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PubMed1993

Mortality patterns and trends for lung cancer and other tobacco-related cancers in the Americas, 1955-1989.

Mortality from cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, oesphagus, larynx and lung between 1955 and 1989 has been analysed for USA, Canada and 14 countries in Latin America. Among males, Uruguay, Cuba, Argentina and Puerto Rico have the highest rates for all sites, and Peru, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Mexico and Colombia have the lowest rates. Among females, Cuba, Colombia and Puerto Rico rank high for all sites, and Mexico, Paraguay, Ecuador and Peru rank low. For both sexes, lung cancer mortality rates from the US and Canada are high, whereas rates from other sites are intermediate. An increasing trend in lung cancer mortality over time is shown in all countries except Cuba (no changes), Argentina, Paraguay and Peru (decreasing trend). In Latin America, the tobacco-related lung cancer epidemic is in its early phase among males, and very early phase among females.

Esophageal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Genetic differentiation and diagnostic loci of Anopheles nuneztovari, An. trinkae, and An. rangeli (Diptera: Culicidae).

Samples of Anopheles rangeli Gabaldon, Cova Garcia & Lopez, An. trinkae Causey, and An. nuneztovari Gabaldon from Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, and Bolivia were analyzed for genetic variability at 24 enzyme loci. Estimates of genetic variability for An. rangeli and An. trinkae from Ecuador and for An. nuneztovari in Venezuela had the following ranges: 46-58% polymorphic loci, 1.7-2.0 (SEM = 0.1-0.3) mean number of alleles per locus, and 0.069-0.113 (SEM = 0.03-0.04) expected mean heterozygosity. Genetic variability estimates of An. rangeli from Bolivia were 20.8-29.2% polymorphic loci, 1.2-1.6 (SEM = 0.1-0.2) mean number of alleles per locus, and 0.037-0.054 (SEM = 0.02-0.03) expected mean heterozygosity. The estimated genetic distance between An. rangeli and An. trinkae ranged from 0.149 to 0.197. The genetic distance between these 2 species and An. nuneztovari ranged from 0.319 to 0.440. Although there were allele frequency differences at some loci between samples of An. nuneztovari sampled from either side of the Andes Mountains in Venezuela, there were no diagnostic loci and the estimated genetic distance was only 0.023. Seven enzyme loci were diagnostic between An. nuneztovari and one or both of its sister species: Acon-2, Ao, Hk-1, Idh-2, Me, Pgi, and Pgm. The diagnostic loci Hk-1 and Acon-2 were not polymorphic in any species. An. rangeli and An. trinkae can be distinguished by the diagnostic loci Ao, Idh-2, and Me-1, and with a 97% probability by Pgm. Distance Wagner and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging analyses support a close phylogenetic relationship between An. trinkae and An. rangeli.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Emerging genetic diversity of HIV-1 in South America.

OBJECTIVE: Genotype determination and risk group analysis of HIV-1 infected individuals in selected regions of South America. DESIGN: Cross-sectional convenience sampling of HIV-1-positive individuals in Peru, Ecuador, Uruguay and Paraguay from March, 1994 through September, 1998. METHODS: HIV-1-positive subjects were identified through the national AIDS surveillance program in each country. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain demographic, clinical and risk factor data on each study subject. Viral DNA was extracted from participants' peripheral blood mononuclear cells either directly or after co-cultivation. A nested PCR was used to obtain selected fragments of the envelope genes for genotyping by the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). A 600 bp sequence encompassing the V3 loop was sequenced from a selection of 23 of these samples for phylogenetic analysis and confirmation of HMA genotype. RESULTS: Among the 257 successfully genotyped HIV-1-positive samples, genotype B was found in 98.3% (228/232) of those obtained from subjects in Peru, Ecuador, and Paraguay. In contrast, 56% (14/25) of the samples from Uruguay were genotype F, and the remainder were genotype B. Genotype F was detected for the first time in Peru (2/224) and Paraguay (1/4), and genotype A for the first time in Peru (1/224). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the genotype identified by HMA in the 23 samples sequenced. There was no detectable genetic clustering of HIV-1 within the different high-risk groups or geographic locations. CONCLUSIONS: These findings verify and extend the presence of several different HIV-1 genotypes in South America.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Vibrios associated with Litopenaeus vannamei larvae, postlarvae, broodstock, and hatchery probionts.

