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PubMed1985

The use of electromyography to quantify muscle pain.

This study was designed to determine the feasibility of using electromyography (EMG) to quantify muscle pain in patients suffering from chronic myofacial pain dysfunction (MPD). Ten patients were carefully selected to include those having mild to severe pain, but not any major psychological or other physiological dysfunction. Measurements of perceived pain and EMG frequency and amplitude were recorded before and after standard analgesic therapy. EMG recordings were collected bilaterally from the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles during the resting, swallowing, clenching and chewing modes of activity. Multiple regression (R) analysis indicated that changes in perceived pain are correlated with changes in the EMG and can be determined by using the following formula: delta P = (delta F) (0.405) + C where P = perceived pain level, F = EMG frequency, and C = 1.533. By computing the Phi coefficients, the highest correlation between EMG recordings and subjective pain ratings was demonstrated in the resting mode. In this mode, 64% (multiple R = 0.80) of the variance in perceived pain difference scores from pre- to post-therapy tests could be determined. A significant relationship exists between the change in perceived pain and the EMG (t = 2.525, p less than 0.05), whether pain levels increase or decrease. The implementation of this method to quantify expected changes in pain due to muscle spasm in uncomplicated individuals is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[The electromyography as an aid the for differential diagnosis of laryngeal movement disturbances (author's transl)].

Laryngeal movement disturbances especially require a differential diagnosis between innervation disturbances and other organic causes. Although this is to be achieved by means of electromyographic examination of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx only, this relatively easy and almost riskless method has been applied for clinical-diagnostic purposes only rarely until now. After a brief description of the technical procedure a few cases (secundary fixation of the cricoarytaenoid joint after an old paralysis of the recurrent nerve; lesion of the recurrent nerve by compression after endotracheal intubation; late lesion of the vagal nerve after operation; paralyses of N. laryngicus cranialis after thyroidectomy; congenital bilateral anchylosis of the cricoarytaenoid joints; prove of re-innervation after surgical repair of the recurrent nerve) are reported to demonstrate that this diagnostic aid is necessary as therapy often depends on the electromyographic findings. Electromyography may give valuable informations about the prognosis of vocal cord paralysis and may become quite important for forensic questions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Electromyography of the cricoarytenoid muscle in the unsedated patient using the zoom-endoscope (author's transl)].

The EMG enables diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of vocal cord palsy as well as indications for surgery. Using the zoom-endoscope of von Stuckrad electromyography of the larynx can be performed under topical anaesthesia. With a specially designed instrument the needle electrode can be transorally applied exactly into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and into any other muscle of the larynx. As the patient can follow instructions the voluntary muscle activity can be observed on the monitor and stored on tape during inspiration, exspiration and phonation. Replay and electronic summation are possible.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1977

Laryngeal electromyography - techniques, applications, and a review of personal experience.

The techniques and observations of earlier authors on laryngeal electromyography are briefly reviewed. Our personal experience with the use of a percutaneous method in a series of 27 patients is described and discussed. The percutaneous technique is a simple, safe method and permits the examination to be performed on a routine out-patient basis. The presence of denervation, the degree of paralysis, evidence of recovery, can be readily obtained and this permits a more accurate assessment and prognosis to be made.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

[Stimulation electromyography in evaluation of radicular disorders in lumbar osteochondrosis].

Using stimulation electromyography the state of the afferent and efferent parts of the reflectory arch was estimated at the lumbosacral level in 93 patients with lingering exacerbations of the syndromes of lumbar osteochondritis. In cases of radicular disturbances a lowering (statistically significant) of the speed of the stimulus transmission along the proximal parts of the motor fibres in the affected radicles was noted. A deterioration of the H-reflex of the musculus soleus pointed to the involvement of the first sacral radicle.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Electromyography in children with polymyositis (author's transl)].

Findings of repeat electromyography (EMG) in 15 children with polymyositis or dermatomyositis are reported. The data classically provided by EMG in these conditions is recalled. Emphasis is put on the contribution of stimulodetection to the diagnosis of primary disease of the muscle. With this procedure, EMG showed myogenic signs in all patients, at the first examination. Electrical anomalies are widespread from the start. A long-term study in 12 patients shows that electrical anomalies remain present long after clinical recovery. EMG disturbances are the last anomalies to disappear. EMG returns to normal when recovery is longstanding. EMG signs reappear if relapse occurs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Preparalytic condition of the facial nerve detected by evoked electromyography.

