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Results for “Child Reactive Disorders”

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PubMed2004

No association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and -521 C/T promoter polymorphisms with infant attachment disorganization.

In a first molecular genetic study Lakatos and colleagues found an association between attachment disorganization and the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphism, in particular in the presence of the -521 T allele in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene. Replication of their study in a sample of 132 infants did not confirm the role of the DRD4 7+ -allele and the -521C/T promoter gene in disorganized attachment. Although our sample was larger, and contained more children with CT or TT alleles, which enhanced the probability of finding the DRD4 and C/T interaction, the association was not found. Even when we combined our sample with the Lakatos sample, the interaction effect of the DRD4 and -521 C/T polymorphisms on disorganized attachment was absent.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

[Measurement of cerebral blood flow by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in children presenting with autistic behavior. Preliminary results].

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonographic recordings of the middle cerebral arteries were performed on eight children with autistic behavior compared to eight controls. Blood flow measurements were assessed at rest and during auditory and visual stimulations. The main result was obtained during the auditory stimulations and concerned the left artery blood flow which is lower in autistics than in controls in these conditions (p less than .02). This result confirms the possibility of a left hemisphere dysfunctioning in autistics and may be related to clinical features as language disabilities and paradoxical reactivity to auditory stimuli.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Antioxidants in pediatric gastrointestinal disease.

Oxidant stress seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of several important gastroenterologic disorders in infants and children. The question can still be asked, in most circumstances, whether the oxidant stress precedes, and therefore is involved in, tissue or cellular injury or is a result of injury and not of clinical importance. The data favor the former situation in several inflammatory conditions of the bowel and in a variety of liver diseases. Experimental and clinical testing of this possible basic mechanism of tissue injury over the next few years will shed light on the role of antioxidants in treating gastrointestinal disorders.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1983

[Endogenous depression in children].

The phenomenology of 96 depressive paroxysms in 56 preschool and early school age children suffering from paroxysmal schizophrenia and cyclothymia was studied. It was concluded that the major characteristics of child depressions included their "masked" character with the prevalence of ideational disturbances and the predominance of anxiety and fear, a tendency toward excessive fearfulness, rarity and naivity of self-condemnation ideas, a pronounced nature of the dysphoric mood tone, a tendency toward paroxysmal episodes of fear, dysphoria, restlessness, somatoalgetic crises, changeable nature of depressive symptomatology, its liability to environmental influence, a peculiar diurnal rhythm of affect, and a reactive nature of the development of depressive disturbances. Six clinical variants of endogenous depression in children were identified.

Child↗
PubMed1983

[Chronic polyarthritis in cystic fibrosis].

In a 8 year-old girl, presenting with cystic fibrosis and severe respiratory failure, a chronic polyarthritis with skin rashes occurred. Rheumatoid factor was lacking in the serum. Antibiotic treatments of the pulmonary infections resulted repeatedly in an improvement of both articular and cutaneous disorders. Thus, the trigger-action of the microbic infection was considered as the inducer of a "reactive arthritis".

Arthritis, Juvenile↗
PubMed1980

Family history of asthma in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The role of genetic or familial factors in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has not been evaluated. Detailed histories concerning asthma, allergy, and other lung diseases were obtained on first and second degree relatives of 17 infants with BPD, and 21 infants who had hyaline membrane disease but who did not develop BPD (HMD group). All infants in the BPD and HMD groups had hyaline membrane disease requiring assisted ventilation and greater than 50% inspired oxygen in the first five days of life. The diagnosis of HMD and BPD were made on radiographic and clinical criteria. Of the 17 infants with BPD, 13 had first or second degree relatives with physician-diagnosed asthma, compared to seven of 21 in the HMD group (P less than .01). In addition, a significantly greater number of relatives of BPD infants (P less than .005) had been hospitalized for their asthma as compared to HMD relatives. There were no differences between the groups for allergic rhinitis, eczema, bronchitis, emphysema, chronic cough, smoking, or wheezing with respiratory illnesses. These results suggest the possibility that airways with a genetic predisposition for reactivity may become highly reactive following neonatal lung disorders and their treatment. These irritable airways may then contribute to the development, or progression, or both of BPD.

Asthma↗
PubMed1983

Humoral and cellular studies of eosinophils in reactive and myeloproliferative syndromes with marked eosinophilia.

In five patients with eosinophilia and myeloproliferative disorders, the IgE levels were normal, and immune complexes were not detected. In contrast, in six patients with reactive eosinophilia accompanying immunologic diseases, the IgE levels were elevated in five, and immune complexes were elevated in two. Five of six patients within the reactive group had positive rheumatoid factor titers by latex agglutination, while only one of five in the myeloproliferative group showed this finding. Purified eosinophils from patients with myeloproliferative diseases showed enhanced oxygen consumption responses during the ingestion of latex beads, relative to reactive eosinophils. The stimulated oxidative response of reactive eosinophils during phagocytosis of bacteria opsonized with antibody and complement was reduced, relative to myeloproliferative eosinophils. In vitro incubation of eosinophils with immune complexes reduced, by more than two-thirds, the increased oxidative responses of myeloproliferative eosinophils. Our findings suggest that eosinophilia seen in myeloproliferative diseases is an intrinsic part of the myeloproliferative process, which is not mediated or enhanced by allergic or immunologic reactions. The measurements reported here have potential value for differentiating reactive eosinophilic states from the eosinophilia accompanying myeloproliferative diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

School avoidance behavior: motivational bases and implications for intervention.

