates were stable (< or = 1.0 per 100,000). Compared with men, women had excess mortality from violent acts. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 36% of all fatal injuries in 1984 and 1985 and declined thereafter. Fatal injury rates in forestry and mining rose to a 1987 maximum of 67.6 per 100,000. The construction sector had the largest number of deaths, despite a decline in rates from 1981 to 1988 (from 27.8 to 15.9 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Except for construction and agriculture, reported fatal occupational injury rates in Quebec were similar to those in the United States. Motor vehicle crashes, falls, violent acts, and farming-related injuries were the most frequent causes of death.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spray deposition of two insecticides into surface waters in a South African orchard area.

Drift from pesticide spray application can result in contamination of nontarget environments such as surface waters. Azinphos-methyl (AZI) and endosulfan (END) deposition in containers of water was studied in fruit orchards in the Western Cape, South Africa. Additionally, attention was given to the contamination in farm streams, as well as to the resulting contamination of the subsequent main channel (Lourens River) approx. 25 km downstream of the tributary stream inlets. Spray deposit decreased with increasing distance downwind and ranged from 4.7 mg m(-2) within the target area to 0.2 mg m(-2) at 15 m downwind (AZI). Measured in-stream concentrations of both pesticides compared well with theoretical values calculated from deposition data for the respective distances. Furthermore, they were in the range of values predicted by an exposure assessment based on 95th-percentile values for basic drift deposition (German Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry [BBA] and USEPA). Pesticide deposition in the tributaries was followed by a measurable increase of contamination in the Lourens River. Mortality of midges (Chironomus spp.) exposed for 24 h to samples obtained from the AZI trials decreased with decreasing concentrations (estimated LC50 from field samples = 10 microg L(-1) AZI; lethal distance: LD50 = 13 m). Mortality in the tributary samples averaged 11% (0.5-1.7 microg L(-1) AZI), while no mortality was discernible in the Lourens River samples (0.041 microg L(-1)). The sublethal endpoint failure to form tubes from the glass beads provided was significantly increased at all sites in comparison with the control (analysis of variance [ANOVA], Fisher's protected least significant difference [PLSD], p < 0.01).

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental fate and impacts of sulfometuron on watersheds in the southern United States.

Dissipation of sulfometuron (SM), methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl] benzoate, in streamflow, sediment, plant tissue, litter, and soil following operational forestry applications at the target rate of 0.42 kg a.i. ha(-1) was monitored. Streamflow samples were collected at a weir on the perimeter and 30, 60, and 150 m downstream from the perimeter of the application site. Sulfometuron was detected in streamflow at low levels up to 29 days after treatment (DAT) on the watershed treated with the 75% dispersible granule formulation (Oust; DuPont Chemical Company, Wilmington, DE) and less than 53 DAT on the watershed treated with the experimental formulation (1% pellet). Twenty-four-hour average SM concentration in water ranged from not detected to a maximum of 49.3 microg L(-1). Sulfometuron was not detected at quantifiable levels (1 microg L(-1)) 150 m downstream. Stream sediment, vegetation, litter, and soil were sampled periodically up to 180 DAT. All samples were analyzed for SM by high performance liquid chromatography. Sulfometuron dissipated from these watersheds with half-lives that ranged from 4 d in plant tissues to 33 d in soil. Acidic soil solution on these treated watersheds contributed to their rapid dissipation. Environmental impacts are discussed for these watersheds in the context of available toxicological data.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Poultry litter application to loblolly pine forests: growth and nutrient containment.

