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PubMed1991

Psychiatry, religious conversion, and medical ethics.

The interface between religion, psychiatry, and ethics is often a locus for considerable controversy. This article focuses on the response of American psychiatry to religious nonconformism, and to religious conversion generally. At issue is the societal pressure against unpopular religious movements. The author argues for an ethic that conserves the freedom of religious conscience, and that guards against inquisitions in the guise of medical expertise and nosology.

Behavior↗
PubMed1991

Brain death, religious freedom, and public policy: New Jersey's landmark legislative initiative.

"Whole brain death" (neurological death) is well-established as a legal standard of death across the country. Recently, New Jersey became the first state to enact a statute recognizing a personal religious exemption (a conscience clause) protecting the rights of those who object to neurological death. The Act also mandates adoption through the regulatory process of uniform and up-to-date clinical criteria for determining neurological death.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed1992

Religious ethics and active euthanasia in a pluralistic society.

This article sets out a descriptive typology of religious perspectives on legalized euthanasia--political advocacy, individual conscience, silence, embedded opposition, and formal public opposition--and then examines the normative basis for these perspectives through the themes of sovereignty, stewardship, and the self. It also explores the public relevance of these religious perspectives for debates over legalized euthanasia, particularly in the realm of public policy. Ironically, the moral discourse of religious traditions on euthanasia may gain public relevance at the expense of its religious content. Nonetheless, religious traditions can provide a context of ultimacy and meaning to this debate, which is a condition for genuine pluralism. A table setting out the views of various denominations with regard to euthanasia is included.

Consensus↗
PubMed1988

Dental public health: the past, present, and future. American Association of Public Health Dentistry. American Board of Dental Public Health.

The continued recognition process of dental public health as a specialty of dentistry served as an opportunity for the specialty to rediscover and reevaluate itself. What it found was a discipline that has evolved for 38 years to address the issues of a dynamic society. Dr. Abraham Kobren, ADA past-president has stated that public health dentistry stands as the dental conscience of the nation. The changes in dental public health mirror both changes in society and the technical changes occurring in dentistry. Identifying diseases in children is giving way to identifying diseases in adults. Prevention for adults is taking on as much importance as is prevention in children. Access to dental care for the poor and homeless is as much a problem as is access to care for people with infectious diseases. Infection control, technology transfer, national oral health objectives, and a myriad of new financing mechanisms are some areas of change. What has remained constant is the specialty's goal to improve the oral health of the public, and its commitment to work through "organized community efforts" to achieve this goal.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

The psychoanalytic treatment of the performing artist: superego aspects.

This article highlights the crucial role of the superego in the development of the professional musician. The developmental path of the superego is outlined, given the nature of the training and the restrictions put on the emotional life of the person. There are two major areas of concern. The first has to do with the persistence of a severe, rigid, and punitive conscience. It is postulated that this difficulty centers around the second separation-individuation phase of adolescence. The possible causes for this developmental lag are discussed. The second has to do with the ego ideal. The ego ideal is limited to and patterned after the two significant adults in the lives of such individuals. It suffers in growth and scope because of the lack of value systems incorporated from different significant adults. The self-rewarding system is constricted and limited to achievement. The possible genetic factors as well as the effect of such development on the life of the person have been discussed. Finally these points are illustrated by presenting the case of Ms. V.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Azerbaijan: environmental conditions and outlook.

The author describes present environmental conditions in Azerbaijan in relation to the Soviet legacy and measures taken since independence. Environmental projects have been financed largely by international organizations and foreign companies. The most serious problems are contaminants in the Caspian Sea; air, water, and soil pollution in Sumgait; illegal fishing; poor quality of drinking water; cutting of forests for fuel and pasture; overgrazing; and soil erosion and salinization. Progress in developing an environmental conscience, necessary for sustained protection of the environment, will depend most importantly on environmental education, growth of democratic institutions and attitudes that encourage both governmental and citizen responsibility for the environment, and economic development that produces a substantial middle class. Positive advances include a Constitution and laws that require protection of the environment, and individuals who speak out for environmental care. Negative factors include poverty and the present government's low priority for environmental protection.

Azerbaijan↗
PubMed2004

[Ischaemic stroke in two children with HIV-1].

