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PubMedDate not supplied

Identification and characterization of biological tissues by NMR. Concerted research project of the European Economic Community. Introduction, objectives, and activities.

NMR offers, in the complex proton relaxation properties of biological tissues, a unique and potentially powerful tool of tissue characterization. The difficulties encountered so far in comparing the results of in vitro and in vivo NMR studies carried out in different laboratories inhibit NMR methodologies from fully expressing their content of physiopathological information, as well as their potential for therapeutic monitoring. Moreover, obtaining accurate data on proton relaxation in vivo requires accurate location of the anatomical region under study. The acquisition of acceptable information about location and effects is dependent on the establishment of agreed procedures for tests, as well as on the use of appropriate test objects and test substances. A concerted research project entitled "Identification and Characterization of Biological Tissues by NMR" was activated in 1984 by the European Economic Community as part of the Third Medical Research Program, under the auspices of the Biomedical Engineering Concerted Action Committee. A series of papers is presented here which illustrates objectives and scientific programs of this project, the protocols adopted for multi-center comparison of in vitro and in vivo studies, and the results of validating trials, as well as problems of reference substances.

European Union↗
PubMed1994

[Transfusion medicine in unified Europe].

The European institutions have been dealing with blood and blood products since 1956. A need for action currently exists with regard to the European Community's Directive 89/381/EEC. The aims of the Directive are: the elaboration of strict quality and safety criteria for medicinal products made from human blood and blood products, with special reference to preventing the transmission of viral diseases, and the demand for self-sufficiency within the European Community in human blood and blood products on the basis of voluntary and unremunerated blood donations. In May 1993, the Commission submitted a report on the implementation of this Directive. In principle, the Member States are in agreement that self-sufficiency on the basis of unremunerated donations should be achieved. Differences of opinion exist, however, with respect to the national self-sufficiency of each Member State and the definition of 'unremunerated'. Germany's standpoints enjoy greater acceptance today than they did only a few years ago; consequently, there is reason to assume that, even in the wake of developments within the European Community, the basic structures of the blood and blood products supply system in the Federal Republic of Germany will be maintained.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1991

Clinical chemistry: a professional field for physicians and natural scientists in Europe.

1. Clinical chemistry is definitely an interdisciplinary subject between natural science and medicine. The major part of clinical chemistry is natural science and therefore theoretical science. To a lesser extent, however, clinical chemistry is practical science or "action science" which is aimed at a certain action. 2. The question "Is clinical chemistry a professional field for physicians, for scientists or for both?" can be answered with the statement: It follows from its historical development and its characteristic theory and practice, and is de facto true throughout the world, that clinical chemistry is a professional field for physicians and natural scientists. 3. The broad scope of the technical field and the challenges to be expected in future within the framework of the European Community will require the recruiting aspiring clinical chemists both from medicine and from the natural sciences. 4. Qualified postgraduate training is more important than the nature of the initial study course. 5. Apart from providing special knowledge and particular abilities, postgraduate training must make the younger generation familiar with the ways of thought of the physician and of the natural scientist. 6. Successful work as a clinical chemist requires "extra-functional" qualifications, such as the ability to conduct dialogue and teamwork with the clinician. 7. The national differences which exist in the definition of the professional pattern "clinical chemist" are a hindrance to the future development of the discipline in the European Community. The starting point for recognition of the profession must be an agreed definition among the professionals of the countries of the European Community of the professional field of the clinical chemist.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of six methods of analysis for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in feeding stuffs containing citrus pulp.

Six published methods of analysis for the determination of aflatoxin B1 have been compared for their suitability to determine aflatoxin B1 in feeding stuffs containing citrus pulp. These methods are the official European Community (EC) procedure, four procedures proposed in the European Community to replace this method and a new procedure developed by the authors of this article. In all procedures chloroform is used for initial extraction. Various clean-up systems are then applied. For the ultimate separation and detection, use is made of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in three procedures and two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) in two procedures. One method allows either HPLC or TLC. All experiments were carried out with samples of a batch of feeding stuff containing citrus pulp, artificially contaminated with aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 at levels of ca 13, 5, 10 and 4 micrograms/kg respectively. Three methods were found to be suitable: a procedure in which gel permeation clean-up and two-dimensional TLC are used; a procedure in which TLC clean-up and reverse phase HPLC with postcolumn derivatization are used: a procedure in which cartridge clean-up and either HPLC or TLC are used. The latter method is preferred because its efficient clean-up yields a very clean extract, allowing the application of various systems of HPLC or TLC. Published recovery data of these three methods for aflatoxin B1 vary from 85-90% at a level of ca 10 micrograms/kg feeding stuff.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1992

[The new biomedical and health research program of the European Economic Community--BIOMED 1 (1990-94)].