Forestland application of poultry manure offers an alternative to the conventional practice of pastureland application. Before such a practice is considered viable, however, it must be demonstrated that the forest ecosystem is capable of absorbing the nutrients contained in poultry manure, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). From the forestry perspective, it must also be demonstrated that tree growth is not diminished. We investigated these questions using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands growing in central Mississippi in an area of high poultry production. Stockpiled broiler litter was applied to newly thinned, 8-yr-old stands at 0, 4.6, and 18.6 dry Mg ha-1, supplying 0, 200, and 800 kg N ha-1 and 0, 92, and 370 kg P ha-1, respectively. Levels of nitrate in soil water, monitored at a 50-cm depth with porous cup tension lysimeters, exceeded 10 mg N L-1 during the first two years after application in the 18.6 Mg ha-1 rate but only on two occasions in the first year for the lower rate of application. Phosphate was largely absent from lysimeter water in all treatments. Other macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg, S) were elevated in lysimeter water in proportion to litter application rates. Soil extractable nitrate showed similar trends to lysimeter water, with substantial elevation during the first year following application for the 18.6 Mg ha-1 rate. Mehlich III-extractable phosphate peaked in excess of 100 microg P g-1 soil during the third year of the study for the 18.6 Mg ha-1 rate. The 4.6 Mg ha-1 rate did not affect extractable soil P. Tree growth was increased by the poultry litter. Total stem cross-sectional area, or basal area, was approximately 20% greater after 2 yr for both rates of litter application. Overall, the nutrients supplied by the 4.6 Mg ha-1 rate were contained by the pine forest and resulted in favorable increases in tree growth. The higher rate, by contrast, did pose some risk to water quality through the mobilization of nitrate. These results show that, under the conditions of this study, application of poultry litter at moderate rates of approximately 5 Mg ha-1 to young stands of loblolly pine offers an alternative disposal option with minimal impacts to water quality and potential increases in tree growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Water quality monitoring: the basis for watershed management in the Oldman River Basin, Canada.

The Oldman River flows 440 km from its headwaters in south-western Alberta, through mountains, foothills and plains into the South Saskatchewan River. Peak flows occur in May and June. Three major reservoirs, together with more than a dozen other structures, supply water to nine irrigation districts and other water users in the Oldman basin. Human activity in the basin includes forestry, recreation, oil and gas development, and agriculture, including a large number of confined livestock feeding operations. Based on the perception of basin residents that water quality was declining and of human health concern, the Oldman River Basin Water Quality Initiative was formed in 1997 to address the concerns. There was limited factual information, and at the time there was a desire for finger pointing. Results (1998-2002) show that mainstem water quality remains good whereas tributary water quality is more of a challenge. Key variables of concern are nutrients, bacteria and pesticides. Point source discharges are better understood and better regulated, whereas non-point source runoff requires more attention. Recent data on Cryptosporidium and Giardia species are providing benefit for focusing watershed management activities. The water quality data collected is providing a foundation to implement community-supported urban and rural better management practices to improve water quality.

Alberta↗
PubMed2003

Interaction between Japanese flowering cherry trees and some wild animals observed during physiological experiment in fields.

We have studied the weeping habit of Japanese flowering cherry tree in the field of Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute at the foot of Mt. Takao. Since cherry trees at various age were the materials for our plant physiology experiments, our studies were conducted in the fields where we experienced certain difficulties. Even under such difficult environment that was rather unexpected and uncontrollable, we could obtain fruitful results on the growth of cherry tree, and found them scientifically significant, especially in terms of biological effects of gravity on earth. Moreover, a lot of interesting interactions of cherry trees with various kinds of animals were observed in parallel to the plant physiology.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Background characteristics of basic health examination participants: the JPHC Study Baseline Survey.

BACKGROUND: Although epidemiologic studies including the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease (JPHC study) have frequently used the basic health examination participants as study subjects, their background characteristics have rarely been investigated. The aim of this study is to clarify the background characteristics of participants and to discuss their impact on epidemiologic studies. METHODS: Subjects were 43,140 (Cohort I) and 34,892 (Cohort II) respondents aged 40-59 years who completed a self-administered questionnaire in 1990 or 1993-94 by the JPHC Study. Respondents whose data of the basic health examination were also available were defined as participants. We compared their sociodemographic factors, personal medical history, and lifestyle-related factors with those of non-participants. RESULTS: Participants tended to be older and less educated. They were more likely to engage in agriculture, forestry and fisheries or to be self-employed persons, or homemakers. Male participants smoked less and were more likely to drink alcohol beverage moderately. Female participants smoked and drank less but tended to participate more in sports and physical exercise in their leisure time. Both male and female participants tended to eat fruits and green vegetables more often than non-participants. In short, participants had a different socioeconomic status from non-participants and a favorable lifestyle profile, especially among women. These findings were principally consistent between the two cohorts. CONCLUSION: These differences between participants and non-participants in the basic health examination might cause a selection bias that limits the application of the results to only participants in the basic health examination.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

National survey on accidental low back pain in workplace.

