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PubMed2006

Emergency response guidance for the first 48 hours after the outdoor detonation of an explosive radiological dispersal device.

Strategies and decisions to protect emergency responders, the public, and critical infrastructure against the effects of a radiological dispersal device detonated outdoors must be made in the planning stage, not in the early period just after an attack. This contrasts with planning for small-scale types of radiological or nuclear emergencies, or for a large-scale nuclear-power-type accident that evolves over many hours or days before radioactivity is released to the environment, such that its effects can be prospectively modeled and analyzed. By the time it is known an attack has occurred, most likely there will have been casualties, all the radioactive material will have been released, plume growth will be progressing, and there will be no time left for evaluating possible countermeasures. This paper offers guidance to planners, first responders, and senior decision makers to assist them in developing strategies for protective actions and operational procedures for the first 48 hours after an explosive radiological dispersal device has been detonated.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed1999

Ion explosion and multi-mega-electron-volt ion generation from an underdense plasma layer irradiated by a relativistically intense short-pulse laser.

Ion acceleration and expansion in the interaction of a relativistically intense short-pulse laser with an underdense plasma layer are investigated. Ion and electron dynamics are studied by a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation with the real mass ratio. It is shown that the longitudinal electric field induced by electron evacuation due to a large ponderomotive force or light pressure can accelerate ions to several MeV in the direction of the laser propagation. It is after the laser completely passes through the plasma layer that the ion explosion starts to be significant.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Possibility between earthquake and explosion seismogram differentiation by discrete stochastic non-Markov processes and local Hurst exponent analysis.

The basic scientific point of this paper is to draw the attention of researchers to new possibilities of differentiation of similar signals having different nature. One example of such kinds of signals is presented by seismograms containing recordings of earthquakes (EQ's) and technogenic explosions (TE's). EQ's are among the most dramatic phenomena in nature. We propose here a discrete stochastic model for possible solution of a problem of strong EQ forecasting and differentiation of TE's from the weak EQ's. Theoretical analysis is performed by two independent methods: by using statistical theory of discrete non-Markov stochastic processes [Phys. Rev. E 62, 6178 (2000)] and the local Hurst exponent. The following Earth states have been considered among them: before (Ib) and during (I) strong EQ, during weak EQ (II) and during TE (III), and in a calm state of Earth's core (IV). The estimation of states I, II, and III has been made on the particular examples of Turkey (1999) EQ's, state IV has been taken as an example of Earth's state before underground TE. Time recordings of seismic signals of the first four dynamic orthogonal collective variables, six various planes of phase portrait of four-dimensional phase space of orthogonal variables and the local Hurst exponent have been calculated for the dynamic analysis of states of systems I-IV. The analysis of statistical properties of seismic time series I-IV has been realized with the help of a set of discrete time-dependent functions (time correlation function and first three memory functions), their power spectra, and the first three points in the statistical spectrum of non-Markovity parameters. In all systems studied we have found a bizarre combination of the following spectral characteristics: the fractal frequency spectra adjustable by phenomena of usual and restricted self-organized criticality, spectra of white and color noises and unusual alternation of Markov and non-Markov effects of long-range memory, detected earlier [J. Phys. A 27, 5363 (1994)] only for hydrodynamic systems. Our research demonstrates that discrete non-Markov stochastic processes and long-range memory effects play a crucial role in the behavior of seismic systems I-IV. The approaches, permitting us to obtain an algorithm of strong EQ forecasting and to differentiate TE's from weak EQ's, have been developed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Explosion characteristics of intense femtosecond-laser-driven water droplets.

