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PubMed2005

Fish and shellfish upgrading, traceability.

Recognition of the limited biological resources and the increasing environmental pollution has emphasised the need for better utilisation of by-products from the fisheries. Currently, the seafood industry is dependent on the processing of the few selected fish and shellfish species that are highly popular with consumers but, from economic and nutritional points of view, it is essential to utilise the entire catch. In this review, we will focus on recent developments and innovations in the field of underutilised marine species and marine by-product upgrading and, more precisely, on two aspects of the bioconversion of wastes from marine organisms, i.e. extraction of enzymes and preparation of protein hydrolysates. We will deal with the question of accurate determination of fish species at the various steps of processing. Methods of genetic identification applicable to fresh fish samples and to derived products will be described.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Media for detecting and enumerating yeasts and moulds.

Dilution plating techniques are designed to determine populations of viable fungal propagules per unit weight or volume of food. Direct plating techniques, on the other hand, are designed to assess the internal mycoflora of individual pieces of foods, e.g., seeds or dried fruits, and results are expressed as a percentage of infected pieces. Both techniques are used by industry and regulatory agencies to monitor levels of fungal contamination at various stages of food handling, storing, processing and marketing. Peptone (0.1%) water is commonly used as a diluent for samples to be homogenized or blended. Buffered diluents containing up to 30% glucose or 60% sucrose are recommended for enumerating xerophiles. No one medium is satisfactory for detection or enumeration of yeasts and moulds in all foods. Dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar, oxytetracycline glucose yeast extract agar and rose bengal chloramphenicol agar are superior to acidified potato dextrose agar for enumeration of yeasts and moulds. Dichloran 18% glycerol agar performs well for enumerating moderately xerophilic yeasts and moulds. Fastidious xerophiles require media containing high concentrations of sugars and/or sodium chloride. Media have been formulated to detect potentially aflatoxigenic aspergilli and mycotoxigenic strains of penicillia and fusaria, but increased selectivity and specificity of media for detecting mycotoxigenic moulds are needed. Heat-resistant mould ascospores often require heat treatment prior to plating in order to activate the germination process. The spread-plate technique is strongly preferred over the pour-plate technique for enumerating yeasts and moulds. The recommended incubation temperature is 25 degrees C, but incubation time between plating and counting colonies ranges from 5 days for determination of general populations of mycoflora to 4 weeks or more for fastidious xerophiles. There is a need for new and improved media for selectively isolating various groups, genera, species and/or strains of fungi capable of growing only under specific environmental conditions, e.g., low aw or, in the case of sublethally injured cells, under conditions which facilitate resuscitation. Improved media are needed which accurately detect moulds producing specific mycotoxins in a wide range of food types.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1987

An ion chromatographic method for insoluble chromates in paint aerosol.

Potential exposure to Cr(VI) extends to over a million U.S. workers in the plating, paint, steel, tanning and chrome ore processing industries. Historically, Cr(VI) exposure has been monitored using a colorimetric method. This colorimetric method requires acidification of the sample for color development, a step that could cause reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), thus underestimating the Cr(VI) content of the sample. A new method of analysis has been developed that uses ion chromatography (IC) for the measurement and which does not require acidification of the sample. In this method, the same extraction solution of hot 2% NaOH and 3% Na2CO3 as used in the earlier methods is used to dissolve both soluble and insoluble chromates (e.g., PbCrO4, ZnCrO4 and BaCrO4), but it can be carried through the method with only a dilution step before sample injection. Therefore, this method has the advantage of minimizing the potential for Cr(VI) loss by reduction. Another advantage is provided by the IC measurement step, which is not interfered with by colored samples that may affect the colorimetric method. The new method was tested with filter samples of paint aerosol containing PbCrO4 and ZnCrO4. Complete extraction of Cr(VI) from the filter samples was verified by comparison to an independent method in which the filter was completely ashed and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy method. Nothing in the paint samples interfered with the Cr(VI) measurement, nor did five common anions used in a separate test. The method had the sensitivity needed for monitoring at the ACGIH TLV of 0.05 mg Cr(VI)/m3.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2006

Enzymatic synthesis of L-pipecolic acid by Delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase from Pseudomonas putida.

L-Pipecolic acid is a chiral pharmaceutical intermediate. An enzymatic system for the synthesis of L-pipecolic acid from L-lysine by commercial L-lysine alpha-oxidase from Trichoderma viride and an extract of recombinant Escherichia coli cells coexpressing Delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase from Pseudomonas putida and glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis is described. A laboratory-scale process provided 27 g/l of L-pipecolic acid in 99.7% e.e.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2006

Isolation and characterization of collagen from brown backed toadfish (Lagocephalus gloveri) skin.