Out of the "Report on Workers" Casualties" presented by the employers in the entire nation in 1986 and 1988 to the Labor Standards Inspection Offices, 13,166 cases diagnosed as low back pain (5,820 cases in 1986 and 7,346 cases in 1988) were sampled and studied. This survey revealed that its incidence in men was about 4 times greater than that in women, being noted uniformely in all age groups except the 50 or older age group in men. As to types of industry, it was seen to be high in those working in the mining and cargo industries, as well as those working in the transport, traffic, forestry and agriculture, livestock, and fishing industries. As to the types of occupation, the incidence of low back pain was high in those working in transportation and construction. Onset was noted every month throughout the year, but a little less in December. It was pronounced at the beginning of the week, and seemed to peak immediately after starting the day's work, at 9 a.m. followed by 10 a.m. There was a trend toward accidental low back pain being caused frequently when one worked in an unnatural posture, especially in regular work when acting single-handed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2004

Occupations and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in South Korea.

We performed a hospital based case-control study in the southeast region of Korea to clarify the role of occupational exposure, especially manganese (Mn), in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and to discover the association between any occupation and PD. 105 outpatients with PD and 129 neurological disease controls and 101 healthy controls were interviewed. We employed occupational and industrial categories as defined by Section (the most broad category) and Division (sub-category) of the Korea Standard Industry Code and the Korea Standard Classification of Occupations. There was not a significant association between exposure to hazardous materials, especially Mn and PD. There were not any occupations listed under the Section of Industry Classification as a significant risk factor or protective factor for PD. However, the 'clerk' occupation [Section] was positively associated with PD. There is a decreased risk for PD with a subject ever having worked in the 'agriculture, forestry and fishery' occupational group. Ever having worked in 'sales' also was negatively associated with PD. There were not any Divisions of Industry found as a significant risk factor or protective factor for PD. However, ever having worked in an 'agriculture' Division of Occupation was negatively associated with PD.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1998

An introductory-level companion animal care course: student perception and subsequent performance.

A survey and pre- and postcourse examinations were administered to students (n = 23) enrolled in a companion animal (dog and cat) care course. The course objectives were to assess a student's knowledge base and then help him or her gain the knowledge to maintain the health, well-being, and longevity of companion animals. Four teaching modules were used in this course: 1) general lectures by the instructor; 2) special topics presented by guest professors; 3) videos shown in class; and 4) out-of-class experiential learning projects. The examination questions were developed from these modules. At the end of the academic term (quarter), students evaluated the course and each teaching module using a scale of 1 (= poor) to 5 (= very good). Seventy percent of the students enrolled in the course were female. The disciplines represented were animal health/preveterinary medicine (34.8%), animal science (21.7%), arts and science (13.0%), education (8.7%), forestry (8.6%), nursing education (4.4%), and 8.7% undecided. Only 15% had been exposed to an animal and dairy science introductory course. Students rated the course good (4.2 +/- .83 with 5 = very good) and agreed (4.4 +/- .87 with 5 = strongly agree) that the course provided a valuable learning experience. Average student score on the precourse examination (38.6% correct answers) improved dramatically on the postcourse examination (92.0% correct answers; P < .001). A positive correlation was observed between students' evaluation of the teaching modules and their total postcourse examination score (P < .05). Results indicated that the companion animal care course attracted students from disciplines other than that of animal science. Students evaluated the course as favorable, and their knowledge base of companion animal care was significantly expanded.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Field evaluation of deet, Repel Care, and three plant based essential oil repellents against mosquitoes, black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and land leeches (Arhynchobdellida: Haemadipsidae) in Thailand.