Intrinsic motivational constructs relevant to understanding and ameliorating school avoidance are discussed. Specifically, the concepts of self-determination, competence, and relatedness are highlighted in differentiating proactive and reactive avoidance behavior. From this perspective, five groups are described. Intervention implications are illustrated for proactive and reactive school avoiders, with special attention to strategies for the crucial period of transition back to school.

Child↗
PubMed1977

A census study of mental illness in Samsø.

Census data from the Danish island of Samsø have provided information on all but 20% of the population. Fifty per cent of the population with past or present mental illness had been referred to the psychiatric service during the 18-year-period 1957--74; the proportion varied from 85% for patients with psychoses (100% for schizophrenic patients, and 90% for manic-depressive patients) to 43% with non-psychotic disorders. The frequency of past and present mental illness was 24%, higher for women with manic-depressive disorders, psychogenic (reactive) psychoses, and neuroses. The possible reasons for these and other findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Alterations in stress cortisol reactivity in depressed preschoolers relative to psychiatric and no-disorder comparison groups.

BACKGROUND: Despite the robust and widely replicated finding of elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity in depressed adults, studies of depressed children have yielded ambiguous findings. Animal models of early depression and studies of children experiencing early psychosocial deprivation have suggested that alterations in HPA axis reactivity are evident in early "depressive-like" conditions. The current study is, to our knowledge, the first investigation of HPA axis reactivity in very young children with a clinical depressive syndrome for which content validity has been established. METHODS: Depressed, psychiatric, and no-disorder comparison children aged 3 through 5.6 years were studied for HPA axis reactivity in response to experimental psychosocial stressors. The children were diagnosed using a developmentally appropriate, structured psychiatric interview. Salivary cortisol was obtained at 3 time points during a laboratory assessment before and after stressors involving separation from the parent and frustrating tasks. RESULTS: Repeated measures of multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between the diagnostic group and 2 cortisol percent change scores. Depressed preschoolers displayed a pattern of increasing cortisol levels throughout the assessment in response to both separation and frustration stressors. In contrast, both comparison groups showed decreasing cortisol levels in response to the separation stressor. All groups displayed increasing cortisol levels in response to frustrating tasks. Preschoolers with a presumptive melancholic depressive subtype displayed these alterations at a greater magnitude relative to comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, these findings are the first to demonstrate altered HPA axis reactivity in depressed preschoolers. These alterations are consistent with those described in depressed adults and in animal models of early depression. These findings provide evidence for possible continuity of HPA axis alterations in depressive disorders across the lifespan and are discussed in the context of prior studies of HPA axis reactivity in clinically depressed children and adolescents, suggesting that younger age and inpatient status are features associated with altered HPA axis reactivity.

Arousal↗
PubMed2004

Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6-24-month-old New Zealanders.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of biochemical iron deficiency and identify factors associated with ferritin levels among 6-24-month-old urban South Island New Zealand children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted from May 1998 to March 1999. SETTING: The cities of Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill. SUBJECTS: A total of 323 randomly selected 6-24-month-old children participated (response rate 61%) of which 263 provided a blood sample. METHODS: A complete blood cell count, zinc protoporphyrin, serum ferritin and C-reactive protein were measured on nonfasting venipuncture blood samples, 3-day weighed food records and general questionnaire data were collected. RESULTS: Among children with C-reactive protein<10 mg/l (n=231), 4.3% had iron deficiency anaemia, 5.6% had iron deficiency without anaemia, and 18.6% had depleted iron stores, when a ferritin cutoff of < or =12 g/l was used. Age (negative), sex (girls>boys), ethnicity (Caucasian>non-Caucasian), weight-for-age percentiles (negative) and birth weight (positive) were associated with ferritin after adjusting for infection and socioeconomic status. When current consumption of iron fortified formula and >500 ml of cows' milk per day were included, these were associated with a 22% increase and 25% decrease in ferritin, respectively (R2=0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of suboptimal iron status (29%) among young New Zealand children is cause for concern, even though severe iron deficiency is rare, because children with marginal iron status are at risk of developing severe iron deficiency if exposed to a physiological challenge.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1999

Insulin-like growth factor I response during nutritional rehabilitation of persistent diarrhoea.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of nutritional recovery, intestinal permeability, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) response in malnourished children with persistent diarrhoea and their relation to concomitant systemic infection(s). STUDY DESIGN: Open study of severely malnourished children (aged 6-36 months) with persistent diarrhoea (>/= 14 days) admitted for nutritional rehabilitation with a standardised rice-lentil and yogurt diet. Successful recovery was defined prospectively as overall weight gain (> 5 g/kg/day) with a reduction in stool output by day 7 of treatment. Data on coexisting infections and serum C reactive protein (CRP) were collected at admission. RESULTS: Of 63 children, 48 (group A) recovered within seven days of dietary treatment. These children had a significant increase in serum IGF-I (DeltaIGF-I%) and, in contrast to serum prealbumin and retinol binding protein, DeltaIGF-I% correlated with weight gain (r = 0.41). There was no correlation between the IGF-I response and intestinal permeability as assessed by urinary lactulose/rhamnose excretion. Treatment failures (group B) included more children with clinical (relative risk, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 19.7) and culture proven sepsis at admission and higher concentrations of serum CRP (median (range), 36 (0-182) v 10 (0-240) mg/l) at admission. There was a negative correlation between admission CRP concentration and DeltaIGF-I% (r = -0.45). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with serum albumin, prealbumin, and retinol binding protein, serum IGF-I increment is a better marker of nutritional recovery in malnourished children with persistent diarrhoea. The possible association of systemic infections, serum IGF-I response, and mucosal recovery needs evaluation in future studies.

Biomarkers↗