Several bacteriological surveys were performed from 1994 to 1996 at different Litopenaeus vannamei hatcheries (in Ecuador) and shrimp farms (in Mexico). Samples were taken from routine productions of healthy and diseased L. vannamei larvae, postlarvae, and their culture environment and from healthy and diseased juveniles and broodstock. In Ecuador, the dominant bacterial flora associated with shrimp larvae showing symptoms of zoea 2 syndrome, mysis mold syndrome, and bolitas syndrome has been determined. Strains were characterized by Biolog metabolic fingerprinting and identified by comparison to a database of 850 Vibrio type and reference strains. A selection of strains was further genotypically fine typed by AFLP. Vibrio alginolyticus is predominantly present in all larval stages and is associated with healthy nauplius and zoea stages. AFLP genetic fingerprinting shows high genetic heterogeneity among V. alginolyticus strains, and the results suggest that putative probiotic and pathogenic strains each have specific genotypes. V. alginolyticus was found to be associated with larvae with the zoea 2 syndrome and the mysis mold syndrome, while different Vibrio species (V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi) are associated with the bolitas syndrome. V. harveyi is associated with diseased postlarvae, juveniles, and broodstock. The identities of the strains identified as V. harveyi by the Biolog system could not be unambiguously confirmed by AFLP genomic fingerprinting. Vibrio strain STD3-988 and one unidentified strain (STD3-959) are suspected pathogens of only juvenile and adult stages. V. parahaemolyticus, Photobacterium damselae, and V. mimicus are associated with juvenile and adult stages.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Trends in mortality from coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases in the Americas: 1970-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) over the period 1970 to 2000 in the Americas. METHODS: Age standardised mortality rates were derived from the World Health Organization database and grouped according to the International classification of diseases, ninth revision. Joinpoint analysis was used to identify changes in trends. RESULTS: In the USA and Canada, CHD mortality rates declined by about 60% in both sexes. In Latin America, falls in CHD mortality were observed for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. In 2000, mortality rates among men were highest in Venezuela (137.3/100,000) and lowest (apart from Ecuador) in Argentina (63.5/100,000). For women, the rates were highest in Cuba (79.4/100,000) and lowest in Argentina (26.5/100,000). For CVA mortality, a decline by about 60% was observed in the USA and Canada for both sexes. The falls were smaller (about -25% to -40% among men and -20% to -50% among women) in Puerto Rico, Argentina, Chile, and Costa Rica and only minor in Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela. Around 2000, CVA mortality in Latin America was highest in Brazil (85.5/100,000 among men and 61.7/100,000 among women) and lowest in Puerto Rico (29.3/100,000 among men and 24.1/100,000 among women). CONCLUSIONS: Recent falls in CHD and CVA were less favourable in Latin America than in the USA and Canada. This may reflect unfavourable changes in nutrition (including obesity), physical activity, and smoking in most Latin American countries, together with less effective control of hypertension and management of the diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Human immune responses to infective stage larval-specific chitinase of filarial parasite, Onchocerca volvulus, Ov-CHI-1.