Diethyl methyl benzamide, or deet, a commercial plant-based repellent (Repel Care), and essential ils from 3 species of plants (finger root rhizomes, guava leaves, and turmeric rhizomes), steam distillated and formulated as insect repellents, were evaluated in the field on human volunteers against hematophagous mosquitoes, black flies, and land leeches in Thailand. Field trials were conducted against wild mosquitoes in Bang Bua Thong District, Nonthaburi Province, and in the Thap Lan National Park Headquarters, Nadee District, Pranchinburi Province; anthroophilic black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) at the Forestry Fire Control Station in Doi Inthanon National Park, Chomthong district, Chiang Mai Province; and land leeches (Arhynchobdellida: Haemadipsidae) in the Khao Yai National Park, Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. The 3 experimental plant-based essential oil formulations as well as Repel Care and deet provided complete protection from mosquito landing and biting for up to 9 h (duration of the experiment). Similar results were obtained with the 5 products against black flies, providing 100% protection for 9 h but 96-82% protection after 10 and 11 h posttreatment. The 5 repellent products also provided 100% protection against land leeches for at least 8 h. Thi is the 1st report of repellency of plant-based repellents against black flies and land leeches in Thailand. The identification and availability of inexpensive sources of plant-based oils, i.e., finger root rhizomes, guava leaves, and turmeric rhizomes providing long-lasting repellency against blood-sucking organisms are promising leads into commercial production of relatively safe and effective repellents.

Aedes↗
PubMed1991

Use of peroxidase-labelled antigen for the detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in human and animal sera.

We have developed a modified ELISA for the detection of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) antibodies based on a peroxidase enzyme labelled antigen (ELAT). Microtiter plates were coated with antigen of Bb. The immunoglobulins of the serum samples were bound to the antigen and specific antibodies were detected by an enzyme labelled antigen. The test principle facilitates the recognition of specific antibodies in different collectives of human and animal sera. We performed epidemiological studies with the ELAT on 231 sera from mothers in maternity wards (9.5% positive), 219 patient sera sent to the Bb routine diagnostics (15% positive) and 230 sera from forestry workers (21.3% positive). We further investigated sera from red deer from South Lower Saxony which remained 55% Bb-antibody positive; deer were 37% and fallow deer were 29% positive.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Radiological studies of the wrist joint among chain saw operating lumberjacks in Japan.

Radiological changes of the wrist joint among 580 chain saw operators and 90 forestry workers (control) who had never used vibratory tools have been studied. In both groups, degeneration in the distal radio-ulnar joint and the lunate bone was recorded as a prominent finding. However, changes peculiar to chain saw operators or a close relation between those changes found and the number of years spent operating a chain saw could not be found in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

European echinococcosis registry: human alveolar echinococcosis, Europe, 1982-2000.

Surveillance for alveolar echinococcosis in central Europe was initiated in 1998. On a voluntary basis, 559 patients were reported to the registry. Most cases originated from rural communities in regions from eastern France to western Austria; single cases were reported far away from the disease-"endemic" zone throughout central Europe. Of 210 patients, 61.4% were involved in vocational or part-time farming, gardening, forestry, or hunting. Patients were diagnosed at a mean age of 52.5 years; 78% had symptoms. Alveolar echinococcosis primarily manifested as a liver disease. Of the 559 patients, 190 (34%) were already affected by spread of the parasitic larval tissue. Of 408 (73%) patients alive in 2000, 4.9% were cured. The increasing prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in rural and urban areas of central Europe and the occurrence of cases outside the alveolar echinococcosis-endemic regions suggest that this disease deserves increased attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001-2003.

All human Ebola virus outbreaks during 2001-2003 in the forest zone between Gabon and Republic of Congo resulted from handling infected wild animal carcasses. After the first outbreak, we created an Animal Mortality Monitoring Network in collaboration with the Gabonese and Congolese Ministries of Forestry and Environment and wildlife organizations (Wildlife Conservation Society and Programme de Conservation et Utilisation Rationnelle des Ecosystemes Forestiers en Afrique Centrale) to predict and possibly prevent human Ebola outbreaks. Since August 2001, 98 wild animal carcasses have been recovered by the network, including 65 great apes. Analysis of 21 carcasses found that 10 gorillas, 3 chimpanzees, and 1 duiker tested positive for Ebola virus. Wild animal outbreaks began before each of the 5 human Ebola outbreaks. Twice we alerted the health authorities to an imminent risk for human outbreaks, weeks before they occurred.

Animals↗