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PubMed2006

Interaction effects of lactic acid and acetic acid at different temperatures on ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in corn mash.

The combined effects of lactic acid and acetic acid on ethanol production by S. cerevisiae in corn mash, as influenced by temperature, were examined. Duplicate full factorial experiments (three lactic acid concentrations x three acetic acid concentrations) were performed to evaluate the interaction between lactic and acetic acids on the ethanol production of yeast at each of the three temperatures, 30, 34, and 37 degrees C. Corn mash at 30% dry solids adjusted to pH 4 after lactic and acetic acid addition was used as the substrate. Ethanol production rates and final ethanol concentrations decreased (P<0.001) progressively as the concentration of combined lactic and acetic acids in the corn mash increased and the temperature was raised from 30 to 37 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, essentially no ethanol was produced after 96 h when 0.5% w/v acetic acid was present in the mash (with 0.5, 2, and 4% w/v lactic acid). At 34 and 37 degrees C, the final concentrations of ethanol produced by the yeast were noticeably reduced by the presence of 0.3% w/v acetic acid and >or=2% w/v lactic acid. It can be concluded that, as in previous studies with defined media, lactic acid and acetic acid act synergistically to reduce ethanol production by yeast in corn mash. In addition, the inhibitory effects of combined lactic and acetic acid in corn mash were more apparent at elevated temperatures.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1983

Effects of long-term feeding of ammoniated, aflatoxin-contaminated corn to Fischer 344 rats.

The effectiveness of ammonia treatment in reducing the chronic toxicity of aflatoxin-contaminated corn was determined. Fischer 344 rats were fed semi-purified rations containing 20% w/w corn that was either free of aflatoxin or naturally contaminated with 880 micrograms/kg total aflatoxin and was either treated with ammonia gas or was not treated. Therefore the rats that were fed the aflatoxin-contaminated diet received 176 ppb total aflatoxins. Body weight and food consumption were recorded throughout the study; hematological measurements were made after 87 weeks of feeding; and after 91 weeks the rats were killed and histopathological abnormalities were noted. Signs of chronic toxicosis in rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated corn included increased mortality, decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activities, and a 100% incidence of liver neoplasia. These signs did not occur in rats in the other dietary treatment groups, including those fed ammoniated, aflatoxin-contaminated corn. The results provide further evidence that the atmospheric ammoniation process effectively reduces the toxicity of aflatoxin-contaminated corn.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of protein synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes by extracts of Fusarium moniliforme-contaminated corn.

Mycological screening of two separate lots of corn samples that caused field cases of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) revealed heavy contamination with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. Neutral and acidic fractions of a chloroform-methanol (1:1, v/v) extract of the corn were evaluated for toxicity using rat primary hepatocytes. The extracts had little effect on the release of lactate dehydrogenase from the hepatocytes, and were without effect on unscheduled DNA synthesis, indicating low cell lethality and lack of genotoxicity. However, neutral extracts of the corn were found to contain potent inhibitor(s) of protein synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]valine into the hepatocytes. When an isolate of F. moniliforme obtained from the corn samples or an isolate of F. moniliforme from South Africa that had previously been shown to cause ELEM (MRC 826) were grown on autoclaved seed corn, neutral extracts of the culture materials similarly inhibited protein synthesis. Whether the compound(s) responsible for inhibition of protein synthesis is associated with any of the toxic syndromes associated with F. moniliforme remains to be determined. The use of primary hepatocytes may be a useful bioassay for elucidating biologically active secondary metabolites of fungi.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of a corn diet during development on [3H]-spiperone binding in the brain of rats at the perinatal stage.

A model of undernutrition based on feeding with a corn-diet (tryptophan deficient) was used to study maturation and physiology of the rat brain 5-HTergic system. Previously, using that model, we observed a decrease in 5-HT uptake in rat brain slices, assuming that some compensatory mechanisms could be implicated at the synaptic level on those conditions. Body, brain weight, and total [3H]-spiperone binding were recorded at two fetal ages and newborn pups from mothers were fed with a corn-diet and with a corn-lysine diet. Significant decreases in body weight and in [3H]-spiperone binding were observed at all ages studied in the corn-based diet groups with respect to controls at the first postnatal day of age, whereas at the 18th gestation day, the [3H]-spiperone binding was higher in the protein restricted and corn-lysine supplemented group than in the control group. Results suggested that expression of 5-HT receptors and possibly their synthesis may be limited at the synaptic level on undernutrition conditions.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Steam activation of chars produced from oat hulls and corn stover.

