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PubMed2005

[Risk factors of gastric cancer in Wuwei City---an endemic region of gastric cancer].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Researches show that epidemiologic factors of gastric cancer include living habit, eating moldy food and pickles, dystrophy, lack of microelements, and inherit, etc. This study was to explore universalities of these factors in Wuwei, a city in northwest China with high incidence of gastric cancer, and provide evidences for the first-prevention of gastric cancer. METHODS: Family histories of the residents in Wuwei City were investigated with case-control method. Separating ratio and heredity degree of gastric cancer were calculated with Li-Mantel-Cart method and Falconer's regression method. Chronic gastritis patients were followed-up by home-visit, gastroscopy, and pathology. Cancerigenic fungi and volatility N-nitrosate compounds in residents' meal, Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in gastric mucosa, and total content of vitamin C in 293 healthy adults' serum were detected by culture, authentication, and laboratory examinations. RESULTS: In Wuwei City, the separating ratio of gastric cancer was 0.077; the heredity degree of first-degree relatives was 22.91%u cancerization rate of year in person of atrophic gastritis crowd was 1.09%. Eight kinds of nitrosamine and 14 kinds of cancerigenic fungi were detected from residents' meal. Total content of vitamin C in serum of the 293 healthy adults in summer was (5.74+2.79) mg/L. Positive rate of Hp in gastric mucosa of the residents was 67%. CONCLUSION: The major extrinsic factors of gastric cancer in Wuwei City include various strong carcinogens existing in residents' meal and lack of vitamin Cu its intrinsic factors include infection of Hp, atrophic gastritis (especially atypical hyperplasia), and heritage susceptibility.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

HIV testing practices of TB patients after introduction of a new testing policy in Kiev City, Ukraine.

SETTING: The Kiev City Health Administration published a new policy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing of tuberculosis (TB) patients. According to this policy, all TB patients should be offered voluntary HIV testing after counselling. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of the new HIV testing policy and to determine the HIV prevalence in TB patients in Kiev City. DESIGN: TB patient medical records were retrieved from eight TB facilities in Kiev City. They were reviewed for information about offering an HIV test, accepting to be HIV tested and outcome of the HIV test. Information was collected about patient characteristics and TB risk groups. RESULTS: Of 914 patients, 75% were offered HIV testing. Females were less frequently and alcohol abusers more frequently offered HIV testing. Of the patients who were offered HIV testing, 84% accepted. Of the 574 who were HIV tested, 36 (6.3%) had a positive test result. CONCLUSION: Not all TB facilities adhere strictly to the new policy. HIV testing seemed to be targeted to individuals with a high risk for HIV infection. To improve adherence to the new policy we recommend training of TB physicians in voluntary counselling and testing. The HIV prevalence among TB patients in Kiev City was 6.3%.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2005

[Avian diversity in Wuhu City during summertime].

Urban avian diversity is an important part of city biodiversity, which plays an important role in ecological balance of cities. During the summertime in 2004, we studied three typical avian communities at the habitats of village and farmland, urban woodlot, and floodplain in the urban and suburban areas of Wuhu City. A total of 71 species were recorded, which belonged to 12 orders, 27 families. The analysis of diversity index showed that urban woodlot had the greatest avian species number and G-F index, village and farmland had the highest avian density, and floodplain had the highest Shannon-Wiener and Pielou indices due to low human disturbance and dense vegetation. It is important to keep the avian diversity of floodplain in Wuhu City.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Comparative study of daily maximum exposure to temperatures during hot summer days in 3 Japanese cities].