Cerebral ischaemia caused by inflammatory vasculopathies has been described as a complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The goal of our study is to report two cases of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection and cerebrovascular manifestations. We describe two pre-school boys, from a group of 204 outpatients, who presented fever, seizures, hemiparesis and impairment of conscience level as a first symptom of HIV-1 infection. The serial imaging studies revealed infarction of middle cerebral artery in both cases. The first one child had a severe spastic tetraparesis and partial epilepsy and died four years later without any improvement despite of the antiretroviral therapy. The second patient had a right hemiparesis and global aphasia totally recovered two years later with antiretroviral and rehabilitation therapies. HIV infection should be included in differential diagnosis of children who present with seizures, mental status change or focal neurological deficits and seizures.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A path to freedom: an experience in semiology and semiotechnique].

The work reports the experience of planning the course: Semiology and Semiotechnique which is part of Nursing new curriculum. The objectives were: stimulating creativity and sensitivity that care bears in techniques development; valuing feelings and emotions in the establishment of nurse and patient relationship, allowing some reflection and self-knowledge in collective experience, and establishing relationship between professors and students based upon partnership, compromise and on mutual feeling/doing/learning. Methodological work and art creativity privileged sensitivitiness as the necessary step for formation process and together with this developed from arts and creativity and understand these workshops performance and developing a critical as well as dynamic group. The results show that it is an experience as an opportunity of developing critical potential, critical and theoretical, creative towards conscience which leads to Liberty in Nursing.

Creativity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The perspective of the female archetype in nursing].

The present study proposes a new approach to the feminine origins of nursing, utilizing an archetypical framework, analysing the features of this profession which has changed very little along its history. The article advocates that nursing characteristics are the result of a collective unconscious, that is, a primitive model of innate ideas. The perspective adopted for a feminine archetype in this investigation are related to the historical and social basis of nursing, as well as, with its pre-defined objective which is caring. Utilizing their own professional experience throughout the years, the authors identity that the essence of the nursing profession is caring and that this act, which involves protecting, promoting and preserving the human being, is basically associated to women. Based on these reflections, the authors advocate the idea nurses have an individual conscience that is influenced by a collective unconscious which is inherited.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ethics in care during the dying process: case report].

This study considers ethical issues related to the terminally ill. Its aims are to report the experience of home care and to promote a reflection about the ethical dilemma of caring the terminally ill. We concluded that the bioethical acting in this kind of situation involves a kind of conscience that can only be developed when the patient's reality is understood. We also realized the relevance of an interdisciplinary approach as a strategy for the holistic care to the terminally ill and the need to give attention to care when the cure is not possible, but the quality of life in the last moments of life.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

[Impact of non-verbal communication of professors in the class room -- view of nursing professors].

In the interaction teacher-student, the teacher has an important paper and his good acting depends mainly on the conscience and ability that he has in the communication, the nonverbal. This work had as objective to verify the educational of Nursing, the knowledge and the importance attributed to the nonverbal signs in its interaction in class room close to. It is an exploratory study, in the qualitative line and 25 teachers were interviewed in the Nursing School of USP, in October to December of 1999. As results, we could verify that facilitators of the interaction are considered in class room: some teacher's characteristics, student's characteristics, the contact regularity, the type of exposed content and the own communication.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed2003

[Women facing abortion: an existential approach].

This work aims at revealing the meaning of abortion in the view of women who have experienced it. For this purpose, the author used the Methodology of Phenomenological Investigation, which enabled a comprehensive analysis of the accounts collected. Data were gathered by interviewing twelve hospitalized women. The following questions were used: "What's the meaning of this experience to you? Can you describe it to me? The convergence of their accounts was analyzed and this enabled the creation of thematic categories. Such categories point out the essence of these women's experience and may provide guidelines for the development of assistance policies that would meet their specific needs. The results enlighten important aspects associated with sadness, loss, physiological and existential pain, loneliness, hospitalization discomfort, guilt or fear of being considered guilty, concern with their bodies and the intentionality of their consciences beginning to give importance to contraceptive methods. Their desire to review their own life projects also emerges.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

[Non-verbal communication; reflections on body language].

