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PubMed1981

Localization of Tc-99m MDP in epiphyseal growth plates of rats.

The distribution and localization of Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (Tc-MDP) in the epiphyseal growth plates of the rat were elucidated by contact and microautoradiography. The uptake of the tracer was found to be especially high in the calcified cartilage bars at the end of the vascular loops. In addition to areas of mineralization, increased uptake was found in the Howship's lacunae on the resorbing surfaces. This labeling corresponded with the fluorescence of tetracycline, which labeled both forming and resorbing surfaces, when given with short labeling interval. Distribution of Tc-MDP did not coincide with new production of collagen, as judged by H-3 proline labeling; nor was the uptake localized within cells with high alkaline phosphatase activity. The affinity of the tracer for the mineral phase was confirmed by decalcification of in vivo labeled sections with EDTA, which showed loss of radioactivity in contrast to sections incubated in water. By chromatography the activity in the decalcification medium could not be distinguished from that of Tc-MDP.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

Wedge-shaped epiphyses of the knees in two siblings: a new recessive rare dysplasia?

A peculiar form of metaphyseal dysplasia, mainly of the lower limbs, occurred in two male siblings born to healthy, unrelated parents. The clinical and radiological features were short stature, psychomotor retardation, accelerated bone maturation, the limbs and especially the knees showing cup-shaped widening of the ends of the metaphyses and wedge-shaped widening of the epiphyses. This condition does not fit the description of any syndrome reported so far and may therefore be classified as a new recessive dysplasia.

Bone Diseases, Developmental↗
PubMed1983

[Fractures and slipped epiphyses of the proximal humerus in children. Place and methods of surgical treatment].

Fractures and Epiphyseal separations of the proximal humerus are usually non-operatively treated with a generally good result. However, sometimes, a surgical treatment may be required. Twenty fractures of the proximal humerus occurring in children were treated operatively. From these 20 cases, the authors precise the indications and the ways of surgical treatment in this type of lesion. They insist upon the value of the angulation on the lateral radiograph of the shoulder which, if important, may often signify an interposition of the tendon of the long head of the biceps between the fracture fragments causing irreductibility; they propose a classification of the fractures referring to this angle. Considering surgical procedure, delto-pectoral approach is the most commonly used, although axillary way is more esthaetic. Kirschner wires and screws are the best means of synthesis. Anyway, this surgical treatment has to remain exceptional.

Bone Nails↗
PubMed1983

[Supracondylar and distal epiphyseal femur fractures in the dog and cat].

Various surgical methods for the treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures involving the epiphyseal growth plates in young growing dogs and cats were studied. Some of the open reduction and fixation techniques are briefly reviewed with emphasis on some of the complications that may develop in the stifle joint. Good results were obtained with the single Steinmann pin method in cats and small breeds of dogs. The parallel Kirschner wire technique as well as the cross Rush pin method was easier to apply in medium and large dog breeds, and resulted in a rigid fixation of the distal femoral condyles.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of L- and D-tetramisole on 32Pi and 45Ca uptake and mineralization by matrix vesicle-enriched fractions from chicken epiphyseal cartilage.

Alkaline phosphatase has been implicated in matrix vesicle-mediated calcification. We sought to clarify its role in this process by studying the effect of L-tetramisole, a strong uncompetitive inhibitor of this enzyme, and D-tetramisole, its inactive isomer, on the uptake of 32Pi and 45Ca by matrix vesicle-enriched microsomes obtained from chicken epiphyseal cartilage. Uptake of both 32Pi and 45Ca was inhibited in a dosage-dependent manner by the L-isomer; however, 32Pi uptake was selectively inhibited at low drug concentrations and at early time periods. With increasing incubation time, inhibition of uptake of both ions was lost. Apatite crystal growth was only weakly inhibited by both the D- and L-isomers of tetramisole. The kinetics of ion uptake by the vesicles was complex. 45Ca/32Pi uptake ratios, taken with the selective inhibiton of 32Pi uptake by L-tetramisole, indicated that early phases of vesicle ion uptake might be governed by alkaline phosphatase, a known Pi-binding protein. Later stages were clearly controlled by apatite formation. Although inhibition of vesicle uptake of 32Pi and 45Ca by graded levels of L-tetramisole paralleled inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity, surprisingly, D-tetramisole was almost as inhibitory of ion uptake as the L-isomer. This finding, coupled with the fact that alkaline phosphatase substrates were not required for vesicle ion uptake, indicates that alkaline phosphatase hydrolase activity is not directly involved in vesicle-mediated calcification under these experimental conditions.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

