The effects of emotional support on perceived job stress and strain.
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Burnout, Professional↗
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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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Defence mechanisms in middle childhood.
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Adolescent↗
Developmental theory revisited: findings of longitudinal study.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
Selectivity of treatment modalities.
Consensus as to diagnostic definitions and criteria in Child Psychiatry is recent. Traditional "treatment" has been direct psychotherapy of child patient and mother. Despite growing precision of etiologic concepts and expansion of therapeutic approaches, many centres continue to define therapy in terms of their available techniques rather than the actual needs of the child. A brief review and definition of the major clinical syndromes is given. A glossary of the therapeutic modalities and their description is provided. Selection of treatment interventions is discussed in terms of diagnosis, severity, strengths of child patient, and the environmental modifications possible. Case illustrations are given. Periodic reassessment is essential to reselect therapeutic goals and determine choice as well as simultaneity versus sequentiality of therapeutic interventions.
Adolescent↗
The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS): the young adult periods.
This paper focuses on the findings and analyses, both qualitative and quantitative, of the young adult periods; early adult life (EAL) or ages 18 to 24, and young adult life (YAL) or ages 25 to 30. A summary is given of the sample and methods used in the study. Complexities of the life paths of the 133 subjects are traced, and the adolescent findings are discussed. In this middle class sample, the YAL period was found qualitatively to demand greater resolution of goals, life patterns and self-sufficiency than earlier periods.
Adolescent↗
Land application of sewage sludge: perceptions of New Jersey vegetable farmers.
Understanding farmers' perceptions and choices regarding land application of sewage sludge is key to developing locally accepted strategies for managing its sewage sludge. Semi-structured interviews, with mostly open-ended questions were conducted with 50 fruit and vegetable farmers at the New Jersey Annual Vegetable Meeting in 1999. The in-depth interviews indicated that the application of sewage sludge to land is currently not a common agricultural practice for these growers. Perceived risks, including heavy metals in sewage sludge (soil-build up, crop-uptake), negative public perception, odour complaints, and increase of contaminants in the water supply outweigh economic incentives and soil improvement benefits. When naming benefits and drawbacks, farmers tend to think first of their crop and their land, and do not mention the environment. It is only when they are questioned directly about environmental benefits and risks that they discuss these aspects. Communication efforts should focus on practical information to which farmers can relate.
Adult↗
Characterizing the circulating, gliadin-specific CD4+ memory T cells in patients with celiac disease: linkage between memory function, gut homing and Th1 polarization.
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the gut, driven by T cells reacting locally to a distinct antigen, gliadin. Thus, CD offers the opportunity to study the T cell memory response to gliadin and whether gut tropism and T helper cell type 1 (Th1) polarization, which characterize the effector phase, are preserved in the memory progeny. It is notable that previous studies yielded conflicting results as to the presence of gliadin-specific memory CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood of CD patients. However, we used a different and highly sensitive approach based on fluorescein-derived label dilution, whereby the memory cells are identified operationally by their greater capacity to proliferate upon re-encounter with antigen. Thus, using flow cytometry, we could resolve multiple successive generations as well as immunophenotype the dividing cells. Here, we show that the peripheral blood lymphocyte of some CD patients on a gliadin-free diet, but not healthy donors, contains a detectable population of CD4+ memory T cells specific for deamidated gliadin. Moreover, these gliadin-specific memory T cells are marked by a distinctive phenotype: They express high levels of the gut-homing beta7 integrins and primarily produce interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. We conclude that memory for gliadin-derived antigens within the circulating CD4+ T cells is linked with gut tropism as well as Th1 polarization.
Adolescent↗
TEMPERAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS IN INFANCY AND THE LATER DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS.
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Child↗
Tyrosine kinase activity is necessary for growth factor-stimulated rabbit type II pneumocyte proliferation.
Tyrosine kinases are important in the signal transduction of a number of growth factors. As shown previously, transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha stimulated proliferation of type II cells in vitro. The mitogenic effect of TGF-alpha could be blocked by the addition of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein or tyrphostin. Tyrosine phosphorylation in type II cells exposed to growth factors was examined using an antiphosphotyrosine antibody. After addition of TGF-alpha, phosphorylation of a tyrosine protein with a molecular mass of 170 kD, presumed to be the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), peaked by 5 min, returning to baseline by 30 min. As expected, genistein or tyrphostin decreased the TGF-alpha-induced phosphorylation of the EGF-R. Addition of TGF-beta resulted in no newly phosphorylated tyrosine proteins. TGF-beta decreased the TGF-alpha-induced phosphorylation of the EGF-R. Previous work has shown that TGF-beta blocks the TGF-alpha stimulation of type II cell proliferation. It appears that TGF-beta interferes with TGF-alpha-induced phosphorylation of the EGF-R.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and Flk-1 in developing and glucocorticoid-treated mouse lung.