BACKGROUND: Ov-CHI-1 is a chitinase specifically expressed in the infective stage larvae of the human filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus. Evidence has show that it could be a vaccine candidate, however, there is no data available regarding the immunological status of people naturally exposed to infective stage larvae and thus provoked by this antigen. METHOD: We analysed the Ov-CHI-1-specific immune response present in four endemic foci of human onchocerciasis (Ecuador, Nigeria, Togo and Cameroon) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and T-cell proliferation assays. RESULTS: In these foci of infection, antibodies to Ov-CHI-1 were found to be present in only 22% of individuals from Ecuador, but were detected in 42-62% of infected individuals in the three foci from West Africa (Nigeria, Togo and Cameroon). There was found to be no relationship between antibody level and age, gender, or infection intensity as indicated by microfilarial density and numbers of skin nodules. The isotype response to Ov-CHI-1 was dominated by the presence of IgG3, IgG1 was present to a lesser extent. Our results show a positive correlation between N- and C-termini of Ov-CHI-1 in their ability to provoke humoral and cellular immune responses in the human. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferative responses to Ov-CHI-1 when assayed, were found to be significantly higher in the individuals from endemic areas and there was a statistically elevated response to Ov-CHI-1 in the infected individuals when compared to putative immune individuals. CONCLUSION: Ov-CHI-1 is an antigen that we have found strongly induces both humoral and cellular immune responses in humans.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Morphometric analysis of Triatoma dimidiata populations (Reduviidae:Triatominae) from Mexico and Northern Guatemala.

Triatoma dimidiata is one of the major vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. Its range includes Mexico, all countries of Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador. In light of recent genetic analysis suggesting that the possible origin of this species is the Yucatan peninsula, we have analyzed populations from the state of Yucatan, San Luis Potosi, and Veracruz in Mexico, and a population from the southern region of the Yucatan peninsula located in Northern Guatemala, the region of El Peten. Classical morphometry including principal component, discriminant, sexual dimorphism, and wing asymmetry was analyzed. San Luis Potosi and Veracruz populations were indistinguishable while clearly separate from Yucatan and Peten populations. Despite important genetic differences, Yucatan and Peten populations were highly similar. Yucatan specimens were the smallest in size, while females were larger than males in all populations. Only head characters were necessary to distinguish population level differences, although wing fluctuating asymmetry was present in all populations. These results are discussed in light of recent findings suggesting genetic polymorphism in most populations of Triatoma dimidiata south of Chiapas to Ecuador.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[A model of primary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To develop, apply, and evaluate an educational model for the primary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was based on the sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of adolescents and on their perceptions and behaviors in this area, with the ultimate goal of helping develop educational tools to prevent infection with STDs and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: An STD/HIV/AIDS primary prevention model was applied with adolescent schoolchildren (12 to 15 years old) in the canton of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Two groups with similar characteristics were formed: the experimental group, with 358 students, and the control group, with 288 students. Schools were selected according to inclusion criteria, and adolescents at each school were chosen at random. A discussion guide was applied with 16 focus groups, and the resulting information was used to prepare a KAP survey. After being validated, the KAP survey was applied to the experimental group and to the control group. A prevention education program geared to students and teachers was implemented with the experimental group. Eight months later a second KAP survey was done with the experimental group and the control group. The differences in KAPs before and after the intervention were evaluated using the chi-square test. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups before the intervention, but afterwards the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.012), with an increase in the knowledge of sexuality and STDs/AIDS in the experimental group, even though the long-term behavior changes have not been evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: This study validated a multifactorial STD/AIDS prevention model adapted to the reality of adolescents, and it suggests the possibility of extrapolating this experience more broadly to contexts similar to those of this Ecuador population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk for transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases in Central and South America.