Collagen was isolated and characterized from the skin of brown backed toadfish (Lagocephalus gloveri), processing wastes. The total collagen yield extracted was 54.3% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight compared to other vertebrates. According to the electrophoretic pattern, the skin collagen of the fish consisted of heterotrimer alpha1alpha2alpha3. Moreover, the denaturation temperature was 28 degrees C, which was about 9 degrees C lower than that of collagen from porcine skin. Therefore, there is a possibility to use brown backed toadfish skin collagen as an alternative source of collagen for industrial purposes and subsequently it may maximize the economical value of the fish.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

Finite element modelling of ultrasound, with reference to transducers and AE waves.

Finite element (FE) modelling has a role to play in simulating elastic wave propagation associated with structural vibrations, acoustic phenomena and ultrasound problems. In this work we have used the PAFEC software [PAFEC finite element software PACSYS, Strelley Hall, Nottingham, NG8 6PE, UK]. With the advent of increased computer power and greater availability of software these simulations have become more readily available and will provide improved insight into wave propagation problems. Simulations have been undertaken of transient wave propagation in steel plates with an attached simple resonant transducer. This simulates acoustic emission (AE) propagation in plate like structures relevant to many industrial applications. Simulations for short propagation distances suggest the resonant transducer voltage signal carries information on the plate-waves propagating in the structure, overlaid with the piezoelectric resonance and some information might be extracted from the transducer signal. Looking at the wave propagation information alone, a great deal of variability is seen in the displacement profile for different source types, orientations and locations. Although users have expressed a need for calibration of the AE detection process, this idea remains problematic since the complete generation and detection system has the features of a chaotic system. Using FE modelling a method of "point calibration" might be available, for some specific AE applications such as crack growth along known paths.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Production of nonclassical inclusion bodies from which correctly folded protein can be extracted.

Human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF), an important biopharmaceutical drug used in oncology, is currently produced mainly in Escherichia coli. Expression of human hG-CSF gene in E. coli is very low, and therefore a semisynthetic, codon-optimized hG-CSF gene was designed and subcloned into pET expression plasmids. This led to a yield of over 50% of the total cellular proteins. We designed a new approach to biosynthesis at low temperature, enabling the formation of "nonclassical" inclusion bodies from which correctly folded protein can be readily extracted by nondenaturing solvents, such as mild detergents or low concentrations of polar solvents such as DMSO and nondetergent sulfobetaines. FT-IR analysis confirmed different nature of inclusion bodies with respect to the growth temperature and indicated presence of high amounts of very likely correctly folded reduced hG-CSF in nonclassical inclusion bodies. The yield of correctly folded, functional hG-CSF obtained in this way exceeded 40% of the total hG-CSF produced in the cells and is almost completely extractable under nondenaturing conditions. The absence of the need to include a denaturation/renaturation step in the purification process allows the development of more efficient processes characterized by higher yields and lower costs and involving environment-friendly technologies. The technology presented works successfully at the 50-L scale, producing nonclassical inclusion bodies of the same quality. The approach developed for the production of hG-CSF could be extended to other proteins; thus, a broader potential for industrial exploitation is envisaged.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1982

Baker's asthma (grain-dust-induced asthma).

A 48-year-old black male with no underlying atopy developed asthma after working nine years at a bakery. The attacks of wheezing were preceded by nasal symptoms and usually occurred after several hours of work. Skin testing revealed reactivity to dust, molds, and wheat extracts; serum level of IgE was normal, and a RAST screen to common allergens was negative. A bronchial provocation test using commercial wheat extract was negative, but the same test using the patient's own bakery flour resulted in an immediate positive reaction. The pathogenesis and management of grain-dust-induced asthma are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Electrokinetic removal of caesium from kaolin.

Soil, in the form of kaolin and a sample of natural soil from an industrial site, was artificially contaminated with caesium and subjected to electrokinetic treatment. The effect of catholyte pH control on the process was investigated using different acids to control the catholyte pH. During treatment the in situ pH distribution, the current flow, and the potential distribution were monitored. At the end of the treatment the pore fluid conductivity and the caesium concentration distribution was measured. The results of these experiments showed that for caesium contamination, catholyte pH control is essential in order to create a suitable environment throughout the soil to enable contaminant removal. It was found that the type of acid used to control the catholyte pH affected the rate of caesium removal (nitric, sulphuric, acetic and citric acids were tested). All of the acids tested were effective, but the highest caesium extraction was achieved when nitric acid was used to control the catholyte pH. The relatively high adsorption capacity of the soil for caesium was found to significantly reduce the rate of removal. After 240 h of treatment at 1 Vcm(-1) (using sulphuric acid to control the catholyte pH), less than 80% of the caesium was removed from a 30 cm long sample of kaolin. Electrokinetic treatment of the industrial soil sample was slower than for the kaolin, but a significant extraction rate for caesium was achieved.