Oat hulls and corn stover were used to produce chars at approximately 500 degrees C. The carbon concentrations of oat hull char and corn stover chars produced were 72.3 and 68.0 wt.%, respectively. Both activation burn-off and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area appear to exhibit a linear relationship with respect to activation time of oat hulls. As to corn stover activated carbons, there is no linear relationship between activation time and BET surface area. However, activation burn-off of and activation time appear to relate in a linear manner for the activated carbons produced from corn stover chars. Oat hull is better than corn stover as a raw material for the production of activated carbon.

Avena↗
PubMed2005

Pipeline transport and simultaneous saccharification of corn stover.

Pipeline transport of corn stover delivered by truck from the field is evaluated against a range of truck transport costs. Corn stover transported by pipeline at 20% solids concentration (wet basis) or higher could directly enter an ethanol fermentation plant, and hence the investment in the pipeline inlet end processing facilities displaces comparable investment in the plant. At 20% solids, pipeline transport of corn stover costs less than trucking at capacities in excess of 1.4 M drytonnes/yr when compared to a mid range of truck transport cost (excluding any credit for economies of scale achieved in the ethanol fermentation plant from larger scale due to multiple pipelines). Pipelining of corn stover gives the opportunity to conduct simultaneous transport and saccharification (STS). If current enzymes are used, this would require elevated temperature. Heating of the slurry for STS, which in a fermentation plant is achieved from waste heat, is a significant cost element (more than 5 cents/l of ethanol) if done at the pipeline inlet unless waste heat is available, for example from an electric power plant located adjacent to the pipeline inlet. Heat loss in a 1.26 m pipeline carrying 2 M drytonnes/yr is about 5 degrees C at a distance of 400 km in typical prairie clay soils, and would not likely require insulation; smaller pipelines or different soil conditions might require insulation for STS. Saccharification in the pipeline would reduce the need for investment in the fermentation plant, saving about 0.2 cents/l of ethanol. Transport of corn stover in multiple pipelines offers the opportunity to develop a large ethanol fermentation plant, avoiding some of the diseconomies of scale that arise from smaller plants whose capacities are limited by issues of truck congestion.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of crops and soils.

This is the second of two papers presenting the data from an experiment on the application of aerobically-digested sewage sludge (AES), anaerobic lagoon septic wastes (ANS), sewage sludge compost and fertilizer to soils for grass forage and feed corn production at two different sites in Nova Scotia. Crop yields, plant tissue and Mehlich-1 extractable soil nutrients were evaluated; 15 elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and 9 elements in the soil extracts. This paper describes the Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of the crops and the Mehlich-1 extractable content of the soils. The response to the amendments was not consistent at the two sites with the two different crops. We found that the septic sludge (ANS) produced the highest forage Fe, Cu and Zn levels and was equal to compost in elevating corn stover and forage S and the forage B content. The compost produced the highest forage Ca and corn Zn, the AES produced the highest corn Mn, and fertilizer produced the highest forage Mn. None of the amendments produced excessive levels of the above nutrients; rather, the amendments improved the feed quality of the forage and corn stover. Lastly, it was noted that the Mehlich-1 extract only had a significantly positive correlation with forage Cu content.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Influence of brick air scrubber by-product on growth and development of corn and hybrid poplar.

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of spent reagent from air pollution control scrubbers used at a brick manufacturing facility on emergence, growth, and physiological responses of corn and hybrid poplar plants. Scrubber by-product was obtained from General Shale Brick, Louisville, KY. Potting substrate was weighed and quantities of scrubber by-product were added to the substrate to obtain treatments of 0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% scrubber by-product (w:w) for the corn study. Each treatment mix was potted into nine replicate polyethylene pots and four corn seeds were sown per pot. The pots were randomized in a greenhouse at Clemson University and the number of seedlings emerging from each treatment, dark-adapted leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence, and shoot heights were measured at the end of a 21-day growth period. Then, dry shoot biomass was determined for plants from each treatment and plant tissues were analyzed for selected constituents. For the poplar study, nine-inch cuttings of hybrid poplar clone 15-29 (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) and clone OP367 (P. deltoides x P. nigra) were planted in treatments of scrubber by-product-potting soil mixes of 0% , 5% , 10% , and 25% w:w. Leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured over six weeks and cumulative leaf area, dry biomass, and nutrient content of tissues were determined upon harvest. Results of these studies indicate that percent seedling emergence for corn plants decreased with increasing scrubber by-product application rates. Application rates up to 12.5% scrubber by-product w:w had no adverse effect on corn seedling emergence. Shoot elongation, biomass production, and the status of the photosynthetic apparatus of the seedlings were also not severely impaired at applications below this level. A critical value of 58.2% w:w scrubber by-product was estimated to cause 25% inhibition of seedling emergence. Biomass production, cumulative leaf area, and chlorophyll a fluorescence of hybrid poplar plants were not affected by scrubber by-product applications of up to 5% w:w.