We report the potential risk for an infectious disease through tainted transfusion in 10 countries of South and Central America in 1993 and in two countries of South America in 1994, as well as the cost of reagents as partial estimation of screening costs. Of the 12 countries included in the study, nine screened all donors for HIV; three screened all donors for hepatitis B virus (HBV); two screened all donors for Trypanosoma cruzi; none screened all donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV); and six screened some donors for syphilis. Estimates of the risk of acquiring HIV through blood transfusion were much lower than for acquiring HBV, HCV, or T. cruzi because of significantly higher screening and lower prevalence.rates for HIV. An index of infectious disease spread through blood transfusion was calculated for each country. The highest value was obtained for Bolivia (233 infections per 10,000 transfusions); in five other countries, it was 68 to 103 infections per 10,000. The risks were lower in Honduras (nine per 10,000), Ecuador (16 per 10,000), and Paraguay (19 per 10,000). While the real number of potentially infected units or infected persons is probably lower than our estimates because of false positives and already infected recipients, the data reinforce the need for an information system to assess the level of screening for infectious diseases in the blood supply. Since this information was collected, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela have made HCV screening mandatory; serologic testing for HCV has increased in those countries, as well as in El Salvador and Honduras. T. cruzi screening is now mandatory in Colombia, and the percentage of screened donors increased not only in Colombia, but also in Ecuador, El Salvador, and Paraguay. Laws to regulate blood transfusion practices have been enacted in Bolivia, Guatemala, and Peru. However, donor screening still needs to improve for one or more diseases in most countries.

Central America↗
PubMed2003

Detection and differentiation of yellow head complex viruses using monoclonal antibodies.

Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against pathogenic yellow head virus (YHV) from Thailand were tested against tissues of shrimp from Thailand, Australia, Ecuador and India that were purported to be infected with yellow head complex viruses. MAbs V-3-2B and Y-18 were specific to gp116 and gp64 envelope proteins, respectively, while Y-19 was specific to a 20 kDa putative nucleoprotein p20. As a preliminary step, the site of reactivity of the 3 MAbs in YHV was determined by immuno-electron microscopy using ultra-thin sections of YHV-infected shrimp tissue and negatively stained, semi-purified YHV particles. As expected, MAb Y-19 reacted with viral nucleocapsids in ultra-thin sections but not with negatively stained, whole virions; MAb V-3-2B did react with negatively stained, whole virions, but not with virions or nucleocapsids in ultra-thin sections. Unexpectedly, MAb Y-18 did not react with whole or sectioned virions. By immunohistochemistry, MAbs Y-19 and Y-18 reacted with Penaeus monodon tissues infected with either YHV or with gill-associated virus (GAV) from Australia, while MAb V-3-2B reacted with YHV only. In addition, all the YHV and GAV tissue samples gave positive in situ hybridization reactions with a cDNA probe specific to the ORF1b gene of YHV. They also gave expected differential RT-PCR results for YHV and GAV. By contrast, 2 natural Thai shrimp specimens with no gross signs of disease gave similar immunohistochemical reactions and RT-PCR reactions to GAV. However, sequencing of their RT-PCR products showed that they shared 92.7% identity with GAV, but only 79.0% identity with YHV. Although specimens from Ecuador and India displayed histopathology suggestive of YHV infection, they gave negative immunohistochemical reactions with all 3 Mabs, and negative in situ hybridization results. Additional work is required to determine whether a virus from the yellow head complex was responsible for their observed histopathology. These data show that the 3 YHV MAbs could be used in diagnostic situations to differentiate some viruses in the yellow head virus complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Current status of onchocerciasis in Colombia.

To assess the current epidemiologic status of onchocerciasis in Colombia two surveys were undertaken in 1995 in a suspected new focus on the border between Colombia and Ecuador and in the known focus located on the Micay River. No new focus was found along the Colombia-Ecuador border. In the known focus, communities along the upper Micay River and its tributaries were surveyed; 655 adults underwent physical examinations and skin biopsies. Infected individuals were found almost exclusively in the community of Naiciona, where prevalence of infection was 40% (36 of 91). Polymerase chain reaction detection of onchocercal DNA in skin snips correlated with the skin-snip biopsy results. The prevalence of punctate keratitis, the only ocular manifestation found, was 33%. A rapid entomologic assessment demonstrated Simulium exiguum infected with Onchocerca volvulus. This is the first finding in Colombia of naturally infected black flies and confirms S. exiguum as a vector species. These data will be used for implementing a control program using periodic ivermectin distribution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Epizootiology of fowls adenoviruses].