The new EEC Biomedical and Health Research Programme (BIOMED 1) is presented. After a brief introduction on the background of the Programme--in which an overview of the ongoing Medical and Health Research Programme (MHR 4) is given--the main features of the new Programme are pointed out. On what concerns its aims and objectives, concertation and coordination of national research programmes at community level are stressed as well as the need to apply to the maximum possible extent the principles of subsidiary and community added value, in order to ensure an European dimension to the actions which are going to be supported and to achieve the harmonization of research methodologies, procedures and data. As regards the content of the Programme a description is made of its four main areas: Area 1--Development of co-ordinated research on prevention, care and health systems (main topics: drugs and the administration of medicines; risk factors and occupational health; biomedical technology; health services research); Area 2--Major health problems and diseases of great socio-economic impact (AIDS; cancer; cardiovascular disease; mental illness and neurological disease; the ageing process, and age-related health problems and handicaps); Area 3--Human Genoma Analysis (improvement of the genetic map; physical mapping; DNA sequencing; data-handling and databases; technology development and applications of human genome analysis); Area 4--Research on biomedical ethics (compilation of legislation; evaluation of questions of biomedical ethics linked with the Programme; evaluation of the social impact of the Programme and its risks).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

European Union↗
PubMed2003

Organic viticulture: efficacy evaluation of different fungicides against Plasmopara viticola.

The restriction on the use of copper salt fixed by the European Community (Reg. EC n. 473/2002) owing to the environment problems due to the copper accumulation in the soil, has stimulated the research to evaluate the possibility to reduce the copper use. This field experiment was carried out to estimate, in an organic vineyard, the effectiveness, against Plasmopara viticola (Berk. et Curt) Berl. et De Toni, of copper compounds at a low rate or alternative copper products. Guideline EPPO/OEPP PP 1/3 (2) has been used. Plots of 18 plants each, repeated 4 times in a randomized design, have been arranged. The obtained results, even if related to circumscribed and extremely favorable field for the development of the grapevine downy mildew, evidenced the impossibility to practice a defense to fixed cadence, succeeding, at the same time, to respect the limits of European Community for copper metal. The reference product, that has guaranteed the best results, determined a total contribution of copper metal of 25.7 Kg/ha that leaves very little possibilities of copper use in the following years, like previewed from the Reg. EC n. 473/2002; therefore a strategy of defense of this type turns out as not usable. The two cupric products characterized by the low metallic content were not completely satisfactory in our operating conditions with high pressure of grapevine downy mildew, but they determined a contribution of copper metal under the limits established by the European Community. Therefore new experiments, using differentiated strategies, should be carried out to improve the effectiveness of these fungicides. About biofungicide, it gave total absence of biological activity against P. viticola. The limits of the used formulations regarding the operating protocol applied, are evidenced, for some of them, by epidemiological results, for the others by the high amount of distributed copper, that causes an accumulation of residual in soil and leaves. Through the examination of the results and considering the particular climatic condition that characterized 2002, we can conclude that the trial must be considerate valid for the stressful situations that affected the vineyard.

Copper↗
PubMed1996

Initial antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey.

A survey of first-line antibiotic prescription in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) by general practitioners (GP) was carried out simultaneously, using the same methodology in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Data were obtained from 2,056 patients and 605 GPs. There was no antibiotic prescription in 17% of all LRTIs and 13% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the five countries taken together; and in 32% of all LRTIs and in 23% of CAP in Germany. Of patients with acute bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and viral lower respiratory tract infection, 87, 92 and 71% received antibiotics, respectively. The most frequent prescriptions were penicillins in France and the UK, third-generation cephalosporin in Italy, tetracycline in Germany and macrolide in Spain. The daily dosage of aminopenicillin prescribed was: 41% <1.5 g; 49% > or = 1.5 g and <3 g; and 10% > or = 3 g. In Italy, 53% of all antibiotics were injected in all LRTIs, and 71% in CAP; in contrast, antibiotic injection was lower than 2% both in the UK and Germany, with an average of 14% in the five countries combined. We conclude that there are variations in antibiotic prescription by GPs in Western Europe; differences are likely to be multifactorial, but could, in part, be explained by differences in health systems and sources of information available to GPs.

Adult↗