OBJECTIVES: Health risk assessment and developing measures to deal with global warming (including increased heat waves) have become urgent global issues. In the present study, we measured the personally exposed temperature (Tp) during summer among residents in major Japanese cities to investigate the relation to daily maximum ambient temperature (Tmax), which is generally been used as an index of temperature exposure in epidemiological studies. METHODS: Personal exposures to temperature (Tp) were measured for a week with portable monitors (HOBO H8 Loggers, Onset Computer Corporation) for 194 subjects (101 males and 93 females, aged 21-82 years) in 3 cities, i.e., Sapporo, Tokyo and Naha (Okinawa), from July to September, 2003 (73 days). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Even on days with a Tmax of 30-35 degrees C, associated with significantly increased risk of mortality in Tokyo, neither average Tp for 7-19 o'clock nor the value for 13-15 o'clock appeared to rise beyond 30 degrees C in Tokyo and 31 degrees C in Naha. It was, thus, apparent that Tp's are generally controlled to not exceed these values at least during daytime, suggesting that they could be regarded as a threshold for heat stress tolerance. On the other hand, although average Tp's for night time (0-7 o'clock) were also found to be asymptomatic at 29 degrees C in Tokyo and 30 degrees C in Naha, they were generally too high to be free from heat stress including sleep disturbance in both cities as indicated in our questionnaire study. For both cities, in days with the Tmax above 30 degrees C, the average Tmin was 26 degrees C, while average and minimum Tp's during the night time were 28 degrees C and 27 degrees C, respectively. The correlation coefficients with Tmax were generally low; 0.35 for average Tp during daytime, 0.42 for Tmin and 0.27 and 0.19 for average and minimum night time Tp, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An exploration of the attitudinal and perceptual dimensions of body image among male and female adolescents from six Latin American cities.

Using survey methodology, this exploratory study examined the attitudinal and perceptual dimensions of body image among 1,272 eighth- and ninth-grade males and females from higher and lower socioeconomic backgrounds in Buenos Aires, Argentina (n = 195), Guatemala City, Guatemala (n = 212), Havana, Cuba (n = 213), Lima, Peru (n = 218), Panama City, Panama (n = 195), and Santiago, Chile (n = 239). The two dimensions of body image were assessed by showing the participants nine male and nine female silhouettes depicting body sizes ranging from extremely thin (#1) to extremely obese (#9). Approximately 50% of the male and female adolescents chose silhouette #3 as best depicting the attractive male body. Silhouette #2 was chosen by 45% of the females as best depicting feminine attractiveness, while 45% of the males chose silhouette #3. When identifying the silhouette that best depicted the healthy male body, 26% of the participants chose silhouette #2, 41% chose #3, and 19% chose #4. Silhouette #2 was selected by 33% of the adolescents as best depicting the healthy female body, 38% chose #3, and 14% chose #4. In all cities, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on body satisfaction was highly significant (p < 0.001). Almost 40% of the middle weight adolescents indicated a preference to be thinner, even though 72% of the males and 84% of the females in this subgroup already perceived themselves as thin. Similarly, 89% of the heavier weight participants indicated a preference to be thinner, even though only 10% of the males and 2% of the females in this subgroup perceived themselves as heavy. In five of the six cities, a significantly higher (p < 0.05) percentage of females than males desired to be thinner, the exception being Havana, where the distribution of desired change in body size was almost identical for males and females. Findings suggest a need for culturally sensitive, age- and gender-specific preventive interventions focusing on the importance of achieving a healthy weight during adolescence to promote body size acceptance among adolescents who are at a healthy weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Play Across Boston: a community initiative to reduce disparities in access to after-school physical activity programs for inner-city youths.

BACKGROUND: In 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded Play Across Boston to address disparities in access to physical activity facilities and programs for Boston, Mass, inner-city youths. CONTEXT: Local stakeholders worked with the Harvard School of Public Health Prevention Research Center and Northeastern University's Center for the Study of Sport in Society to improve opportunities for youth physical activity through censuses of facilities and programs and dissemination of results. METHODS: Play Across Boston staff conducted a facility census among 230 public recreational complexes and a program census of 86% of 274 physical activity programs for Boston inner-city youths aged 5 to 18 years during nonschool hours for the 1999 to 2000 school year and summer of 2000. Comparison data were collected from three suburban communities: one low income, one medium income, and one high income. CONSEQUENCES: Although Boston has a substantial sports and recreational infrastructure, the ratio of youths to facilities in inner-city Boston was twice the ratio found in the medium- and high-income suburban comparison communities. The low-income suburban comparison community had the highest number of youths per recreational facility with 137 youths per facility, followed by Boston with 117 youths per facility. The ratio of youths to facilities differed among Boston neighborhoods. Boston youths participated less in school-year physical activities than youths in medium- and high-income communities, and less advantaged Boston neighborhoods had lower levels of participation than more advantaged Boston neighborhoods. Girls participated less than boys. INTERPRETATION: Play Across Boston successfully developed and implemented a rigorous needs assessment with local relevance and important implications for public health research on physical activity and the environment. Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino called the Play Across Boston report a "playbook" for future sports and recreation planning by the city of Boston and its community partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risky eating behaviors in student population in Mexico City: trends 1997-2003].