An abnormal condition of the facial nerve just before apparent paralysis was detected by evoked electromyography. We now report on 2 patients with herpes oticus and vertigo or tinnitus without apparent facial palsy. This abnormal condition is considered to be a subclinical paralysis (preparalytic condition), and early detection of the condition may prevent ensuing paralysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Electromyography reliability in maximal and submaximal isometric contractions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of average surface electromyography (EMG) within and between days. Nine subjects were tested on three different days. Five maximum and 10 submaximum (five at each of two different levels) isometric contractions were performed each day. The submaximum levels were determined by the 30% and 50% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on day one and kept constant over days two and three. The myoelectric signal from the triceps was full wave rectified and low-pass filtered at 1 Hz to yield a relatively noise-free average EMG that corresponded in time to the force signal. The scores were normalized to the force level. The reliability was estimated with intraclass correlations coefficients (R). The magnitude of score variation was also expressed as a ratio, coefficient of variation, CV = standard deviation/mean X 100%. R values were significantly greater for the submaximal levels than the 100% MVC; no significant difference existed between the two submaximal levels. The within-day CV values were similar for all three levels, ranging from 8% to 10%. The between-days variability was higher than that within days, ranging from 12% to 16%. The results suggest that submaximal isometric contractions are more reliable. Measurement error is substantial in this technique and should be included in statistical designs.

Arm↗
PubMed1984

Effect of electromyography on serum creatine kinase values in clinically normal dogs and horses.

The effect of needle electromyography (EMG) on serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was determined, using clinically normal dogs (males and females; n = 8) and horses (females; n = 8). All animals appeared normal on EMG evaluation. Serum CK was measured before and 4, 24, and 48 hours after EMG. Except for a single 24-hour sample in a dog, the animals did not have abnormally increased serum CK activity after EMG. For dogs and horses, mean values were increased, but within normal range at 4 and 24 hours and returned to base-line values by 48 hours after EMG. For dogs, but not for horses, these CK increases at 4 and 24 hours were significant (P less than 0.05). Most dogs and horses, without neuromuscular disease, did not have serum CK activity above the normal range after EMG.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Pathophysiology of spinal shock in man according to the results of stimulation electromyography].

Electromyography was made in 5 patients with a clinical picture of spinal shock. Within the first 4 days of the disease the disappearance of T potential of the soleus muscle was accompanied by the decreased amplitude of its H reflex, the enhancement of the phenomenon of H reflex depression upon low-frequency stimulation and predominance of the reflex component in the central response of the medial muscles of the foot sole. During weeks 4 and 8 of the spinal shock, there disappeared not only T potential but also H reflex of the soleus muscle and the central response of the foot muscles. It is concluded that during acute total disconnection of the descending control there is a successive loss of the functions of gamma-motoneurons, interneurones that mediate the segmental (probably, presynaptic) inhibition, and of alpha-motoneurons.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Electromyography and electroneurography in peripheral nerve lesions. Part I].

First, the possible forms of the lesion of peripheral nerves are defined in the form of a survey: pressure damage (neurapraxia), axon interruption with maintained envelope structures (axonotmesis) and complete separation of the nerve (neurotmesis). From these, the various prognostic characteristics of a nerve lesion can be derived. An neurological examination is not sufficient for a thorough study of these phenomena. A particularly valuable aid is offered by the neuroelectrodiagnostic methods of electromyography and electroneurography. The technical fundamentals of these are briefly dealt with by the authors and indications are derived from them for the use of the two methods. In case of the open nerve lesion, the methods are used for a demonstration of intact nerve fibres, and, in the later phase, for the proof of returning spontaneous activity as well as the degree of the progress of a reinnervation. As far as chronic pressure damage is concerned, for example in bottle-necks, information regarding the seat and the degree of the nerve damage can be derived. And finally, EMG and ENG permit to make statements about the segmental height of radicular damage; this is necessary in case of plexus damage, but also for the demarcation of distal lesions. In the second part, the combination with the clinical practice and therapy will be dealt with in greater detail.

Electromyography↗
PubMed1980

[Etiology of neurogenic laryngeal lesions diagnosed by electromyography].

An homogeneous series of fifty cases of neurogenic pathology of the larynx was analysed with regard to the etiologic factors. All the patients had a pathologic electromyography at the level of laryngeal muscles. Findings are compared with data from the literature about clinical laryngeal paralysis. This points out the importance to include an electromyographic examination in the investigation of this pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Bladder electromyography: response to electric stimulation and to terbutaline.