Acids↗
PubMed2005

Bioconversion of lutein using a microbial mixture--maximizing the production of tobacco aroma compounds by manipulation of culture medium.

The generation of aroma compounds by carotenoid cleavage in the 9-10 position was studied, due to the importance of these compounds in the flavor and fragrance industry. The bioconversion of the carotenoid lutein to C(13) norisoprenoids utilizing a microbial mixture composed of Trichosporon asahii and Paenibacillus amylolyticus was carried out by a fermentation process. Applying an experimental design methodology, the effects of nutritional factors on the production of aroma compounds present in the tobacco profile were studied. After an assessment of the significance of each nutritional factor, the levels of the variables yielding the maximum response were calculated. Glucose, tryptone, and yeast extract exerted a strong negative effect over the objective function, with glucose being the strongest. Lutein possessed a positive effect over the tobacco aroma production, while sodium chloride and trace elements showed no influence over the process. The yield attained after culture medium manipulation was almost ten-fold higher, compared with the base medium; and the aroma mixture was characterized as: 7,8-dihydro-beta-ionol (95.2%), 7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone (3.7%), and beta-ionone (1.1%).

Bacillus↗
PubMed1999

Bench- and pilot-scale studies relating to the removal of uranium from uranium-contaminated soils using carbonate and citrate lixiviants.

Development of the nuclear industry has resulted in soil becoming contaminated with uranium from a variety of sources. To avoid the disposal of these soils in conventional low-level radwaste burial sites, a technology is needed to extract/leach and concentrate uranium in soil into small volumes of an acceptable waste form and returning the soil to its original place. Two lixiviants, carbonate and citrate, were evaluated as to their ability to extract uranium from soil in a soil washing engineering process. The objective was to use a washing/extracting process to selectively remove the uranium from soil without seriously degrading the soil's physicochemical characteristics or generating a secondary waste form that is difficult to manage and/or dispose. Both carbonate and citric acid lixiviants were observed to be effective extractants to remove uranium from the soils tested. Carbonate, because of the its ability to be recycled and its tendency to be more selective for uranium, is preferred for most soils. A major obstacle for using citric acid as well as mineral-based acids is their generation of waste streams from which it is difficult to remove uranium and manage (and dispose of any residual waste water sludges) in an environmentally acceptable manner. The removal of uranium was examined for three soils sampled from two US Department of Energy sites. Two soils were from the facility formerly called the Feed Materials Production Center at Fernald, Ohio and the other soil was from the Oak Ridge Tennessee Y-12 Plant. In the bench-scale studies, general relationships, such as the effect of carbonate and citrate concentrations, pH, the presence of oxidants, such as KMnO4, temperature, and extraction time were investigated. The best pilot-scale treatment consisted of three successive extractions with 0.25 M carbonate-bicarbonate (in presence of KMnO4 as an oxidant) at 40 degrees C followed with two water rinses.

Carbonates↗
PubMed2000

The future of plasma derivatives. 17-18 April, 2000, Brussels, Belgium.

This two-day meeting was organised by Life Sciences Division of IBC Global Conferences Limited. It was attended by an international, multidisciplinary group of experts with differing expertise and perspectives on the provision of therapeutic products derived from human plasma. The delegates ranged from those involved with the collection of plasma donations, the scientists dedicated to improving the screening tests for virus markers, quality assurance personnel, clinicians, marketing and business managers, members of regulatory agencies in Europe and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), providers of services to the industry and last, but not least, patient groups were represented. Fifteen to twenty countries were represented by the delegates and speakers. Although it might seem that the background and expertise of the audience was so wide that the lectures would have to be superficial, this was not the case. The whole process from plasma (or blood) collection to injection of a product into a patient was already well-known to senior members of the various organisations present and there is a tremendous amount of inter-dependence which enhances the necessary level of understanding. Nevertheless, the speakers were able to expand the knowledge of the delegates by their lucid and detailed presentations. The issues associated with development and implementation of new technologies, such as new NAT tests and different virus inactivation processes, were fully described. The spotlight also fell on the effects that changing patterns of demand for individual therapeutic proteins are having and will continue to have on the economics of the industry and on patient groups. Unlike other manufactured products, the raw material is the same for all plasma-derived products. Demand for all these products is limited by the availability of the donated plasma. Ideal demand for economic reasons is a balance of the extractable proteins in the donation. The implementation of European regulations was reviewed from the industry and from the regulators. Flexibility shown by the FDA in responding to the shortages of iv. immunoglobulins (Ig) was described, particularly with regard to clinical evaluation. Finally, the rationale for the need to revise the CPMP guidelines for clinical evaluation of certain plasma products was described as were the difficulties to be expected with implementation.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1980