The effect of link protein on proteoglycan aggregate structure. An electron microscopic study of the molecular architecture and dimensions of proteoglycan aggregates reassembled from the proteoglycan monomers and link proteins of bovine fetal epiphyseal cartilage.

Proteoglycan monomer and link protein were prepared from bovine fetal epiphyseal cartilage. Proteoglycan aggregates were reassembled from proteoglycan monomers and hyaluronic acid in the presence or in the absence of link protein at pH 7 and at pH 5. The proteoglycan solutions were spread on nitrocellulose films and examined by electron microscopy. At pH 7, the aggregates formed in the presence of link protein showed dramatic differences in their dimensions, compared with the link protein-free aggregates. The link protein-containing aggregates were five times longer and contained three times as many monomers per aggregates. The mean distance between monomers was twice as long and the spacing between monomers was more regular in the link protein-containing aggregates. Essentially the same differences between link protein-free and link protein-containing proteoglycan aggregates were observed at pH 5. These results show that link protein increases proteoglycan aggregate size by facilitating the binding of more monomers to hyaluronic acid and influences the spacing of monomers along hyaluronic acid chains.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Monocompartmental epiphyseal distract.

The author presents 2 cases of genu varum due to Blount's disease, one in an infant and the other in an adolescent. Both were successfully corrected by monolateral medial epiphyseal distraction using Hoffmann's external fixator.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1978

Scanning electron microscopy studies on the origin and structure of matrix vesicles in epiphyseal cartilage from young rats.

Epiphyseal plates of young rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy to study the distribution, morphology and origin or the matrix vesicles (calcifying globules) and the results were compared with the findings on transmission electron microscopy. The matrix vesicles, 0.1 micrometer in diameter, were found to cover the intercolumnar septa and to increase gradually in number from the zone of proliferation to the zone of provisional calcification. In the intercolumnar septa of hypertrophic and calcifying cartilage, the vesicles aggregated to form calcospherites, i.e. mineralized globules about 1 micrometer in diameter. Chondrocytes showed numerous cell processes that were longer and more abundant in the more mature cells. In the zone of maturation many processes had enlarged tips with small globular projections ("bulges"), about 0.1 micrometer in diameter, which resembled the matrix vesicles covering chondrocytic lacunae. In the zones of hypertrophy and provisional calcification, many of these bulges aggregated to form larger, spherical structures. It is suggested that matrix vesicles in cartilage originate by budding from cell processess, and that in the zone of provisional calcification they aggregate to form the calcospherites, which are the loci of initial calcification of cartilage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on bone formation by cartilage reconstructed by isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes, transplanted syngeneically or across known histocompatibility barriers in mice.