Biomass↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal exposures to triazine and other pesticides in surface waters in the western Highveld corn-production region in South Africa.

The objective of this study was to characterize concentrations of atrazine, terbuthylazine, and other pesticides in amphibian habitats in surface waters of a corn-production area of the western Highveld region (North-West Province) of South Africa. The study was conducted from November 2001 to June 2002, coinciding with the corn-production season. Pesticide residues were measured at regular intervals in surface water from eight ponds, three in a non-corn-growing area (NCGA) and five within the corn-growing area (CGA). Measured atrazine concentrations differed significantly among sites and between samples. In the five CGA sites, the maximum atrazine concentrations measured during the study ranged from 1.2 to 9.3 microg/L. Although no atrazine was recorded as being applied in the catchment of the three NCGA sites, maximum concentrations from 0.39 to 0.84 microg/L were measured during the study, possibly as a result of atmospheric transport. Maximum measured concentrations of terbuthylazine ranged from 1.22 to 2.1 microg/L in the NCGA sites and from 1.04 to 4.1 microg/L in the CGA sites. The source of terbuthylazine in the NCGA sites may have been in use other than in corn. The triazine degradation products, deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and deethylatrazine (DEA) and diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) were also found in water from both the CGA and NCGA sites. Concentrations of DIA were > or = 1 microg/L throughout the season, while DEA concentrations were mostly <0.5 microg/L before planting but increased after planting and application of herbicides to concentrations >2 microg/L in some locations. Concentrations of DACT were highly variable (LOD to 8 microg/L) both before and after planting and application, suggesting that they resulted from historical use of triazines in the area. Other herbicides such as simazine and acetochlor were only detected infrequently and pesticides such as S-metolachlor, cypermethrin, monocrotophos, and terbuphos, known to be used in the CGA, were not detected in any of the samples. Because of dilution by higher than normal rainfall in the study period, these concentrations may not be predictive of those in years of normal rainfall.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Fumonisin contamination of a corn sample associated with the induction of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats-role of dietary deficiencies.

A corn sample associated with a field outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia in Pennsylvania, USA, during 1983/1984 and induced hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects when fed to male Fischer rats was analyzed mycologically and chemically for the presence of fumonisins (FB), hydrolysed FB derivatives and aflatoxins (AFB). Fusarium verticillioides was found to be the predominant fungal contaminant in the corn sample but Aspergillus flavus was also present. Trace amounts (0.1 microg/kg) of AFB(1) and AFB(2) and a total FB level of 33.5 mg/kg (FB(1):FB(2):FB(3) ratio of 9:2.3:1) were found. No hydrolysed FB derivatives or AFG(1) and AFG(2) were detected. Based on the chemical stability of the fumonisins in different corn cultures of F. verticillioides kept at 4 degrees C over a period of 13-20 years, a level of approximately 55 mg/kg of total FB is estimated in the original corn sample. A possible role of certain dietary constituents such as the high protein content and deficiencies in certain micronutrients is evaluated to address differences in the organ-specific toxicity of FB(1) in rats using commercial, semi-purified, purified and corn-only diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Antigenotoxic effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the damage produced in mice fed with aflatoxin B(1) contaminated corn.

The potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) was evaluated for reducing the micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNE) rate in mice fed AFB(1) contaminated corn. The study included two groups fed AFB(1) contaminated corn (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg), a control fed uncontaminated corn, another group fed uncontaminated corn and 0.3% of Sc (1 x 10(8) live cells/g), and two groups fed AFB(1) contaminated corn (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) plus 0.3% Sc. Weight and MNNE were determined weekly for six weeks. Subsequently, the same determinations were made for another three-week period, but in mice receiving only a normal diet, without AFB(1) and Sc. Results in the first period revealed the following: control and Sc fed mice had similar constant weight increase, and low MNNE rate; mice fed only AFB(1) showed weight decrease and significant MNNE increase; finally, Sc improved weight gain and reduced MNNE produced by AFB(1). In the second period, results exhibited a tendency similar to that of the previous phase in the control and Sc fed mice; the weight and MNNE values improved in the other groups. We also determined the capacity of Sc for adsorbing and modifying the mycotoxin structure. The mixture was filtered to obtain two phases, and AFB(1) content was measured. Sc revealed a potent adsorbent capacity; however, chromatographic determination suggested no structural modification.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1995