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to identify the trends of risky eating behaviors among student population in Mexico City in the period 1997-2003 and its relationship with sex age and family head educational level. METHODS: Data from the 1997 (N = 9,755), 2000 (N = 3,286) and 2003 (N = 3,062) Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in Student Population of Mexico City Survey's were analyzed. These are representative data of students of junior high, high school and technical schools in Mexico City, with a mean age of 14.5 years (SD = 1.9). Eating behaviors were assessed with a brief questionnaire developed following DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Risky eating behaviors and the number of risk indicators were compared by sex, age and family head educational level. RESULTS: The results showed an overall increase in the percentage of males (from 1.3% in 1997 to 3.8% in 2003), and females (3.4% in 1997 to 9.6% in 2003) who showed 3 or more risky eating behaviors. The analysis by age groups showed an increase in all but 16-17 year old males, and in all females, being 12-13 year old males and 18-19 year old females the most affected. Regarding the type of risk indicators in both sexes and across all age groups, an increase in preoccupation towards gaining weight and the use of purging and restrictive methods to loose weight was observed. Body weight overestimation decreased in males, while in females showed an increase along with binges in the 2000 survey but showed a decrease after that (2003 survey). The relationship between the family head educational level and risky eating behaviors did not show a regular pattern among males, while a positive relationship between both variables was found among females. CONCLUSIONS: A first overall view of the situation of risky eating behaviors among adolescent students in Mexico City and the changes observed in the period studied. An increase of these behaviors was observed along the period of study, being younger males and older females the most affected, as well as women whose family head showed higher educational level.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atmospheric contamination in the city of Valencia: relation to noise and climate.

A qualitative and quantitative study is made of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of the city of Valencia for the period 1988-1989; an analysis is made of their concentrations during the year in terms of season and noise levels. Eleven sampling points in the city were used to determine PAH composition by reverse-phase, high-resolution liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection, employing an acetonitrile-water gradient; nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide were determined by the Valencia city government. Environmental noise levels were determined using a BK 2221 integrated precision sonometer, and temperature values were obtained from the city Meteorological Institute. Daily PAH values varied between 0.1769 and 2.0916 micrograms/m3, whereas the figures for nitrogen oxide were between 91.5 and 100.67 micrograms/m3 during 1982-1989 (only one value, 58.01 micrograms/m3, is available for 1988-1989, corresponding to the Mercadona sampling point), and between 17.33 and 129.36 micrograms/m3 for sulfur dioxide for a total of 9 sampling points; the highest concentrations were recorded in the winter and spring months, the association between PAH and temperature being statistically significant (p less than or equal to .05). The relation to noise was also significant (p less than or equal to .005), Fluoranthene was the predominant PAH in all samples analyzed.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1977

[Aging in cities and in the country (author's transl)].

A growing concern with ecological issues has led gerontologist to analyze the life-situation of aged people in cities and in the country more precisely. While it is generally assumed that aging in the country has advantages to aging in the city, statistical figures (e.g. income, living conditions, health status, educational opportunities, institutions for the aged) show that country dweller's "cumulative disadvantages" have to be taken into consideration, disadvantages caused by interacting societal and individual factors in rural life. Psychological investigations--as e.g. the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA)--show positive correlations between a central location of the home and increased general activity, broader scope of interests, more frequent use of communication media (newspapers, newscasts), better mood, greater readiness for involvement. While city-dwellers are more frequently engaged in social contacts outside of the family, country dwellers are more involved in interactions with the immediate family. The following practical considerations for the improvement of the situation of the aged in the country are presented: beginning in childhood and youth, conditions should be granted which allow the individual to live in ways which prevent too early aging; this ought to be supplemented by providing activating and stimulating environments for aging people and help for the aged, be it in special institutions or through activities in their familiar environment. It is shown that a differential ecogerontology is required, since (1) a simple distinction between city and country is by far too global, (2) similar ecological conditions are known to have different effects, depending on inter-individual differences, and (3) intraindividual patterns, and (4) it becomes evident that objective ecological conditions do not as clearly determine behavior in age as do cognitive representations of these ecological variables. This last statement is in accordance with the cognitive theory of aging. There can be no doubt that ecological variables influence the process of aging, but there is nothing like the aging in the country.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

HIV infection and AIDS risk behaviors among intravenous drug users entering methadone treatment in selected U.S. cities.