The present study aimed to reflect on the importance of body language through the identification of what a graduate nursing group knew about this topic. We analyzed the contents of reports from which five categories emerged: concept, function, importance, meaning and forms of body language manifestation. The group valued body language as a complex way of interpersonal interaction that sometimes occurs out of our control and of which we have little conscience. It has the function of expressing feelings, emotions and transmitting messages whose meanings are influenced by context. Body language knowledge increases our professional perception and it is one more instrument to improve nursing assistance quality.

Communication Barriers↗
PubMed2000

["I will never forget it!": the experience of a woman with induced abortion].

Based on the symbolic interactionist approach, we aimed to verify the meanings attributed to induced abortion by women who adopted such behavior as well as to analyze the impact of the experience on their self-image. The results point out the contradiction in women's discourse when they evaluate the experience, and the emotional negative reactions they had developed: remorse/guilty conscience, regret, feeling of grief, and mainly guilt, which, according to their accounts, they will carry for the rest of their lives.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2006

[Discourse and practice of care to newborns at risk: reflecting about humanized care].

This study identifies nurses' opinions on humanized care for newborn at risk and their families, using Paterson and Zderad's theory (1976) as a theoretical-methodological reference framework. It was carried out at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a maternity in Fortaleza-CE, between April and July 2003. Data were collected through interviews with 6 nurses. They approached the following themes: humanization, sensitiveness, conscience and care. There is a need to unite discourse with practice in humanized care for newborns at risk.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Decisions near the end of life: professional views on life-sustaining treatments.

OBJECTIVES: How do health care professionals assess the care of hospital patients near the end of life? Are physicians and nurses aware of and in agreement with national recommendations regarding patients' rights to forgo life-sustaining medical treatments and to receive adequate pain control? METHODS: We surveyed 687 physicians and 759 nurses in 5 hospitals. RESULTS: Almost half (47%) of all respondents and fully 70% of the house officers reported that they had acted against their conscience in providing care to the terminally ill. Four times as many respondents were concerned about the provision of overly burdensome treatment than about undertreatment. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, many physicians and nurses were disturbed by the degree to which technological solutions influence care during the final days of a terminal illness and by the undertreatment of pain. However, changes in the care of dying patients may not have kept pace with national recommendations, in part because many physicians and nurses disagreed with and may have been unaware of some key guidelines, such as the permissibility of withdrawing treatments.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

A fundamental shift in the approach to international health by WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank: instances of the practice of "intellectual fascism" and totalitarianism in some Asian countries.

Navarro has used the term "intellectual fascism" to depict the intellectual situation in the McCarthy era. Intellectual fascism is now more malignant in the poor countries of the world. The Indian Subcontinent, China, and some other Asian countries provide the context. The struggles of the working class culminated in the Alma-Ata Declaration of self-reliance in health by the peoples of the world. To protect their commercial and political interests, retribution from the rich countries was sharp and swift, they "invented" Selective Primary Health Care and used WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, and other agencies to let loose on poor countries a barrage of "international initiatives" as global programs on immunization, AIDS, and tuberculosis. These programs were astonishingly defective in concept, design, and implementation. The agencies refused to take note of such criticisms when they were published by others. They have been fascistic, ahistorical, grossly unscientific, and Goebbelsian propagandists. The conscience keepers of public health have mostly kept quiet.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics in otolaryngology.

All organic life has a code of behavior that is predetermined by the laws of survival and propagation. Some of these codes and systems are curiously complicated, yet each behavioral pattern contains the moral and ethical laws that endorse survival. This single axiom is the over-riding ethic. Man has added inventions, dexterity and feeling to the living program, and this has increased the complexity of moral and ethical conduct. It is in this milieu of interrelations, which is beyond physical survival, where our conscience and our performance must try to equate our sense of right. With millions of years of atavistic inheritance in the brutal struggle for survival it would be unrealistic to believe that Man could accomplish this easily, or ever completely. It also injects the question as to whether this is the basic normative for humans, or whether it is an emotional addendum in what is identified as a civilizing process. In ancient times, ethics was a derivative of philosophical thinking. Today it is enmeshed in the management of ceaseless and sophisticated technical and scientific advances which have religious, sociological and legal implications which are energized by human emotion and personal opinion, and which, in some instances, present problems which can be solved only partially or are unsolvable. The medical profession is in the midst of this turmoil.

Ethics, Medical↗