Corn bran supplementation of a low-fat controlled diet lowers serum lipids in men with hypercholesterolemia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the lipid-lowering effects of dietary corn bran fed in moderate supplemental doses to men with hypercholesterolemia consuming a low-fat diet. DESIGN: The 98-day study was divided into one 2-week preperiod and two 6-week experimental periods in a cross-over design. SETTING: The study was conducted in the metabolic diet kitchen of the Department of Home Economics and the Nutrition Research Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture at Illinois State University, Normal. SUBJECTS: Twenty-nine sedentary men with hypercholesterolemia, aged 38 to 70 years, participated in the project. All of them completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: After a 2-week adjustment period in which subjects consumed a low-fat controlled diet, subjects were assigned to one of two experimental treatments: low-fat controlled diet plus 20 g corn bran supplement or low-fat controlled diet plus 20 g wheat bran supplement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lipid measurements included total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglyceride concentrations. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Differences in lipid parameters were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (P < .05). A paired t test was used to assess differences between treatment periods for each subject. RESULTS: The low-fat controlled diet significantly lowered all serum parameters analyzed except HDL-C. Corn fiber supplementation resulted in an additional lowering of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and VLDL-C concentrations. Serum LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations were not significantly altered by corn fiber or wheat fiber supplementation. APPLICATIONS: This study suggests that supplementing a low-fat diet with corn bran is affective in reducing serum lipid concentrations for men with hypercholesterolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hydrolysis and absorption of glucose polymers from rice compared with corn in chronic diarrhea of infancy.

Because rice remains the most available carbohydrate in developing countries, where chronic diarrhea is most prevalent, we compared the in vitro hydrolysis and clinical tolerance of rice glucose polymer with those of corn glucose polymer. Rice glucose polymer hydrolysis to D-glucose and short-chain polymers (polymers with two to four glucose units and those with five or more units) was similar to that for corn glucose polymers during incubation with saliva or duodenal aspirates. However, rice glucose polymers yielded more short-chain products than corn glucose polymers during incubation with pooled mucosal homogenates (p less than 0.01). In vivo tolerance testing of 16 infants with chronic diarrhea confirmed that rice glucose polymers were well tolerated and, compared with corn glucose polymers, achieved a higher maximal increase of serum glucose concentration (36.6 +/- 7.3 vs 27.6 +/- 10.3 mg/dl; p less than 0.02), a shorter time to peak serum glucose concentration (34.0 +/- 10.2 vs 52.5 +/- 25.7 minutes; p less than 0.02), and a greater area under the serum glucose response curve at 30 minutes (538 +/- 131 vs 1035 +/- 501 cm; p less than 0.02). We conclude that rice glucose polymers are rapidly hydrolyzed in vitro and in vivo and are more rapidly absorbed than are corn glucose polymers in children with chronic diarrhea.

Absorption↗
PubMed1983

Corn syrup sugars: in vitro and in vivo digestibility and clinical tolerance in acute diarrhea of infancy.

We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo digestibility and clinical tolerance of three corn syrup sugars (DE10, 15, 24) and one infant formula containing corn syrup sugar as the sole carbohydrate source (DE24). In vitro studies were conducted using human duodenal fluid and jejunal mucosa with normal enzyme activities. In vivo studies included intragastric perfusion studies and tolerance tests using the corn syrup sugars and a clinical formula trial in 32 infants with acute diarrhea. Results of the in vitro studies showed that each of the corn syrup sugars was well hydrolyzed by duodenal fluid and by mixtures of duodenal fluids and mucosal homogenates. Similarly, in vivo studies revealed significant hydrolysis in the proximal intestine, as measured during the perfusion studies, and adequate absorption, as indicated by a rise in serum glucose concentration during tolerance tests. Only patients who had a marginal serum glucose rise after a glucose meal had a blunted rise after a corn syrup feeding. More than 85% of the infants beginning the clinical trial tolerated the formula well and gained weight at or above the expected rate for age during the study interval. These data indicate that, except with severe mucosal injury and secondary monosaccharide intolerance, glucose polymers of the dextrose equivalents tested are suitable carbohydrate sources for infants recovering from acute diarrhea.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Effect of water deprivation on eating patterns of lactating cows fed grass and corn pellets ad lib.

