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Results for “Child Development Disorders, Pervasive”

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PubMed2006

Superior disembedding performance of high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders and their parents: the need for subtle measures.

We assessed the disembedding performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) of high-functioning subjects with autism or autism spectrum disorders from multi-incidence families and the performance of their parents. The individuals with autism spectrum disorders were significantly faster than matched controls in locating the shape, but their parents were not faster than a control group of parents. However, both the individuals with autism spectrum disorders and their fathers made significantly fewer incorrect attempts before finding the right shape than matched controls. These results suggest that the number of incorrect attempts is a more subtle measure than accuracy or response time for assessing superior disembedding skills and therefore may be useful in the assessment of individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Autism post-mortem neuroinformatic resource: the autism tissue program (ATP) informatics portal.

The Autism Tissue Program (ATP) was established to oversee and manage brain donations related to neurological research in autism. The ATP Informatics Portal (www.atpportal.org) is an integrated data access system based on Oracle technology, developed to provide access for researchers to information on this rare tissue resource. It also permits sorting of existing cases based on donor ante-mortem history as well as agonal states and post-mortem tissue conditions. Phase II of development established administrative tracking of registrants intending to donate, as well as management of tissue requests and the awarding and tracking of tissue. Phase III is the ongoing assimilation of data sets derived from research on a core group of donors with searchable access by investigators.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2007

Varying language register according to listener needs in speakers with autism spectrum disorder.

The ability to adjust language register, or style, according to listener needs was assessed in 38 high-functioning children and adolescents with ASD. Participants were asked to explain the process of going to a restaurant to a series of listeners who varied in linguistic competence. Results showed that participants with ASD spontaneously simplified their language based on a listener's appearance and a brief introduction, but were not as adept at that adjustment as matched controls. Further stylistic adjustments were produced following increasingly specific prompts.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2007

Inhibitory control in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Impairments in executive abilities such as cognitive flexibility have been identified in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It remains unclear, however, whether such individuals also experience impairments in another executive ability: inhibitory control. In the present study, we administered three inhibitory tasks to 18 children with ASD, 23 siblings of children with ASD, and 25 typically developing children. After controlling for individual differences in age, overall IQ, and processing speed, children with ASD demonstrated impaired performance on two of the three inhibitory tasks. Results suggest that children with ASD experience circumscribed deficits in some but not all aspects of inhibitory control. More generally, the findings underscore the importance of using multiple measures to assess a putative single cognitive ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Clarifying the associations between language and social development in autism: a study of non-native phoneme recognition.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by correlated deficiencies in social and language development. This study explored a fundamental aspect of auditory information processing (AIP) that is dependent on social experience and critical to early language development: the ability to compartmentalize close-sounding speech sounds into singular phonemes. We examined this ability by assessing whether close-sounding non-native language phonemes were more likely to be perceived as disparate sounds by school-aged children with high-functioning ASD (n = 27), than by unaffected control subjects (n = 35). No significant group differences were observed. Although earlier in autistic development there may exist qualitative deficits in this specific aspect of AIP, they are not an enduring characteristic of verbal school-aged children with ASD.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Educational placements and service use patterns of individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

This project was undertaken to identify child characteristics associated with educational placement and service use in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders. The sample of 101 (nine females) had a mean age of 12 +/- 3 years (mean IQ = 101.77 +/- 19.50). Results indicate that lower-cognitive ability and communication skill were associated with placement in special education. Based on parent-report, most students stayed in the same placement (regular or special education) in which they began first grade and the majority of students received special services in their schools (most often speech/language intervention). Findings highlight the emphasis placed on certain child characteristics (e.g., cognitive ability), with far less emphasis on other areas (e.g., degree of social deficit), in educational placement and service provision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review of the intervention research.

Social reciprocity deficits are a core feature of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This review summarizes the state of research in group-based social skills training programs for school-age children and adolescents with ASD. All published studies of group social skills interventions between 1985 and 2006 were reviewed, as well as dissertations examining group-based social skills intervention programs. To assess the state of the science, a template developed by an NIMH work group was applied to 14 identified studies. Based on this review, the empirical support for this approach is incomplete, but promising intervention strategies were identified. Recommendations for the design of future treatment trials to guide clinical practice are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders in child psychiatric patients and nonpatients: a circumplex model.