Calcified cartilage transplants induce bone formation. This process may be inhibited if the recipient is immunized by the transplant. To study the relation between the degree of antigen incompatibility between the donor and recipient and bone formation in more detail, chondrocytes isolated from cartilaginous epiphyses of five-day-old mice were transplanted within a fully compatible syngeneic system and across weak (H-Y, non-H-2) and strong (H-2) histocompatibility barriers. Reconstruction of cartilage occurred in all cases. In these transplants, which did not evoke immunologic reaction (fully compatible system, transplants across H-Y barrier in nonrejector strain), reconstructed cartilage hypertrophied, calcified, yielded to resorption by mesenchyme, and finally, was replaced by bone. When (independently of the degree of antigenic difference) cartilage was surrounded by mononuclear infiltration, bone formation did not occur or was delayed. The presence of infiltrations around transplants led to the degeneration of chondrocytes as well as of matrix in peripheral regions of cartilage. Immunologic infiltration may prevent endochondral osteogenesis by inhibiting cartilage invasion by vascularized mesenchyme, and/or interfering with matrix mineralization. The function of the chondrocyte is not yet defined, but in endochondral ossification, it plays more than a passive role.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative study of pinning in situ and open epiphysiodesis in 105 patients with slipped capital femoral epiphyses.

One hundred five patients were treated for slipped capital femoral epiphyses during the period from 1964 to 1976. Attempts were made to evaluate the differences in results of multiple pinning and open epiphysiodesis performed to treat this problem. Pinning in situ was performed in 61 hips, and open epiphysiodesis was performed in 33 hips. The average follow-up period was seven years four months for pinning in situ and six years seven months for open epiphysiodesis. The average slippage was 22 degrees for patients treated by pinning in situ and 30 degrees for patients treated by open epiphysiodesis. At follow-up evaluation 91.7% of the patients treated by pinning in situ had good or excellent results, as compared with 71.6% of the patients treated by epiphysiodesis. For the patients treated by pinning in situ, 5% had poor results, and 3.3% were considered failures. For the patients treated by epiphysiodesis, 3.4% had poor results, while 25% were considered failures. Pinning in situ is the treatment of choice. It is more predictable, has less complications, and provides better long-term results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Epiphyseal extension of metaphyseal osteosarcoma in skeletally immature individuals.

In a restrospective macroscopic and microscopic study of twenty-six macrosections of skeletally immature individuals with metaphyseal osteosarcoma, we determined the incidence, extent, and mode of tumor extension into the epiphysis. The physis appeared to have a tendency to act as a barrier to tumor spread, but did not restrain the tumor tissue in most cases. Epiphyseal extension of the tumor tissue was massive in more than half of the cases, with tumor tissue abutting against the articular cartilage, and in one instance perforating it. Some tumors had a sizable extra-osseous component that extended around the physis beneath the perichondral ring and capsular structures into the ossific nucleus. These findings have important implications when limited surgery is performed for appendicular osteosarcoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Copolymers of chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate in chick embryo epiphyses and other cartilage.

Tetrasaccharides were prepared from chondroitin sulfate by means of a limited degradation with chondroitinase ABC. Tetrasaccharides containing one sulfate per disaccharide unit were isolated and were found to be of three types: a tetrasaccharide with two 6-sulfated disaccharide units, a tetrasaccharide with two 4-sulfated disaccharide units, and a tetrasaccharide with one 4-sulfated disaccharide unit and one 6-sulfated disaccharide unit. Samples of each of these three types of tetrasaccharides were obtained from chick embryo epiphyseal cartilage and from a mixture of bovine tracheal cartilage and shark cartilage. The presence of both a 4-sulfated disaccharide unit and a 6-sulfated disaccharide unit in the same tetrasaccharide molecule indicates the existence of mixed 4 and 6 sulfation on the same chondroitin sulfate chain.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Altered proteoglycan synthesis by epiphyseal cartilages in culture at low SO4(2-) concentration.