An efficient acceleration of energetic ions is observed when small heavy-water droplets of approximately 20 microm diameter are exposed to ultrafast (approximately 40 fs) Ti:sapphire laser pulses of up to 10(19) W/cm2 intensity. Quantitative measurements of deuteron and neutron spectra were done, allowing one to analyze the outward and inward directed deuteron acceleration from the droplet. Neutron spectroscopy based on the D (d,n) fusion reaction was accomplished in four different spatial directions. The energy shifts of those fusion neutrons produced inside the exploding droplet reflect a remaining deuteron acceleration inside the irradiated droplet along the axis of the incident laser beam. The overall neutron yield of the microdroplets is relatively small as a result of the dominant outward directed acceleration of the deuterons with 1200 neutrons/shot. Relying on the "explosion-like" acceleration of such spherical droplet targets we have developed a spray target consisting of heavy-water microspheres with diameters of 150 nm . Both the high deuteron energies of up to 1 MeV resulting from the irradiation intensity of approximately 10(19) W/cm2 as well as the collisions between the deuterons and the surrounding spray delivered about one order of magnitude more neutrons than the single-droplet system. The approximately 6 x 10(3) neutrons per laser pulse from the spray can be attributed to an efficient deuteron release from a significantly smaller laser excited volume as from deuterium-cluster targets.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Nanosecond electrical explosion of thin aluminum wires in a vacuum: experimental and computational investigations.

Experimental and computational investigations of nanosecond electrical explosion of a thin Al wire in vacuum are presented. We have demonstrated that increasing the current rate leads to increased energy deposited before voltage collapse. The experimental evidence for synchronization of the wire expansion and light emission with voltage collapse is presented. Hydrocarbons are indicated in optical spectra and their influence on breakdown physics is discussed. The radial velocity of low-density plasma reaches a value of approximately 100 km/s. The possibility of an over-critical phase transition due to high pressure is discussed. A one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation shows good agreement with experimental data. The MHD simulation demonstrates separation of the exploding wire into a high-density cold core and a low-density hot corona as well as fast rejection of the current from the wire core to the corona during voltage collapse. Important features of the dynamics for the wire core and corona follow from the MHD simulation and are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Generation of sub-Mbar pressure by converging shock waves produced by the underwater electrical explosion of a wire array.

We report a demonstration of a generation of sub-Mbar pressure on the axis of the implosion wave produced by an underwater electrical explosion of a cylindrical wire array. The array was exploded by microsecond time scale discharge of a capacitor bank having a stored energy of 4.5 kJ and discharge current amplitude of up to 90 kA. Optical diagnostics were used to determine the time of flight and the trajectory of the converging shock wave. This data were applied for a calculation of the water flow parameters using one-dimensional (1D) and 2D hydrodynamic calculations and the Whitham method. All three methods have shown that the shock wave pressure at 0.1 mm from the axis reaches .

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Experimental evidence of excited multicharged atomic fragments coming from laser-induced coulomb explosion of molecules

Direct experimental evidence is presented for the production of excited multicharged atomic fragments in the laser-induced Coulomb explosion of molecules. The comparison of the fluorescence signals of several atomic and molecular species shows that the excited fragments come from transient excited multicharged molecules. The atomic fluorescence spectra recorded with NH3, N2, and N2O, in the 50-120 nm wavelength range, show that the excitation increases noticeably from NH3 to N2O. This effect is interpreted in terms of the initial electronic configuration, which favors a stronger excitation when the electronic density is more delocalized on the molecular nuclear structure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Hydrodynamic description of laser-induced coulomb explosion for small molecules

We have performed extensive numerical studies of Coulomb explosion of small molecules such as CO2 and N2O with the help of a hydrodynamic model, which allows one to deal with many-electron systems in intense laser fields. The predicted kinetic energy releases of the fragmentation channels are in good agreement with the measured energies, using realistic molecular and laser excitation condition parameters.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Explosive vaporization of metallic sodium microparticles by CW resonant laser radiation.

Explosive vaporization of metallic Na microparticles stimulated by resonant cw laser radiation has been observed in a glass cell. Vaporization occurs at low laser-power density. The effect consists in the generation of optically thick and sharply localized Na vapor clouds propagating in the cell against the laser beam. The effect is explained by laser excitation of Na atoms, which collide onto the surface of the microparticles and transfer their internal energy. This causes other atoms to be vaporized and to continue the avalanche process.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Time-resolved explosion of intense-laser-heated clusters.

We investigate the femtosecond explosive dynamics of intense laser-heated argon clusters by measuring the cluster complex transient polarizability. The time evolution of the polarizability is characteristic of competition in the optical response between supercritical and subcritical density regions of the expanding cluster. The results are consistent with time-resolved Rayleigh scattering measurements, and bear out the predictions of a recent laser-cluster interaction model [H. M. Milchberg, S. J. McNaught, and E. Parra, Phys. Rev. E 64, 056402 (2001)]].