This study of 106 preadolescent psychiatric inpatients, 101 preadolescent psychiatric outpatients, and 101 preadolescent nonpatients examined the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and co-occurrence of psychiatric diagnoses. The inpatients and outpatients had significantly more co-occurring diagnoses than the nonpatients. For a given diagnosis there are varying frequencies of co-occurring disorders. The similar structure and prevalence among co-occurring diagnoses in this sample of children fit a circumplex model in which variation among disorders appears to be continuous in the form of a closed circle.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1988

Prosodic aspects of motherese: effects on gaze and responsiveness in developmentally disabled children.

This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of using voice tones (prosody) typical of "motherese" (O. K. Garnica, 1977, in C. E. Snow & C. A. Ferguson (Eds.), Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition, pp. 63-88, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press) on responsiveness and eye gaze in children with severe handicaps. Specifically, two conditions, "motherese" and "conversational" voice tones, were compared. The current study presents data from naturalistic observations of six children, and controlled experimental manipulations with four children. The results of the naturalistic observations in Study 1 suggested a positive relationship between the use of voice tones typical of "motherese" and responsiveness and eye gaze. Further analysis using an alternating treatments design in Study 2 revealed similar results. Specifically, the use of prosody associated with "motherese" showed increased levels of eye gaze when compared to the use of "conversational tones." The results suggest the importance of considering normal development in analyzing social and teaching interactions between teachers and severely handicapped children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Screening child psychiatric inpatients for communication disorders: a pilot study.

This study was part of a project concerned with speech and language disorders among child psychiatric inpatients. Twenty-two consecutively admitted children were screened and 10 were positive. Of these, nine were diagnosed with a speech or language delay, prevalence = 40.9 (9 of 22). A chart review of the preceding 2-year period showed that 27 of 128 admissions had been referred to the speech clinic and that 25 had positive findings, for a prevalence of 19.5% (25 of 128). The difference in the observed prevalence in these two studies was significant (chi 2 = 4.89, rho = .03). Standard clinical practice may miss some children with communication disorders (estimated sensitivity = 39%), while the new screening method shows promise (estimated sensitivity = 82%).

Child↗
PubMed2001

Broad therapeutic uses of atypical antipsychotic medications.

The atypical antipsychotics have a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), have improved tardive dyskinesia profiles, and have a broad range of therapeutic efficacy. These agents offer important therapeutic advantages that extend beyond their initial regulatory approval in several conditions and patient groups. The use of atypical antipsychotics is most relevant in the treatment of mood disorders, where these medications are being used increasingly for acute mood stabilization and in patients who are resistant to other treatments. Similar circumstances and clinical advantages pertain to the use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia and in the management of personality disorders-both circumstances where conventional antipsychotics were initially poorly tolerated because of EPS. The low incidence of EPS associated with atypical antipsychotics is highly beneficial in several neuropsychiatric conditions. The extent to which endocrine and metabolic dysregulations associated with atypical antipsychotics will influence antipsychotics' role remains to be determined. As therapeutic opportunities evolve and diversify, atypical antipsychotics, because of favorable adverse-effect profiles, will have enhanced patient tolerability and use in nonpsychiatric conditions.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1998

The antipsychotics. A pediatric perspective.

As can be discerned from this article, antipsychotics are commonly prescribed, and they are not used to treat only psychosis. Although some data support the use of typical antipsychotics in pediatric patients with a variety of psychiatric syndromes, concerns about the safety and tolerability of these agents often complicated their use and probably even interfered with case identification. A fundamentally new group of medications, the atypicals, have now become available and may not only have improved tolerability but also may have greater ability to reduce some target symptoms. Because of their superior side-effect profile in adults, some of these atypical treatments probably will be commonly prescribed despite a relative paucity of data about their use in the young. Moreover, although frequently prescribed in this age group, the overall prescription rate for antipsychotics will probably increase because of the putative improved safety profile of the newer agents. However, it is possible that serious side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome, may occur with these atypical agents. For this reason, the enthusiasm for prescribing these newer treatments should be tempered with the understanding that these agents, although they may in some ways be superior to their predecessors, still possess the potential for significant adverse events. Four atypical antipsychotics are currently marketed in the United States (see Table 2). One additional agent, ziprasodone, is undergoing clinical investigation. Ziprasodone has been shown to be superior to placebo in adults suffering from schizophrenia. Ziprasodone will probably be marketed in the United States in the near future. Whether all of these atypical drugs will have a place in the clinical armamentarium of the pediatric psychopharmacologist remains to be determined. Because the receptor binding profile of the atypical agents differ, it is not possible to assume that what is true for one of these agents is true for the others. Although results from most preliminary studies with atypical antipsychotics indicate that these are promising agents for pediatric patients, further research is needed to define just how these medications may be most judiciously used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Diagnoses commonly missed in childhood. Long-term outcome and implications for treatment.