Although the endothelial cell is the most abundant cell type in the differentiated lung, little is known about regulation of lung developmental vasculogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell mitogen and angiogenic factor that has putative roles in vascular development. Mitogenic actions of VEGF are mediated by the tyrosine kinase receptor KDR/murine homologue fetal liver kinase Flk-1. HLF (hypoxia-inducible factor-like factor) is a transcription factor that increases VEGF gene transcription. Dexamethasone augments lung maturation in fetal and postnatal animals. However, in vitro studies suggest that dexamethasone blocks induction of VEGF. The objectives for the current study were to measure VEGF mRNA and Flk-1 mRNA in developing mouse lung and to measure the effects of dexamethasone treatment in vivo on VEGF and Flk-1 in newborn mouse lung. Our results show that VEGF and Flk-1 messages increase in parallel during normal lung development (d 13 embryonic to adult) and that the distal epithelium expresses VEGF mRNA at all ages examined. Dexamethasone (0.1-5.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) treatment of 6-d-old mice resulted in significantly increased VEGF, HLF, and Flk-1 mRNA. Dexamethasone did not affect cell-specific expression of VEGF, VEGF protein, or proportions of VEGF mRNA splice variants. These data suggest that the developing alveolar epithelium has an important role in regulating alveolar capillary development. In addition, unlike effects on cultured cells, dexamethasone, even in relatively high doses, did not adversely affect VEGF expression in vivo. The relatively high levels of VEGF and Flk-1 mRNA in adult lung imply a role for pulmonary VEGF in endothelial cell maintenance or capillary permeability.
Animals↗
The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and aldose reductase inhibition with sorbinil, on left and right atrial function in the rat.
Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with the complications of cardiovascular disease. Activation of the aldose reductase (or polyol) pathway has long been implicated as an underlying factor for the development of many diabetic complications and indeed, treatment with aldose reductase inhibitors has been shown to prevent or reverse many of these diabetic complications. This study examines the effects of 14-day streptozotocin-induced diabetes on alpha1- and beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in rat isolated left and right atria. The effects of treatment with the aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) sorbinil were also studied. A positive inotropic response was observed to both isoprenaline and phenylephrine in left atria. Diabetes of 14 days duration resulted in a supersensitivity of these tissues to the beta-adrenoceptor agonist in comparison with controls, while responses to the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist were unaltered. Spontaneously beating right atria from diabetic rats was found to have a depressed resting rate compared with control tissues, although positive chronotropic beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responses were not affected by diabetes. Phenylephrine produced alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated chronotropic responses in right atrial tissues, and these were found to be enhanced in rats with diabetes. Treatment of diabetic rats with the ARI sorbinil was successful in preventing only one of the observed diabetes-induced changes in atrial function, namely the supersensitivity of left atria to isoprenaline. Sorbinil treatment did, however, alter responses of control left and right atria in a manner similar to diabetes. In conclusion, streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 14 days duration was found to cause a number of alterations in the functioning of both left and right atria. ARI treatment with sorbinil failed to prevent all but one of these changes, and in addition altered responses of atria from control rats, having a similar effect to that produced by diabetes. These data suggest that sorbinil may have effects in addition to, and independent of, aldose reductase inhibition in the cardiovascular system.
Aldehyde Reductase↗
Complement-fixing antiperipheral nerve myelin antibodies in patients with inflammatory polyneuritis and with polyneuropathy and paraproteinemia.
Serum from patients with peripheral neuropathies was tested for antiperipheral nerve myelin antibodies by complement fixation. Antibody activity was detected in 5 of 20 patients with acute or chronic remitting polyneuritis and in 4 of 20 patients with polyneuropathy and paraproteinemia but not in patients with other types of neuropathy, neurologic disease, or immunologic disease. In three patients with IgM paraproteinemia, the complement-fixing activity resided in the IgM fraction; in one patient with chronic inflammatory polyneuritis, antibody activity resided in the IgG fraction. In the inflammatory polyneuropathies, antibody titers did not always correlate with disease activity. Sera from patients with remitting polyneuropathies reacted with either human or rabbit peripheral nerve myelin, but sera from patients with paraproteinemia reacted only with human myelin.
Animals↗
Alpha 1B-adrenoceptor subtype mediating the phenylephrine-induced contractile response in rabbit corpus cavernosum penis.
The alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype mediating contraction to phenylephrine in rabbit corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) was investigated using selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype antagonists. WB4101 ((2-(2,6-dimethoxy-phenoxyethyl)-aminomethyl-1, 4-benzodioxane) hydrochloride), 5-methylurapidil and tamsulosin concentration-dependently produced a parallel rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to phenylephrine, yielding pKB values of 8.05, 7.59 and 9.21, respectively. The slopes of the Schild plots were not different from unity. These antagonists did not affect the maximum response to phenylephrine. Oxymetazoline (1 microM), which initially caused a small contraction, produced a parallel rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to phenylephrine with an apparent pKB value of 6.99. However, oxymetazoline seemed to act as a non-surmountable antagonist to the phenylephrine-induced contraction, reducing the maximum response by 71.1%. Chloroethylclonidine (25 and 100 microM) produced a parallel rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to phenylephrine without altering the maximum response. These results show that the alpha 1-adrenoceptor in rabbit CCP has a relatively low affinity for WB4101, 5-methylurapidil, tamsulosin and oxymetazoline and is sensitive to inactivation by chloroethylclonidine. It is suggested that the alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype mediating contraction to phenylephrine in rabbit CCP has the characteristics of the alpha 1B-adrenoceptor subtype.
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
Cyclic strain induces proliferation of cultured embryonic heart cells.
Embryonic heart cells undergo cyclic strain as the developing heart circulates blood to the embryo. Cyclic strain may have an important regulatory role in formation of the adult structure. This study examines the feasibility of a computerized cell-stretching device for applying strain to embryonic cardiocytes to allow measurement of the cellular response. A primary coculture of myocytes and a secondary culture of nonmyocytes from stage-31 (7 d) embryonic chick hearts were grown on collagen-coated membranes that were subsequently strained at 2 Hz to 20% maximal radial strain. After 24 h, total cell number increased by 37+/-6% in myocyte cocultures and by 26+/-6% in nonmyocyte cultures over unstrained controls. Lactate dehydrogenase and apoptosis assays showed no significant differences in cell viabilities between strained and unstrained cells. After 2 h strain, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation was 38+/-1.2% versus 19+/-0.2% (P < 0.01) in strained versus unstrained myocyte cocultures, and 35+/-2.1% versus 16+/-0.2% (P = 0.01) in nonmyocyte cultures. MF20 antibody labeling and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining estimated the number of myocytes in strained wells as 50-67% larger than in control wells. Tyrosine phosphorylation may play a role in the cellular response to strain, as Western blot analysis showed an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins with approximate molecular weights of 63 and 150 kDa within 2 min of strain. The results of this study indicate that embryonic chick cardiocytes can be cultured in an active mechanical environment without significant detachment and damage and that increased proliferation may be a primary response to strain.
Animals↗
Job satisfaction and turnover among social work administrators: a national survey.
This study is based on a group of respondents who identified themselves as "administrators" in a national survey of social workers. The present analysis includes two dependent variables (job satisfaction and intent to turnover), and seven job facets as predictor variables (challenge, comfort, financial rewards, promotions, role ambiguity, role conflict, and workload). Overall, the administrators reported a high level of job satisfaction and perceived success at their work. But, more than a third of the respondents intend to turnover. Regression analyses revealed that the only significant predictor of job satisfaction was challenge, whereas, financial rewards and promotional opportunities emerged predictors of turnover. Gender differences are also discussed.
Administrative Personnel↗
Social work administrators in part-time clinical practice: results of a national survey.
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Analysis of Variance↗
Job satisfaction and retention of social workers in public agencies, non-profit agencies, and private practice: the impact of workplace conditions and motivators.
The authors examine a selected array of agency-influenced work and employment conditions and assess their impact upon social workers' job satisfaction, motivation, and intention to seek new employment. The study makes correlations with past empirical studies on job satisfaction and retention, with staff development concerns as stated in social work administration textbooks, and with conditions subject to administrators' influence. Some specified motivational issues included are salary, fringe benefits, job security, physical surroundings, and safety. The analysis demonstrates the contribution of certain contextual and motivational factors to a prediction of job satisfaction or of intent to leave the organization.
Adult↗
Thigh pain after cementless hip arthroplasty. Annoyance or ill omen.
A retrospective review of 148 consecutive porous-coated hip arthroplasties (PCA) showed an incidence of thigh pain of 13% one year after surgery, and 22% at two years. Positive correlations were made with femoral stem subsidence (greater than 2 mm) and with distal periosteal and endosteal bone formation. No positive correlations were made with parameters of bone quality or component fit. Resolution of pain occurred in one-third and an anti-inflammatory agent produced partial relief in two-thirds of the patients. We conclude that thigh pain is secondary to stem instability with distal stress transfer in the absence of stable proximal fixation.
Age Factors↗