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Improved models of stellar core collapse and still no explosions: what is missing?

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of stellar core collapse are presented which for the first time were performed by solving the Boltzmann equation for the neutrino transport including a state-of-the-art description of neutrino interactions. Stellar rotation is also taken into account. Although convection develops below the neutrinosphere and in the neutrino-heated region behind the supernova shock, the models do not explode. This suggests missing physics, possibly with respect to the nuclear equation of state and weak interactions in the subnuclear regime. However, it might also indicate a fundamental problem with the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Shock shells in Coulomb explosions of nanoclusters.

We predict that Coulomb explosion of a nanoscale cluster, which is ionized by high-intensity laser radiation and has a naturally occurring spatial density profile, will invariably produce shock waves. In most typical situations, two shocks, a leading and a trailing one, form a shock shell that eventually encompasses the entire cluster. Being the first example of shock waves on the nanometer scale, this phenomenon promises interesting effects and applications, including high-rate nuclear reactions inside each individual cluster.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Short-pulse laser ablation of solids: from phase explosion to fragmentation.

The mechanisms of laser ablation in silicon are investigated close to the threshold energy for pulse durations of 500 fs and 50 ps. This is achieved using a unique model coupling carrier and atom dynamics within a unified Monte Carlo and molecular-dynamics scheme. Under femtosecond laser irradiation, isochoric heating and rapid adiabatic expansion of the material provide a natural pathway to phase explosion. This is not observed under slower, nonadiabatic cooling with picosecond pulses where fragmentation of the hot metallic fluid is the only relevant ablation mechanism.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Coulomb explosion of large polyatomic molecules assisted by nonadiabatic charge localization.

The electron-nuclear dynamics of the Coulomb explosion of a large polyatomic molecule, anthracene, is probed using kinetic energy distributions of produced H+ ions. The kinetic energy release of ejected protons exceeds 30 eV for anthracene exposed to 10(14) W cm(-2), 800 nm pulses of 60 fs duration. We propose a strong-field charge localization model, based on nonadiabatic dynamics of charge distribution in a (multiply) ionized molecule; the charge localization lasts many laser periods and is sustained through successive ionizations of the molecular ion. The model explains quantitatively the dependence of the H+ kinetic energy on the laser intensity. Dissociative ionization of a polyatomic molecule enabled by long-lived charge localization is a new type of electron-nuclear dynamics and is essential for understanding the pathways of molecular or ionic fragmentation in strong fields.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Microscopic analysis of large-cluster explosion in intense laser fields.

We present a three dimensional microscopic particle in cell code. The code models nanoplasmas in intense laser fields, taking account of all relevant microscopic interactions. Our simulation reveals the physical processes determining the laser induced explosion of large clusters with several 10,000 atoms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Dynamics and control of shock shells in the coulomb explosion of very large deuterium clusters.

The explosion dynamics of very large (approximately 10(6)-10(7) atoms) deuterium clusters irradiated by ultraintense laser pulses (I approximately 10(18) W/cm(2)) is analyzed self-consistently with one-to-one three-dimensional and two-dimensional fully relativistic particle-in-cell simulations. Small-scale shock shells in the expanding ion cloud are observed. A technique to induce the formation of large shock shells inside a single cluster, increasing the probability of intracluster nuclear reactions, is proposed and demonstrated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Dynamic acceleration effects in explosions of laser-irradiated heteronuclear clusters.

Intense, femtosecond irradiation of atomic and molecular clusters can initiate Coulomb explosions, generating particle energies sufficient to drive nuclear fusion. Last and Jortner have proposed, based on particle dynamics simulations, that heteronuclear clusters with a mixture of heavy and light ions will not explode by the simple, equilibrium Coulomb model but that dynamic effects can lead to a boosting of energy of the lighter ejected ions [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 033401 (2001)]. We present experimental confirmation of this theoretically predicted ion energy enhancement in methane clusters.

Journal Article↗