Utilization of waste products of dehydrated onion industry for production of fodder yeast by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

One strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected from different yeasts, isolated from black strap molasses. This microorganism was cultivated on seven fermentation media for the production of protein. Medium I exhibited the highest potentiality for formation of protein. Therefore strain 1 of S. cerevisiae and medium I were used for further studies in the formation of protein. Factors controlling production of protein were explored. The required incubation period for the fermentation process was 72 hrs, while the initial pH value of the medium was 6.0. Sucrose supported the microorganism for higher production of protein (40.96%), while the best concentration of sucrose was shown to be 10.0 g/l. The best inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for protein formation were (NH4)2HPO4, (NH4)3PO4 and yeast extract, respectively. The best concentrations of (NH4)2HPO4 and yeast extract, supporting protein formation, were 5.0 g/l and 10.0 g/l, respectively. Addition of MgSO4, ZnSO4, ferrous ammonium sulphate, copper sulphate, biotin, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine, pyridoxine, and inositol to the synthetic medium did not markedly influence high level of protein formation. Glutamic acid was the best amino acid, supporting protein formation by S. cerevisiae. Onion juice was found to be a good medium, after deletion of inhibitory volatile sulphur organic compounds, for the production of protein by S. cerevisiae. Addition of (NH4)2HPO4 to the best concentration of onion juice assisted the onion medium in production of fodder yeast, containing high level of protein. Addition of MgSO4 to onion juice and (NH4)2HPO4 did not increase the total nitrogen of the biomass. Fodder yeast, produced by onion juice medium, contained more valuable ingredients than fodder yeast, produced by synthetic medium.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Ipomoea dasysperma seed gum: an effective natural coagulant for the decolorization of textile dye solutions.

An investigation of dye decolorization from synthetic dye solutions using the non-ionic, water-soluble, high molecular weight seed gums Ipomoea dasysperma and guar gum as coagulants was undertaken. The use of galactomannans derived from plants in this system presents a sustainable method of textile effluent treatment. These natural coagulants extracted from plants proved to be workable alternatives to conventional coagulants like polyaluminum chloride, as they are biodegradable, safe to human health, are cost effective when compared to imported chemicals and have a wider effective dosage range for flocculation of various colloidal suspensions. Coagulant dose and coagulation pH are important factors influencing the mechanism of coagulation. Also the type and chemical structure of the dye plays an important role in the coagulation process. The seed gums alone were found to be effective for decolorization of direct dye and in combination with PAC their coagulation efficiency was well extended even for reactive and acid dyes.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1989

Hyposensitization to poison ivy after working in a cashew nut shell oil processing factory.

19 adults were patch tested to urushiol, the allergen in poison ivy/oak, to determine their sensitivity to this allergen after working in a cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) processing plant. The cashew nut tree and poison ivy/oak are in the same botanical family. Anacardiaceae, and they share similar chemicals which cause allergic contact dermatitis. 13 of the 19 workers had a preemployment history of poison ivy sensitivity, with 10 developing CNSO dermatitis. After working in this factory for several months, 9 of the 13 noticed a decreased sensitivity or no sensitivity to poison ivy/oak. When tested to urushiol extract, only 3 reacted positively, 2 minimally. These results imply that hyposensitization to poison ivy/oak occurred in these employees after development of hardening to cashew nut shell oil.

Catechols↗
PubMed1975

Phytate destruction by yeast fermentation in whole wheat meals. Study of high-extraction rate meals.

Destruction of phytate by yeast fermentation is compared in sponges prepared from Iranian whole wheat meals of different extraction rates. Phytate was destroyed rapidly in whole meals of 75 to 85 and 85 to 90 per cent extraction, but destruction was retarded in those of 95 to 100 per cent extraction. Production of acid-soluble phosphorus kept pace with phytate destruction in the two whole meals of lower extraction rates but was delayed with less-than-expected yield in those of 95 to 100 per cent rate. Unleavened whole meal bread contains little acid-soluble phosphorus. Leavened breads made from whole meals of slightly lower extraction rate average five times as much. Since phytate phosphorus appears to remain unavailable in the small intestine in many circumstances, dependece on unleavened whole meal bread may result in critically low intakes of available phosphorus when other sources are lacking in the diet. It is concluded that replacement of the whole meals of 95 to 100 per cent extraction rate, presently the main staple of the diet of rural Iran, by those of somewhat lower rate is an important preliminary to the introduction of leaven and fermentation into village bread-making methods.