To assess trends in HIV infection and AIDS risk behaviors among intravenous drug users (IVDUs), a series of nonblinded point-prevalence surveys was conducted with admissions to methadone treatment in seven areas, including New York City; Trenton and Asbury Park, New Jersey; Baltimore; Chicago; San Antonio, Texas; and Los Angeles County between February and December 1987 (n = 713), January and June 1988 (n = 1,089), July and December 1988 (n = 932), and January and June 1989 (n = 1,110). Over the 2-year period, significant changes in HIV seropositivity levels were found in only one of the seven cities (Chicago, with levels increasing from 8.4 to 14.7%). High levels of AIDS risk behaviors (frequency of injection, needle sharing, needle cleaning, and use of shooting galleries) were found in all cities. Comparisons of trends in recent risk behaviors (past year) within cities suggest that relatively little reduction in AIDS risk behaviors had occurred during the study.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atmospheric air pollution and the health of the population in some industrial cities of Russia.

Atmospheric air in industrial cities of the USSR contains high concentrations of a wide range of toxicants, including benz(a)pyrene and heavy metals. To assess the impact of polluted air on public health a 5-level scale of health effects proposed by WHO experts and modified by the author was used. The "extremely hazardous" level of pollution characteristic of cities with metallurgic and chemical industries is described most specifically. An ecological taxonomy for cities of various industrial types is worked out. The latter is based on the results of interrelated studies of environmental pollution in cities and changes in public health characteristics.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1991

[Hospitalization of children in cities and rural areas. 1. Comparative analysis between hospital admission rate and living conditions based on registered data].

In order to describe differences in hospital admission of children in urban and rural areas, a data account of all discharges in 1988 of children aged 0-14 was made from the Danish patient register. The account includes children living in Copenhagen city and the counties of Copenhagen, Vestsjaelland and Sønderjylland. Healthy liveborn children born in hospital were excluded. The hospital admission rate is compared with statistical data about living conditions for families with children, as described by family size, rate of single parent families, number of persons per room in the household, families living from cash public assistance, and the rate of day care center attendance. The highest admission rate is found in Copenhagen city, where there are 155 discharges per 1,000 children aged 0-14. The lowest rate is 89 per 1,000 children in the county of Vestsjaelland. The difference in admission rate between the capital area and the two rural counties has increased since 1979, mainly because of a rise in admissions in Copenhagen county from 116 to 134 per 1,000 0-14 year old children. During the same period, a remarkable fall in Copenhagen city from 176 to 155 was observed. The age group 0-2 years in particular is admitted significantly more often in the urban areas, where the rate of day care center attendance for this age group also is much higher. As for the other data about living conditions, there seems to be no clear correlation to admission rate although Copenhagen city still has more families with socio-economic problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

HIV-1 seropositivity and behavioral and sociological risks among homosexual and bisexual men in six Mexican cities.

We report on the epidemiology of sexual behaviors, HIV-1 seroprevalence, and condom use in gay and bisexual men in six Mexican cities in 1988 and test the extent to which variations in sexual behavior and sociological risks are responsible for variations in prevalence. Seroprevalence rates among samples in six cities ranged from 2% to 25%. In multiple logistic regression models controlling for city, insertive/receptive behavior (IRB), and meeting partners in bathhouses, the following were independently related to seropositivity (p less than 0.05): city, IRB, syphilis, sex with a person with AIDS, and meeting partners in bathouses. The independent risks associated with categories of IRB were no or almost no activity (odds ratio 1.0), only insertive (3.0), mostly insertive (4.9), mixed (6.0), mostly receptive (3.3), and only receptive (0.9). The condom use rate on last sexual encounter was 30%. The main sexual risk for HIV-1 infection is not exclusively receptive anal sex, but rather mixed behavior. This association may be explained by the infectious state of the partner pools. The sociologic risk variables (national and local partner pools) are better predictors of seroprevalence than behavioral variables, such as the number of partners or use of condoms. These results imply that more effective individual strategies for risk reduction are needed, including better knowledge concerning the risk status of partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Pollinosis and airborne pollen in Fukuoka City].