Four patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries and paraplegia received electric stimulation of the conus medullaris. An additional 5 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries and paraplegia received terbutaline for asthma. All 9 patients were studied with bladder and external urethral sphincter electromyography (EMG). Bladder pressures were recorded in the electric stimulation group and cystometry in the terbutaline group. The electric impulses were recorded without attenuation, and bladder and external urethral sphincter contractility increased. Terbutaline reduced the bladder's electric activity and pressure at capacity without affecting external urethral sphincter function. More evaluations of terbutaline's effect on the bladder are necessary to determine its applicability to incontinence problems.

Asthma↗
PubMed1981

A kinesiologic electromyography system for the computer-controlled analog and digital recording and processing of muscle action potentials of walking subjects.

A computer-controlled electromyography (EMG) System has been developed for the kinesiologic examination of orthopedic patients. A major objective in the design of the system was its convenient operation in the daily clinical routine. The EMG signals are transduced by specially constructed electrode-preamplifier units and filtered and further amplified in a cable distribution box fixed to the subject's belt or back. The amplified signals are transmitted to the stationary signal conditioning, display, and recording units by an easily tractable trailing cable guided in a ceiling rail. The test gait sequence is performed on a level walkway 14 m in length. A functional partition into periodically recurring gait is achieved either by foot-floor contact sensors or by optional goniometric measurements in the lower extremity. Patient safety is provided by an opto-coupling interface. The EMG signals are displayed on specially constructed large screen oscilloscopes for convenient real-time monitoring by the examiner. An analog recording is carried out by a multi-channel strip chart recorder. The digital recording and processing of the EMG signals and the control of the analog recording unit are implemented by an on-line system. This paper describes the main constructional features of the system and its components, discusses the basic problems involved in the digital recording and processing of EMG signals, and gives an outline of the digital processing mode employed so far in our electromyographical examination of orthopedic patients with various gait disorders.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

[Correlation between clinical findings and indices of stimulation electromyography in the acute stage of strokes].

In 33 patients with the acute stage of a cerebral stroke the function of the spinal centres was examined by the stimulation electromyography method. The H-reflex of the sural muscle and the late responses of the hand and foot muscles were determined in patients with truncal and hemispheric lesions on the 1st-2nd, 3d-12th, and 13th-18th days of the disease. In the patients with hemispheric lesions an increased excitability of mononeurons was on the 1st-2nd days only on the contralateral side, while in the patients with truncal lesions this symptom was bilateral: this correlated with the bilateral motor disturbances. Beginning from the 3d-5th day, as muscular hypotonicity developed the mononeuron excitability in the patients with the hemispheric lesions increased on the homolateral, and decreased on the contralateral side, while in the patients with the truncal lesions the depression of the excitability of the spinal centres was bilateral. On the 14th-18th days of the disease the excitability of the spinal centres returned to normal in the patients with the hemispheric lesions, while in those with the brain trunk involvement it still remained increased.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

[Electromyography of the leg. Study during various segmental movements].

Using anatomical landmarks as fixed points, the authors have squared the cutaneous surface ot the leg into areas which cover the following superficial muscles: m. gastrocnemius, caput mediales et caput laterales, m. peroneus longus, m. tibialis anterior, m. soleus. The electrical surface activity, collected in these areas for some segmented movements (dorsal and plantar flexions with and without load) was integrated and quantified. The individual and inter-individual variability in electrical activity was obtained from six subjects and discussed. The typical electromyography of the leg was established for the four segmental movements investigated. This analysis had also lead to determine the most suitable electrode site for each of the superficial muscles. This study confirms the functional role classically attributed to these various muscles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

31P NMR spectroscopy and electromyography during exercise and recovery in patients with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether patients with fibromyalgia (FM) have normal motor unit recruitment in relation to muscle metabolism during exhausting exercise and recovery, and whether the reduced voluntary muscle force normally seen is related to a smaller muscle size. METHODS: Female patients with FM and sedentary controls were examined using simultaneous 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and surface electromyography (SEMG) during exhaustive static exercise of the anterior tibial muscle and during recovery. The maximum voluntary contraction force was estimated, and the maximum cross sectional muscle area was evaluated using 1H NMR imaging. The sedentary controls were matched to patients for sex, age and, as far as possible, daily physical activity levels. RESULTS: Patients with FM had reduced maximum voluntary contraction force in relation to the sedentary controls, despite having similar muscle size. In general the myoelectrical-metabolic relation during exercise and recovery was normal in patients with FM. CONCLUSION: The less extreme changes in motor unit recruitment and metabolism during exhaustive exercise indicated a lower exercise tolerance that could be connected with the lower physical activity levels.

Adult↗