Fowl adenoviruses of the serotype 4 from Germany were characterised by restriction enzyme analysis in comparison to isolates from Asia, South America and the FAV4 reference strain KR5. Only strain Da60 which was isolated from a psittacine aviary was identical with the reference strain KR5. None of the isolates was identical with the highly pathogenic strains from India and Ecuador. One-day-old chicks were infected orally and intramuscularly with the reference strain KR5, the psittacine isolate Da60 and isolate K1013 from Ecuador. Whereas no mortality was seen with the two strains KR5 and Da60, the mortality with K1013 was 100%. The main pathological signs were a swollen liver with necrosis and a lymphocyte depletion with a loss of the follicle structure. To investigate a second subject of avian adenovirus epizootiology several FAVs were characterized serologically and with PCR which was combined with the digestion of the PCR products. Including the reference strains, both methods were compared. It was shown that the digestion of the PCR products allows a clear attribution to a specific serotype, which underlines the usefulness of this method for diagnostic purposes.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2004

[Cervical cancer. Current view of its epidemiology and risk factors].

An epidemiologic analysis and a global evaluation of risk factors related to the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer are reported here. Cervical cancer is the second cause of female malignancies worldwide and represents a health problem in some countries of Africa and Latin America like Haiti, Zimbabwe, Bolivia and Ecuador, with incidence rates from 44.2 to 93.9 per 100,000. Highest death rates are reported in Haiti, Nicaragua, Ecuador and Mexico (53.5 to 17.1 per 100,000, respectively). Although at this time in Mexico it has been reported a 55.4% of early tumors and a decrease of 20% in death rates, in this country cervical cancer is the main cause of death for women malignancies. Sexual activity and parity before 18 years old, human papilloma virus infection (HPV) and some nutritional deficiencies mainly related with antioxidants agents, are in these countries the most important risk factors. Mexican investigations have showed oncogenic HPV genotypes in 80% of aceto white lesions of the cervix, a 50% of HPV16 genome in cervical carcinomas and a variety of HPV16 infection, named HPV16AA-c. Women infected with these viruses, are younger and have more aggressive carcinomas.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

The Latin American Dialysis and Transplantation Registry (RLDT) annual report 2004.

INTRODUCTION: The Latin American Dialysis and Transplantation Registry (RLDT) includes 20 national affiliates. Data are provided annually by delegates designated by the national affiliate or by the Registry's Coordinating Committee. RESULTS: Prevalence of persons on renal replacement therapy (RRT) has increased from 192 patients per million population (pmp) in 1992 to 424 pmp in 2003, a 10% annual increment. Fifty-six percent were on hemodialysis, 23% on peritoneal dialysis, and 21% had a functioning graft. The highest prevalence was observed in Puerto Rico, and the lowest in Ecuador. Hemodialysis was the preferred treatment modality, except in El Salvador, Mexico, and Guatemala. Incidence rates varied widely; they were high in Puerto Rico (336 pmp) and Mexico (275 pmp) and low in Costa Rica (24 pmp) and Ecuador (14 pmp). Diabetes was the main reported cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD); it caused from 21% (Uruguay) to 65% (Puerto Rico) of cases. Forty percent of incident patients were > 65 years old. Access to RRT is universal in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela but restricted in countries like Mexico and Paraguay. Main causes of death on dialysis were cardiovascular (44%) and infection (26%). Transplantation rates increased from 3.7 pmp in 1987 to 13.7 pmp in 2003, mostly from living donors (55%). The number of transplants reached 69,181 grafts. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of RRT has increased over the years; diabetes has become the main cause of ESRD, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death on dialysis. Transplantation rates, although increasing, have not matched the growing population on dialysis. Programs to promote renal health in the region are urgently needed.