The present study investigated the effect of 48 h of water deprivation on eating behavior of 12 lactating cows fed grass and corn pellets ad lib. Water deprivation reduced grass and corn pellet intake significantly, with corn pellet intake decreasing earlier than grass intake. The reduction of feed intake was entirely due to a reduction of meal size for both grass and corn-pellet meals. The size of the first meal of the water deprivation period was already reduced by about 30%. Grass-meal frequency increased, whereas corn-pellet meal frequency decreased during water deprivation. Water deprivation also decreased live weight and milk yield by about 12 and 30%, respectively. All parameters returned to baseline values with rehydration. With ad lib access to feed and water, 77% of drafts occurred in relation to meals, but the number of meals clearly exceeded the number of drafts. The results demonstrate that water deprivation rapidly leads to premature meal termination. This is in line with the assumption that an enhanced prandial increase in ruminal fluid osmotality contributes to dehydration-induced hypophagia. Yet, further studies are necessary to prove this assumption and to better understand the complex relationships between eating and drinking in ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Identification of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectral features for detection of Aspergillus flavus infection in corn.

Aspergillus flavus and other pathogenic fungi display typical infrared spectra which differ significantly from spectra of substrate materials such as corn. On this basis, specific spectral features have been identified which permit detection of fungal infection on the surface of corn kernels by photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy. In a blind study, ten corn kernels showing bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) in the germ or endosperm and ten BGYF-negative kernels were correctly classified as infected or not infected by Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. Earlier studies have shown that BGYF-positive kernels contain the bulk of the aflatoxin contaminating grain at harvest. Ten major spectral features, identified by visual inspection of the photoacoustic spectra of A. flavus mycelium grown in culture versus uninfected corn, were interpreted and assigned by theoretical comparisons of the relative chemical compositions of fungi and corn. The spectral features can be built into either empirical or knowledge-based computer models (expert systems) for automatic infrared detection and segregation of grains or kernels containing aflatoxin from the food and feed supply.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1997

Fumonisins as a possible contributory risk factor for primary liver cancer: a 3-year study of corn harvested in Haimen, China, by HPLC and ELISA.

Employing HPLC fluorometry, gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody, 40 corn samples, each collected in 1993 from agricultural stocks for human consumption in Haimen (Jiangsu County) and Penlai (Shandong Province), high- and low-risk areas for primary liver cancer (PLC) in China, respectively, were analysed for fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs) and trichothecenes. Levels and positive rates of FBs and deoxynivalenol (DON) were significantly higher in Haimen than in Penlai. ELISA of the 40 corn samples harvested in the two areas in 1994 revealed that FB contamination levels and rates in these areas were comparable to those observed in 1993 in Haimen. ELISA analysis of 1993 and 1994 products revealed a wide occurrence of AFB1 but the positive rates as well as levels were not significantly different between these areas. ELISA of the same sample number of corn harvested in 1995 revealed that FB contamination in Haimen was significantly higher than in Penlai. These 3-yearly surveys of corn samples (240 in total) demonstrated that corn harvested in Haimen was highly contaminated with FBs and that the contamination level, as well as positive rate in 1993 and 1995, were 10-50-fold higher than those in Penlai, suggesting FBs as a risk factor for promotion of PLC in endemic areas, along with the trichothecene DON. Co-contamination with AFs, potent hepatocarcinogens, was assumed to play an important role in the initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2001

A tryptophan-deficient corn-based diet induces plastic responses in cerebellar cortex cells of rat offspring.

Sprague-Dawley male rats, fed with a tryptophan-deficient and 8% protein corn-based diet were compared with a group of animals fed with 8% protein alone, and with a group fed with Chow Purina containing 23% protein. Retardation of Bergmann glial cell maturation and a concomitant retardation in granule cell migration were observed in the corn-fed group at 21 days. At 30 days of age, the dendrites of granule cells of both hypoproteic and corn-fed groups were larger than those of the Chow-fed animals. At 60 days of age, dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells was more profuse in both the hypoproteic and corn-fed rats compared with the Chow-fed group. This retardation in granule cell migration could be partially due to Bergmann glial cell immaturity. Consequently, several plastic and maybe compensatory events in both granule and Purkinje cells could have occurred, due to tryptophan deficiency resulting from the corn-based diet.

Animal Feed↗