Proteoglycan Type H formed by incubation of chick embryo epiphyseal cartilages with [14C]glucosamine altered its buoyant density as the concentration of SO4(2-) in medium was lowered from 300 to 0 microM. At the highest SO4(2-) concentration, the labeled product was essentially identical with unlabeled proteoglycan Type H (i.e. the molecules already preformed in ovo) with respect to the buoyant density and hyaluronic acid-binding activity. With decreasing the SO4(2-) concentration in medium, the products showed a gradual decrease in the buoyant density with no apparent change in the hyaluronic acid-binding activity. This change of buoyant density was directly related to a decrease in average sulfation degree of the chondroitin sulfate moiety, which in turn reflected an increase in the ratio of low sulfated chondroitin chains (Chn) to high sulfated chondroitin sulfate chains (CS) per proteoglycan molecule. At intermediate SO4(2-) concentrations, 50 and 100 microM, the labeled products were of hybrid type containing both Chn and CS chains. Treatment of such hybrids with trypsin yielded, in each case, a mixture of CS- and Chn-carrying peptide fragments with an average buoyant density slightly lower than that of the parent proteoglycan. In no case were these fragments separated into two discrete groups corresponding to Chn-rich peptides and CS-rich peptides, respectively, suggesting that the two types of polysaccharide chain are rather evenly distributed along the core protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Epiphyseal fractures of the distal tibia. Treatment and results].

Epiphyseal fractures of the distal end of the tibia generally require operative treatment. A conservative treatment can be recommended only in minimally displaced fractures with undisturbed ankle joint congruity. Among 48 patients treated (40 operatively, 8 conservatively) 6 developed angular deformities, 3 of which required a corrective osteotomy. After the initial treatment follow-up is necessary until bone growth is complete.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Calcaneal epiphysitis in adolescent athletes.

Twenty cases of calcaneal epiphysitis are reviewed. Six females and fourteen males presented with the complaint of heel pain which was bilateral in 80% of the cases. All patients were active in running-related sports. The mean age was 11.2 years (9-14) and symptoms had been present, on the average, for 5.5 months. Physical examination placed particular emphasis on the alignment of the leg and foot. Clinically the pain was localized to the insertion of the achilles tendon to the calcaneal epiphysis. Biomechanical evaluation revealed marked genu varus - 6 cases; forefoot varus - 10 cases. Treatment consisted of modified rest and ice massage - all cases; new shoes with medial support and rigid heel counters - 10 cases; heel lifts - 6 cases; soft orthotics - 15 cases; and semiflexible sporthotics - 2 cases. Response to the treatment was generally good with 75% of patients having a reduction in symptoms in 1 month and 95% by 3 months.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Giant cell tumour: metaphyseal or epiphyseal origin?

The question whether giant cell tumours (GCT) of tubular bones originate in the metaphysis or epiphysis, was investigated by studying 233 GCT registered in the files of the Netherlands Committee on Bone Tumours. In 6 cases the GCT was found to be located in the metaphysis exclusively, no case with a purely epiphyseal localization was found. The result of this study favours the metaphyseal origin of GCT. An unusual case is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Free microvascular epiphyseal transplantation: experimental study on the dog].

13 mongrel puppies underwent at the age of 3-5 months epiphyseal transplantations of the distal part of the ulna. Some of these transplantants were immediately revascularized by microsurgical anastomosis, others were left without anastomosis. Growth was followed by X-rays over a period of 6 months. Non-revascularized transplants showed minimal growth and were partially absorbed whereas revascularized transplants showed continuing growth, achieving 2/3 of normal growth of the control legs.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Histochemical study of human epiphyseal cartilage.

A histochemical study, based on the distribution and state of aggregation of the macromolecular components of the matrix, was performed on epiphyseal cartilage from the femur, tibia and fibula of subjects aged between 11 and 14 years. Different histochemical behaviour was demonstrated between the longitudinal septa, which calcify, and the transverse septa, which are broken down without any mineral deposition. In these two sectors of the extracellular matrix, proteoglycans, glycoproteins and phospholipids are distributed and aggregated differently, as was also shown by extraction of the cartilage in guanidine chloride. The calcified cartilaginous matrix and the osteoid margins are intensely PAS positive, probably due to glycoproteins involved in the process of laying down mineral deposits. PAS positive granulations, resistant to digestion with alpha-amylase, and probably of lysosomal nature, are present between the capillary loops, and the transverse septa may be involved in the process of degradation of the cartilaginous matrix in which no minerals have been deposited.

Adolescent↗