Health Services Accessibility↗
PubMed1994

Cholera in the United States, 1965-1991. Risks at home and abroad.

OBJECTIVE: To assess risks for cholera in the United States. DESIGN: Review of published reports of cholera outbreaks and sporadic cases and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) memoranda and laboratory reports. PATIENTS: Persons with symptomatic laboratory-diagnosed cholera treated in the United States and territories. RESULTS: From 1965 through 1991, 136 cases of cholera were reported. Fifty-three percent of the patients were hospitalized and three persons died (case-fatality rate, 0.02). Ninety-three infections were acquired in the United States and 42 overseas; for one case the source was unknown. Domestically acquired cholera was largely related to the endemic Gulf Coast focus of Vibrio cholerae 01 (56 cases). The major domestic food vehicle was shellfish, particularly crabs harvested from the Gulf of Mexico or nearby estuaries. In 1991, 14 (54%) of 26 domestically acquired cases were caused by food from Ecuador (n = 11) and Thailand (n = 3). During 1991, the first cases of cholera in travelers returning from South America were reported. In 1991, the rate of cholera among air travelers returning from South America was estimated as 0.3 per 100,000; among air travelers returning from Ecuador, 2.6 per 100,000. CONCLUSIONS: Cholera remains a small but persistent risk in the United States and for travelers. An endemic focus on the Gulf Coast, the continuing global pandemic, and the epidemic in South America make this likely to continue for years to come. Physicians should know how to diagnose and treat cholera and should report all suspected cases to their state health departments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Law No. 92 creating a Fund for Childhood Development, 4 May 1988.

This law creates in Ecuador a Fund for Childhood Development designed to finance aid programs for children that expand the attention given to their needs and improve the quality of services. The fund is to be financed from a variety of sources including a tax on salaries, petroleum, and lotteries. The Fund is to be administered by the National Child and Family Institute.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Accord No. 00243, 9 February 1988.

This Accord sets forth the Regulations of the Organic Functions of the Ministry of Social Welfare of Ecuador. The following are among the Departments of the Ministry: 1) on the advisory level, the National Council of Minors; 2) on the operative level, the National Directorate for the Protection of Minors, consisting of the Department for the Protection of Minors, the Department for the Rehabilitation of Minors, the Department of Integral Health for Minors, and the Legal-Social Department for the protection of Minors; and a National Directorate of Women, consisting of a Technical Department and a Department of Promotion and Development. The functions of the National Directorate of Women are as follows: 1) to promote the participation of women and women's organizations, encouraging their incorporation into the socioeconomic development of the country; 2) to encourage and orient on a national level the creation of women's groups; 3) to advise and coordinate in the state and private sector the execution of programs and projects designed to improve the condition of Ecuadoran women; 4) to direct and execute programs and projects for women; 5) to promote the strengthening of women's organizations striving to obtain self-management for women and raise their standards of living; 6) to give opinions on the approval of statutes of women's organizations; 7) to supervise the implementation of programs and projects undertaken by organizations that receive contributions from the Ministry; 8) to direct and supervise the organization of a register of information related to women's organizations; and 9) to promote the dissemination of information for the implementation of programs and projects of the Directorate relating to women's organizations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Accord No. 000244, 30 June 1988.

This Accord publishes in the Registro Oficial the text of the Andean Instrument on Labour Migration, adopted by the National Congress of Ecuador on 24 June 1987. Under the Instrument, member countries are not to impede the entry and departure of migrant workers who have been contracted in conformity with the Instrument and the immigration laws of the country of immigration. Migrant workers are not to be discriminated against on the basis of race, sex, religion, or nationality and are to have, in general, the same rights of workers of the country of immigration. Workers and their families are also to have the same rights as nationals to education, housing, health care, and social security. Further provisions of the Instrument set forth specific rules with respect to temporary workers, border workers, and undocumented workers.

Americas↗