We investigated the relation between the incidence of pollinosis and pollen counts in Fukuoka City from 1983 to 1989 to clarify the "cause and effect" relationship and to evaluate the severity of pollinosis in this district. We collected questionnaires on pollinosis from six otorhinolaryngology clinics in our city during the pollination seasons from 1983 to 1989. Cryptomeria j., Cupressaceae and Gramineae pollens, which were sampled with Durham's samples from January to June, were sent from seven sampling locations in our city. The number of pollens was counted in our hospital. The total number of patients with pollinosis over the seven years was 4193. Females were numerous than males by one and a half times. The age group with the highest incidence was the thirties (41.9%), followed by the twenties (19.8%) and forties (18.4%). The incidence of Japanese cedar pollinosis was 92.6 percent and grass pollinosis 30.3 percent of all the patients because 23.0% of them overlapped. We found that the severity of nose and eye complaints and other symptoms of pollinosis in our study was milder than that in Tokyo and other Kanto districts. Annual changes in total pollen counts were remarkable, and a high incidence of Japanese cedar pollinosis was found as total pollen counts of Cryptomeria j. and Cupressaceae increased in Fukuoka City.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Routine antepartum human immunodeficiency virus infection screening in an inner-city population.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection occurs disproportionately among inner-city minority women of reproductive age. Once pregnant, these women have a high risk of delivering infants with perinatally acquired infection. Identification and counseling of HIV-infected parturients may be an effective means of preventing perinatal HIV infection. Few data are available on the seroprevalence of HIV infection in the inner-city population or on the clinical and demographic determinants of risk. To better characterize HIV infection in inner-city parturients in Atlanta, we conducted routine antepartum screening for HIV antibody in 3472 women. Ten (2.8 per 1000) were seropositive on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot testing. Four women were seropositive on repeat ELISA but negative on Western blot. Four infected women had had heterosexual contact with a person at risk for HIV, three were intravenous drug users, one had possibly become infected via blood transfusion, and two had no apparent risk factors. Seven of the seropositive women had no self-identified risk factors and would not have been identified if screening had been performed using current Centers for Disease Control criteria. Ten percent of the women screened had self-identified risk factors for HIV infection and were seronegative. Ninety-six percent of women consented to HIV testing. These data suggest that inner-city parturients in Atlanta are at risk for HIV infection and that routine antepartum HIV screening can be performed provided the appropriate multidisciplinary team is in place for counseling and follow-up.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

AIDS and the small city: the cost at Kingston General Hospital.

Although AIDS is often thought of as a "big-city" disease, it is also becoming a serious health care issue for doctors and other health care workers in "small-city" Canada. Kingston, Ont., is one of those small cities, and of the facilities trying to come to grips with a disease about which much remains to be learned. In this article, Drs. Peter Ford and David Robertson outline their hospital's estimate of the cost, in manpower and money, of dealing with the AIDS crisis. The final estimate: roughly $700,000. Although most of the cost will involve one-time capital spending, they point out that there will likely be ongoing labour-related costs because of the special programs and increased manpower needed to deal with AIDS patients. Clearly, AIDS is no longer a big-city disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer mortality and the method of chlorination of public drinking water: St. Louis City and St. Louis County, Missouri.

St. Louis City and St. Louis County, Missouri share the same public drinking water source, namely the Missouri River. The 'all cancer' and most organ specific cancer mortality rates have been consistently and considerably higher for St. Louis City than for St. Louis County for the period 1960 through 1972. A change in the St. Louis County water treatment process, which included increasing the chlorine dosage and delaying the addition of ammonia to form chloramines until just prior to distribution, was instituted in 1955. St. Louis City has, by contrast, continued the lower chlorine level and early ammoniation. Trend analysis using the period 1960-67 and 1972-76 showed higher percentage as well as net cancer mortality rate per million increases for large bowel, liver and bladder cancers for St. Louis County. An apparent association between a probable increase in trihalomethane production in the St. Louis County water since 1955 and an increase in these specific cancer rates which exceed the increases in the St. Louis City rates appears to have been shown. This does not imply causality but is in general agreement with other studies which have examined water chlorination and cancer mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

An examination of the relationship between fluoridation of water and cancer mortality in 20 large US cities.

A comparison of mortality of 10 US cities with fluoridated water supplies compared with 10 non-fluoridated cities has been used as evidence that artificial fluoridation of drinking water causes cancer and has been widely publicised in New Zealand. Several deficiencies are noted in the analysis used by the investigators in this study and it is shown that appropriate analysis of the data from these cities yields additional evidence for the safety of fluoridation. This finding agrees with that from previous examinations of the same data in spite of the fact that they included an error in the mortality report from one city.

Aged↗