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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Review of breast cancer cases in Jaipur region.

Breast cancer forms the commonest cancer in females in Jaipur region. Two hundred cases of breast malignancy were recorded in a single year (1990). This constituted 8.30% of total cancers and 19.40% of all female cancers. The commonest age group was 45-54 years (37.0%) followed by 35-44 years (24.50%). Only 13.50% were below the age of 35 years. Majority of the patients (97.50%) were married and 76.0% got married below the age of 20 years, 26.50% got married below the age of 15 years. Most (75.0%) has menarche between the age of 13 and 16 years. Menstrual irregularities were present in only 17.50% of the cases. More than 6 pregnancies had in 33.50% patients and 50.50% had 3-5 pregnancies. Only 4.50% had no issue. Most of the women (68.50%) had their first live child between 18 and 25 years and 13.50% had below 18 years. Majority reported having breastfed their children for 1-2 years. Only 12.0% and 5.0% women reported having any problem with breast during lactation and otherwise respectively. A family history of cancer was present in 10.0% of the cases. A personal delay of more than two years in seeking medical help was observed in only 6.0% of the cases while 22.50% sought medical advice within a week time. Risk factors which are implicated in the aetiology of breast cancer in the western setting might not necessarily hold true in our country. More epidemiological studies are required to elicit correlation, if any, in the Indian context.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1982

Clinical trial of an oral contraceptive containing desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol.

A clinical trial involving 1,159 women who used the tested preparation for a total of 15,222 observed cycles showed an oral contraceptive containing 150 micrograms of desogestrel in combination with 30 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol to be highly effective. Desogestrel is a potent progestogen, which, at the doses used for oral contraception, is devoid of any androgenic activity. Cycle control during the trial was good. No serious side effects occurred, and the incidence of minor complaints was lower than during a nontreated control cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Menstrual blood loss with use of a vaginal ring releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel per day. World Health Organization. Task force on long-acting systemic agents for fertility regulation.

Menstrual blood loss (MBL), haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels were studied in a total of 127 women from three developing country centres, using a vaginal ring releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel/day. The objective was to evaluate changes in MBL and body iron stores over one year of use. The discontinuation rate for bleeding problems varied between centres from 3 to 13% at one year, but these differences were not significant. There were no differences in MBL or iron status on admission between women who completed or discontinued from the study. Even though there was considerable variation in MBL and haemoglobin levels among the three centres before insertion of the ring, a decrease in MBL was observed in all centres after commencement of ring use. Conversely, an increase in haemoglobin levels was noted in all centres although the change reached significance only in Beijing. There were no alterations in serum ferritin levels. These results suggest that use of a vaginal ring releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel/day for one year will not significantly affect menstrual blood loss volume nor cause changes in body iron stores.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent sexual behaviour: results from an Ontario sample. Part II: Adolescent use of protection.

This paper reports the frequency of use of protection and rates of birth control pill/condom use by age and gender among a large, sexually active group of Ontario adolescents who were followed from 12 to 17 years of age. The sample consisted of the 759 males and 690 females who reported engaging in sexual intercourse during the McMaster Teen Project. Significantly more females aged 15-17 years reported always using a method of protection, and using the birth control pill. Condom use was more frequent among males at all ages, but reached statistical significance at ages 12, 13 and 17 years. Although the numbers reporting no use of protection decreased with age, by 17 years 36% of males and 33% of females continued to report no use of protection. Large numbers of sexually active Ontario adolescents continue to be vulnerable to pregnancy, STDs and AIDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Rationale for prescribing oral contraceptives].

Strategies for prescribing oral contraceptives (OC) are explained with particular emphasis on individual conditions which can be helpful to optimize the selection process out of the numerous on the market. While contraceptive efficacy unequivocally is regarded as high additional non-contraceptive benefits become substantial criteria for an individual decision. Antiandrogenic properties of progestogens like cyproteroneacetate clearly determine their preference in the presence of unwanted clinical signs and symptoms of hyperandrogenism. In most of the non androgen-related conditions the estrogenicity of a preparation as a result of the dose of ethinylestradiol and dose as well as antiestrogenic potency of the progestogen accounts for the majority of non contraceptive effects. Different progestogens are evaluated with respect to their antiestrogenic property. It is suggested to start treatment after selection of an appropriate progestogen with the lowest daily dose of both hormonal components and to continue intake at least for 3 to 4 cycles as long as no serious adverse events occur. In cases of persisting problems i.e. bleeding irregularities doses or dosing-schemes should be altered preferentially without switching to another gestagen.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1989

Effects of oral contraceptive and estrogen administration on plasma calcitonin in pre- and postmenopausal women.

Estrogen (E) therapy and administration of oral contraceptives (OC) reportedly increase plasma calcitonin (CT) concentrations in women, effects said to mediate in part the beneficial actions of E on bone. To further examine this theory, we tested the effects of three cycles of OC therapy in 12 young women, comparing them to 10 healthy women before and after three normal menstrual cycles. We also determined the effects of 3 months of E therapy (ethinyl estradiol, 20 micrograms/day, 25 of 30 days) in 14 healthy postmenopausal women, using a crossover design (studied after 3 months with and 3 months without E). We determined CT by radioimmunoassay (antiserum G-1701) in whole plasma (iCT) and silica cartridge extracts of plasma (exCT) after overnight fasting, after calcium (Ca) infusion (2 mg Ca/kg over 5 minutes), and during a normal day at 0800, 1200, 1700, and 2000 h. In no control study was there a significant diurnal change in iCT or exCT, and neither OC nor E therapy altered this. Similarly, OC administration did not affect basal CT levels or the normal iCT and exCT responses to Ca infusion. E therapy induced expected changes in serum Ca, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase and urinary Ca and cAMP excretion; basal and diurnal plasma exCT levels were decreased significantly, consonant with the decrement in serum Ca. E did not alter normal iCT and exCT responses to Ca infusion. Thus, administration of either OC or E has no stimulatory effect on CT secretion, which suggests that the beneficial actions of E on bone are not mediated through CT-induced inhibition of bone resorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance as a measure of differences in body water distribution.