Bread↗
PubMed1999

Transgenic plants for therapeutic proteins: linking upstream and downstream strategies.

We have described two very different and innovative plant-based production systems--postharvest production and recovery of recombinant product from tobacco leaves using an inducible promoter and oleosin-mediated recovery of recombinant product from oilseeds using a seed-specific promoter. Both base technologies are broadly applicable to numerous classes of pharmaceutical and industrial proteins. As with any emerging technology, the key to success may lie in identifying those products and applications that would most benefit from the unique advantages offered by each system. The postharvest tobacco leaf system appears effective for proteins requiring complex posttranslational processing and endomembrane targeting. Because of the remarkable fecundity and biomass production capacity of tobacco, biomass scale-up is very rapid and production costs are low. Clearly the development of equally cost-effective extraction and purification technologies will be critical for full realization of the commercial opportunities afforded by transgenic plant-based bioproduction. The recovery of protein from tobacco leaves or oleosin-partitioned proteins by oil-body separations represent significant break-throughs for cost-effective commercialization strategies. Additional low-cost, high-affinity separation technologies need to be developed for effective scale-up purification of plant-synthesized recombinant proteins. Clearly successful commercialization of plant-synthesized biopharmaceuticals must effectively link upstream strategies involving gene and protein design with downstream strategies for reproducible GMP-level recovery of bioactive recombinant protein. Both the tobacco and oilseed systems are uniquely designed to address issues of biomass storage, product recovery, quality assurance, and regulatory scrutiny in addition to issues of transgene expression and protein processing.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review.

UV disinfection technology is of growing interest in the water industry since it was demonstrated that UV radiation is very effective against (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, two pathogenic micro-organisms of major importance for the safety of drinking water. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, the new concept for microbial safety of drinking water and wastewater, requires quantitative data of the inactivation or removal of pathogenic micro-organisms by water treatment processes. The objective of this study was to review the literature on UV disinfection and extract quantitative information about the relation between the inactivation of micro-organisms and the applied UV fluence. The quality of the available studies was evaluated and only high-quality studies were incorporated in the analysis of the inactivation kinetics. The results show that UV is effective against all waterborne pathogens. The inactivation of micro-organisms by UV could be described with first-order kinetics using fluence-inactivation data from laboratory studies in collimated beam tests. No inactivation at low fluences (offset) and/or no further increase of inactivation at higher fluences (tailing) was observed for some micro-organisms. Where observed, these were included in the description of the inactivation kinetics, even though the cause of tailing is still a matter of debate. The parameters that were used to describe inactivation are the inactivation rate constant k (cm(2)/mJ), the maximum inactivation demonstrated and (only for bacterial spores and Acanthamoeba) the offset value. These parameters were the basis for the calculation of the microbial inactivation credit (MIC="log-credits") that can be assigned to a certain UV fluence. The most UV-resistant organisms are viruses, specifically Adenoviruses, and bacterial spores. The protozoon Acanthamoeba is also highly UV resistant. Bacteria and (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are more susceptible with a fluence requirement of <20 mJ/cm(2) for an MIC of 3 log. Several studies have reported an increased UV resistance of environmental bacteria and bacterial spores, compared to lab-grown strains. This means that higher UV fluences are required to obtain the same level of inactivation. Hence, for bacteria and spores, a correction factor of 2 and 4 was included in the MIC calculation, respectively, whereas some wastewater studies suggest that a correction of a factor of 7 is needed under these conditions. For phages and viruses this phenomenon appears to be of little significance and for protozoan (oo)cysts this aspect needs further investigation. Correction of the required fluence for DNA repair is considered unnecessary under the conditions of drinking water practice (no photo-repair, dark repair insignificant, esp. at higher (60 mJ/cm(2)) fluences) and probably also wastewater practice (photo-repair limited by light absorption). To enable accurate assessment of the effective fluence in continuous flow UV systems in water treatment practice, biodosimetry is still essential, although the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) improves the description of reactor hydraulics and fluence distribution. For UV systems that are primarily dedicated to inactivate the more sensitive pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, pathogenic bacteria), additional model organisms are needed to serve as biodosimeter.

Animals↗