Psychiatric and developmental disorders with onset in early childhood are often missed and commonly overlooked by adult psychiatrists. These disorders have important continuities into adulthood and are powerful predictors of chronicity, comorbidity, and severity. It is essential that they are recognized and taken into account in the assessment and treatment of the adult patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Analysis of a reinforcement/time-out treatment package to control severe aggressive and destructive behaviors in a multihandicapped, rubella child.

The display of acting-out behaviors in the form of aggression and property destruction represent serious management problems displayed by many developmentally disabled persons. The present study evaluated the application of reinforcement and isolation time-out procedures to treat severe aggressive/destructive behavior of a 15-year-old multi-impaired rubella child. In addition to documenting intervention effects, this study provided a component analysis of the reinforcement and time-out procedures, evaluated maintenance of treatment gains, and obtained measures of staff acceptability. Using a multiple baseline design across two target behaviors and two treatment settings, the reinforcement procedures were applied first in isolation and then in combination with time-out. Results indicated that with reinforcement, target responses persisted at high rates but were rapidly eliminated when time-out was introduced and remained absent at a 4-month follow-up. However, highly specific treatment effects were observed, with no generalization occurring across responses or settings. The majority of staff judged the program to be extremely useful in working with the child. Issues relevant to programming reinforcement and time-out procedures with seriously disruptive clients are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a proxy for transactivation activity of the androgen receptor gene?

The androgen receptor gene (AR) contains a domain which includes a variable number of CAG sequences and alleles with low numbers of CAG repeats show high transactivation activity when complexed with testosterone. The ratio of 2nd and 4th digit length (2D:4D) is negatively correlated with phenotypic effects of testosterone. Low numbers of CAG repeats and low 2D:4D are both associated with high sperm numbers and protection against breast cancer. This suggests that CAG number and 2D:4D are correlated i.e. low CAG number and low 2D:4D indicate high activation of androgen-responsive genes. Findings from AR studies predict that low 2D:4D will be associated with prostate and hepatocellular cancer, urolithiasis, ADHD, ankylosing spondylitis, spontaneous abortion, and polycystic ovaries, while high 2D:4D will be associated with motor neuron diseases and endometrial cancer. Findings from 2D:4D studies predict that short CAG length will be common in autism and Asperger's syndrome, while high numbers of CAG repeats will be found in men who are prone to early myocardial infarction.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Childhood disintegrative disorder.

In 1908 a Viennese remedial educator Theodor Heller described six children under the name of dementia infantilis who had insidiously developed a severe mental regression between the 3rd and 4th years of life after normal mental development. Neuropathological and other medical conditions are sometimes associated with this disorder, but contrary to earlier belief this is not typical. Interest in childhood disintegrative disorder has increased markedly in recent years and in this review attention is given to more recently published cases based on ICD-9, ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnostic systems. Information is provided related to nosology, epidemiological data, differential diagnosis, aetiology, treatment and outcome.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Antiepileptic drugs: affective use in autism spectrum disorders.

Antiepileptic drugs are widely administered to individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. There are several reasons for the use of antiepileptic drugs in autistic spectrum disorders, including the high incidence of epilepsy in these individuals, the anecdotal reports suggesting an improvement of communication and behavior in autistic subjects with epileptic discharges, and the increased awareness that some disruptive behaviors may be manifestations of an associated affective disorder. In this study, data on the current use of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of autism, and on the association of affective disorders with epilepsy and autism, are reviewed. The evidence supporting the hypothesis that there may be a subgroup of autistic children with epilepsy and affective disorders that preferentially respond to antiepileptic drugs is still very preliminary, and further investigations with double-blind controlled studies are needed. Although the role of antiepileptic drugs at the present time is not established, there is evidence that autism, epilepsy, and affective disorders commonly co-occur, and that they may share a common neurochemical substrate, which is the common target of the psychotropic mechanism of action of different antiepileptic drugs.

Adolescent↗