In 38 females, aged 21.3 +/- 1.8 years (mean +/- SD) and 22 males, aged 21.6 +/- 2.0 years, total body water (TBW) was assessed by bioelectrical impedance at a frequency of 100 kHz (Z100), and extracellular water (ECW) was assessed at a frequency of 1 (Z1) or 5 kHz (Z5). Impedance ratios of low frequencies (Z1 or Z5) to high frequency (Z100) were calculated as indicators of body water distribution. Furthermore, changes in body water distribution during the menstrual cycle were assessed in 16 females, aged 22.1 +/- 1.7 years, divided into subjects using or not using oral contraceptives. In general, the ratio ECW to TBW was lower in males compared to females, which was reflected in the ratios Z1/Z100 and Z5/Z100. However, the ratio Z5/Z100 reflected this difference less clear, probably because at 5 kHz the current partly passes the cell membranes. Weight changes during the menstrual cycle are generally accepted to be due to a retention of ECW. The ratio Z5/Z100 and the ratios Z1/Z100 and Z5/Z100 for those subjects not using oral contraceptives differed significantly between day with minimal and day with maximal weight. A negative correlation was found between weight change, still considering day with minimal and day with maximal weight, and change in impedance at 5 and 50 kHz for subjects not using oral contraceptives. It is concluded that differences in body water distribution are reflected by low-to-high impedance ratios.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sources of contraceptive commodities for users in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the sources of contraceptive commodities is an important aspect of the delivery of family planning services and is required by planning programme managers for strategic planning purposes. Findings from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey have previously showed that the private sector was the most frequently reported source of contraceptive supply, providing contraception to two and a half times as many women as the public sector. We conducted a community-based study to examine further the sources of contraceptive commodity for users in Nigeria with a view to identifying their preferences for distribution centres. This information would be useful to improve commodity distribution and to build the necessary capacity for satisfactory delivery of contraceptives. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A multi-stage random sampling technique was used. A state was randomly selected to represent each of the four health zones in Nigeria. Two local government areas (LGAs) were then selected representing both urban and rural areas. Ten enumeration areas were subsequently selected from each LGA. Of the 2,001 respondents aged 15-49 years, 1,647 (82.3%) were sexually active, out of which 244 were found to be using contraceptive methods at the time of the study, giving a contraceptive prevalence of 14.8%. The commonest source of information on contraceptives was through friends (34%), followed by the radio (11.5%) and husbands (10.2%). Most respondents procured their contraceptives from chemist/patent medicine shops (19.7%), while only 0.8% obtained them from designated family planning clinics. The younger groups in this study (15-24 years), single people, Catholics, and Muslims, showed a greater preference for chemist/patent medicine shops for their sources of contraceptives. The older groups and married respondents, however, made use of government and private hospitals to obtain their contraceptives. CONCLUSION: Strategies to increase contraceptive use must take into consideration these identified sources of contraceptives with a view to enhancing the quality, quantity, and variety of methods available, and to building capacity for effective service delivery. There is also a need to encourage the establishment of adolescent-friendly clinics where young people can go for counselling and obtain contraceptives of their choice, including emergency contraceptive pills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Ethnicity and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Ghana.

Using a sub-sample of ever-married women from the 1993 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS), this study examines differentials in contraceptive use in six cultural groups: Ga-Adangbe, Twi, Fante/other Akans, Ewe, Guan/others and Mole-Dagbani. Multivariate analysis is used to explore whether reported ethnic differentials in contraceptive use can be attributed to ethnicity or to other characteristics that distinguish the ethnic groups. Overall, the findings are generally more consistent with the 'characteristics' hypothesis, because contraceptive use differentials by ethnic group is accounted for by differences in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of these women. However, for the Fante/other Akans, even after the necessary controls, ethnicity continued to emerge as a significant determinant of contraceptive use. Programmatic implications of these results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effect of antiprogestin on integrin expression in human endometrium: an immunohistochemical study.

Integrins are cell surface receptors for the extracellular matrix and connect extracellular cell adhesion proteins to cytoskeletal components. Several investigators have recently described the expression of different integrins in the human endometrium as markers of receptivity. In the present study we investigated the effect of various doses of the antiprogestin mifepristone on the endometrial expression of integrins during the implantation phase. Endometrial biopsies from healthy fertile women were obtained in the midluteal phase. The study included one control and one, two or three treatment cycles. In treatment cycles either 2.5 (n = 9) or 5 mg (n = 5) of mifepristone was administered once weekly, 0.5 mg daily (n = 5), or 200 mg as a single dose administered on day 2 after the luteinizing hormone surge (day LH + 2; n = 8). By using polyclonal antibodies against integrin alpha(v)beta3, subunit beta3 and subunit alpha4 we found reduced immunostaining for alpha4 and beta3 subunit in glandular epithelium after treatment with mifepristone while alpha(v)beta3, expression appeared to be unaffected. No differences between treatment groups were noted. This study demonstrates that treatment with mifepristone interferes with integrin distribution during the implantation window. This may imply that the contraceptive effect of mifepristone is primarily due to impaired endometrial receptivity. However, since no effect was shown on the distribution of the vitronectin receptor, this integrin might be regulated differently by other factors such as cytokines.

Adult↗